The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Options for Formulating a Digital Transformation Strategy
Abstract
CIOs and other senior executives face the challenge of how to handle the opportunities and risks of digital transformation. To help managers address this challenge more systematically, we describe how three German media companies successfully approached digital transformation. Based on their experiences, we provide a list of 11 strategic questions and possible answers managers can use as guidelines when formulating a digital transformation strategy.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
How DBS Bank Pursued a Digital Business Strategy.
Sia, S. K., Soh, C., & Weill, P. (2016) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · Cited by 178
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 1,001
Recent Task Scheduling-based Heuristic and Meta-heuristics Methods in Cloud Computing: A Review
Chhabra, M., & Basheer, S. (2022) · International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Informatics (IC3I) · doi:10.1109/ic3i56241.2022.10073445 · Cited by 9
Supply Chain Financing System Factors, Solutions, and Benefits: A Systematic Literature Review
Adhim, D. F., & Mulyono, N. B. (2023) · Operations and Supply Chain Management An International Journal · doi:10.31387/oscm0530386 · Cited by 9
Corporate financialization and digital transformation: evidence from China
Chen, X., Cao, Y., Cao, Q., Li, J., Meng, J., & Zhang, H. (2023) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2023.2289903 · Cited by 10
Xu, J., Naseer, H., Maynard, S. B., & Filippou, J. (2024) · AJIS. Australasian journal of information systems/AJIS. Australian journal of information systems/Australian journal of information systems · doi:10.3127/ajis.v28.4215 · Cited by 11
Yadav, G. N. S., & Seranmadevi, R. (2024) · Advances in web technologies and engineering book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-1762-4.ch005 · Cited by 9
Chief Digital Officers as Protagonists in Digital Transformation
Engesmo, J., & Panteli, N. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-29374-1_59 · Cited by 9
A DELPHI-BASED INDEX SYSTEM FOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION CAPABILITY OF RETAILERS
Pan, J., Lin, J., & Wang, S. (2022) · Journal of Business Economics and Management · doi:10.3846/jbem.2022.17441 · Cited by 9
Introduction to the Handbook on Digital Corporate Communication
Badham, M., & Luoma‐aho, V. (2023) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781802201963.00009 · Cited by 9
CommTech und die digitale Transformation von Kommunikationsabteilungen
Zerfaß, A., & Brockhaus, J. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-40169-6_2 · Cited by 8
Tong, Z., Li, B., & Yang, L. (2024) · Environment Development and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s10668-024-04564-y · Cited by 9
Towards digital transformation and governance in the healthcare sector
Gupta, S., Modgil, S., Jabbour, A. B. L. D. S., Laguir, I., & Stekelorum, R. (2024) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/itp-02-2023-0179 · Cited by 8
Erhan, T. P., Japutra, A., & Doorn, S. V. (2024) · Journal of Knowledge Management · doi:10.1108/jkm-10-2023-0963 · Cited by 8
Ionescu, Ș., Dumitrescu, G., Ioanăş, C., & Delcea, C. (2024) · Risks · doi:10.3390/risks12080125 · Cited by 24
Shaping Platform Governance Principles to Manage Interorganizational Data Exchange
Bodendorf, F., & Bayr, C. (2025) · Information Systems Journal · doi:10.1111/isj.12592 · Cited by 10
Li, D., & Maqsood, U. S. (2025) · Business Ethics the Environment & Responsibility · doi:10.1111/beer.12814 · Cited by 8
Shen, X., Paluzzi, H., Qiu, C., Kohnke, E. J., & Chen, H. (2025) · International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management · doi:10.1108/ijpdlm-04-2024-0170 · Cited by 10
Goraya, M. A. S., Kemal, A. A., Xu, M., Shareef, M. A., & Akram, M. S. (2025) · Industrial Management & Data Systems · doi:10.1108/imds-10-2024-1039 · Cited by 14
Digital transformation in tourism SMEs: A strategic imperative in the evolving business landscape
Succurro, M. (2026) · Journal of Industrial and Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s40812-026-00395-2 · Cited by 8
Digitale Transformation und Leadership in Shared Service Organisationen
e.V., A. S. S. D. S.-G. F. B. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-18751-4_2 · Cited by 8
Digital Fitness - Goal for the Chief Digital Officer
Kossowski, J., Heumüller, E., & Richter, S. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation (ICE/ITMC) · doi:10.1109/ice/itmc49519.2020.9198464 · Cited by 8
Giebe, C., Löffler, L., & Menrad, M. (2022) · Open Journal of Business and Management · doi:10.4236/ojbm.2022.103082 · Cited by 8
Sustainable digital transformation of financial institutions
Mustafa Emirhan, T. A. K. A., & Bayarçelik, E. B. (2023) · Business And Management Studies An International Journal · doi:10.15295/bmij.v11i1.2181 · Cited by 8
Siregar, R., & Sudarmanto, E. (2023) · West Science Interdisciplinary Studies · doi:10.58812/wsis.v1i6.99 · Cited by 8
Can Digitally Transformed Work Be Virtuous?
Sisón, A. J. G. (2024) · Business Ethics Quarterly · doi:10.1017/beq.2023.33 · Cited by 8
Ngereja, B., Hussein, B., & Wolff, C. (2024) · International Journal of Managing Projects in Business · doi:10.1108/ijmpb-01-2024-0013 · Cited by 9
Digital Transformation Strategy and Management
Chandratreya, A. (2024) · INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT · doi:10.55041/ijsrem38058 · Cited by 8
Tan, L., Zhang, X., Song, Y., Zou, F., & Liao, Q. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0311045 · Cited by 8
Digitale Transformation in ausgewählten Ländern im Vergleich
Böhm, M., Müller, S., Krcmar, H., & Welpe, I. M. (2018) · Informationsmanagement und digitale Transformation · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-22624-4_7 · Cited by 8
Organizational Challenges of Digitalization Initiatives in Tourism Network Management Organizations
Marx, S. (2019) · Lecture notes in business information processing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36691-9_14 · Cited by 8
Nurhidayati, N., & Ratnasari, S. W. (2020) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-50454-0_50 · Cited by 8
Influence of Digital Technologies and Its Technological Dynamics on Company Management
Martinčević, I., & Kozina, G. (2021) · Tehnicki vjesnik - Technical Gazette · doi:10.17559/tv-20200924091906 · Cited by 8
Understanding strategy assessment in IS management
Mueller, B., & Urbach, N. (2021) · Information Systems and e-Business Management · doi:10.1007/s10257-021-00540-5 · Cited by 12
Components of a Digital Transformation Strategy: A South African Perspective
Mapingire, K., Smuts, H., & van der Merwe, A. (2021) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-2380-6_38 · Cited by 8
ІНФОРМАТИЗАЦІЯ ТА ЦИФРОВІЗАЦІЯ СУСПІЛЬСТВА В ХХІ СТОЛІТТІ: НОВІ ВИКЛИКИ ДЛЯ ЗАКЛАДІВ ВИЩОЇ ОСВІТИ
Ничкало, Н. Г., Лазаренко, Н. І., & Гуревич, Р. (2022) · Modern Information Technologies and Innovation Methodologies of Education in Professional Training Methodology Theory Experience Problems · doi:10.31652/2412-1142-2021-60-17-29 · Cited by 8
Moker, A., Brosi, P., & Welpe, I. M. (2020) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2020.673 · Cited by 8
İnsan Kaynakları Yönetiminde Dijital Dönüşüm: İK 4.0
Parsehyan, B. G. (2020) · Turkish Studies - Information Technologies and Applied Sciences · doi:10.29228/turkishstudies.41930 · Cited by 8
Security of Critical Information Infrastructures
Dehling, T., Lins, S., & Sunyaev, A. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-25652-4_15 · Cited by 8
Guest editor’s introduction: strategic media management at a junction
Baumann, S. (2020) · Journal of Media Business Studies · doi:10.1080/16522354.2020.1740564 · Cited by 8
Transformación digital para la competitividad de las empresas
Salgado-García, J. A., Terán-Bustamante, A., & Martínez-Velasco, A. (2024) · Revista Venezolana de Gerencia · doi:10.52080/rvgluz.29.e11.22 · Cited by 7
Entrepreneurial potential in digital transformation: scale development using item response theory
Prando, L. T., Schmitt, J., Mendonça, A. K. D. S., da Rosa, F. S., Lunkes, R. J., Bornia, A. C., & de Andrade, D. F. (2024) · European Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1108/ejim-06-2024-0727 · Cited by 7
AI-powered digital transformation – organizational perspective. Literature review
Chrzanowska, E., Chrzanowski, M., & Zawada, P. (2024) · Journal of Modern Science · doi:10.13166/jms/197019 · Cited by 7
Vladimirov, Z. D., & Harizanova, O. B. (2025) · Central European Management Journal · doi:10.1108/cemj-11-2024-0377 · Cited by 10
Boztaş, G. D., Berigel, M., Altınay, F., & Altınay, Z. (2025) · Open Praxis · doi:10.55982/openpraxis.17.2.837 · Cited by 7
Mukaidaira, T., & Sato, H. (2025) · Strategic Change · doi:10.1002/jsc.2694 · Cited by 7
Business, Digital Transformation, and Entrepreneurship
Subrahmanyam, S. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-1097-8.ch001 · Cited by 7
Effect of digitalisation on performance: evidence from dairy cooperatives of South India
Latha, K., Patro, A., Lathabhavan, R., Sulaiman, E. K., & Varghese, R. (2025) · International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management · doi:10.1108/ijppm-11-2024-0819 · Cited by 7
Ngereja, B. J., Hussein, B., Hafseld, K. H. J., & Wolff, C. (2020) · IEEE European Technology and Engineering Management Summit (E-TEMS) · doi:10.1109/e-tems46250.2020.9111790 · Cited by 7
Role of Digital Technology Transformation in Computer Education: Emerging Needs and Challenges
Rath, R. C., Pandey, S. K., Goel, R., & Baral, S. K. (2021) · International Conference on Reliability, Infocom Technologies and Optimization (Trends and Future Directions) (ICRITO) · doi:10.1109/icrito51393.2021.9596188 · Cited by 7
Susanti, E. Y., Mulyanti, R. Y., & Wati, L. N. (2022) · Advances in economics, business and management research/Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research · doi:10.2991/978-94-6463-068-8_4 · Cited by 12
O'Higgins, D. (2023) · Journal of Business and Management Studies · doi:10.32996/jbms.2023.5.4.7 · Cited by 16
Managing digital transformation in a global environment: The role of national culture
Alshammari, K., & Alshammari, A. F. (2023) · Revista Amazonia Investiga · doi:10.34069/ai/2023.68.08.11 · Cited by 7
Digital Transformation in Accounting: The Nexus Between Technology, Leadership, and Beyond
Arief, S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-46209-2_2 · Cited by 9
Strategic approach to digital transformation in higher education institutions
Gutiérrez, E. R., Zimbrón, A. H., & Argüello, G. (2024) · ECORFAN Journal Spain · doi:10.35429/ejs.2024.20.11.1.14 · Cited by 7
Li, X., Pu, H., & Zhang, M. (2024) · Technology Analysis & Strategic Management · doi:10.1080/09537325.2024.2344076 · Cited by 8
A Review of the Digital Transformation Landscape in Higher Education Institutions
Halkhoree, R., Santally, M. I., Gukhool, O., & Murdan, A. P. (2024) · International Conference on Smart Energy Systems and Artificial Intelligence (SESAI) · doi:10.1109/sesai61023.2024.10599412 · Cited by 7
Digital transformation effects on Chinese heavily polluting firms internalising environmental costs
He, J., & He, Z. (2025) · Sustainability Accounting Management and Policy Journal · doi:10.1108/sampj-11-2023-0863 · Cited by 7
Adapt or perish: How dynamic capabilities fuel digital transformation in traditional industries
Dzreke, S. S. (2025) · Advanced Research Journal · doi:10.71350/3062192584 · Cited by 26
Aplicabilidad de los Modelos de Madurez de Business Intelligence a PYMES
González-Varona, J. M., López‐Paredes, A., Pajares, J., Acebes, F., & Villafáñez, F. (2020) · Dirección y Organización · doi:10.37610/dyo.v0i71.577 · Cited by 7
Project Management in Digital Disruption: Emergence of Digital Project Management Office
Vukadinović, D., & Fabac, R. (2022) · Proceedings of the ENTRENOVA - Enterprise Research Innovation Conference · doi:10.54820/entrenova-2022-0027 · Cited by 7
EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF DIGITAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION AMONG GRADUATES IN BANGLADESH
AL-MAMUN, A., Olowolayemo, A., Wani, S., & Sofiadin, A. (2022) · Journal of Information Systems and Digital Technologies · doi:10.31436/jisdt.v4i2.337 · Cited by 7
Digital Transformation Towards a New Context of Labour
Ferreira, M. J., Moreira, F., & Seruca, I. (2018) · Advances in logistics, operations, and management science book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-4936-9.ch002 · Cited by 7
Expectation from Technology and Career Satisfaction: A study among IT Professionals in India
Tomer, G., & Mishra, S. K. (2019) · AJIS. Australasian journal of information systems/AJIS. Australian journal of information systems/Australian journal of information systems · doi:10.3127/ajis.v23i0.1761 · Cited by 8
Algorithmic Pricing and Price Gouging. Consequences of High-Impact, Low Probability Events
Sanchez-Cartas, J. M., Tejero, A., & León, G. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13052542 · Cited by 9
Giebe, C., & Schulz, K. J. (2021) · International Journal of Economics and Finance · doi:10.5539/ijef.v13n6p34 · Cited by 7
Marshall, T. E., Drum, D. M., Morris, S., & Lambert, S. L. (2021) · Journal of Accounting Education · doi:10.1016/j.jaccedu.2021.100741 · Cited by 9
Exploring the Discourse on Digital Transformation in the Domain of Non-profit Organisations
Cipriano, M., & Za, S. (2021) · Lecture notes in information systems and organisation · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-87842-9_15 · Cited by 7
Shaikh, S. K. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5461-9_21 · Cited by 7
Patterns of Approaches to Digital Transformation: An Institutional Arrangements Perspective
Štemberger, M. I., Erjavec, J., Manfreda, A., & Jaklič, J. (2019) · Economic and business review · doi:10.15458/ebr.93 · Cited by 8
Marciniak, R., Móricz, P., & Baksa, M. (2020) · Lecture notes in business information processing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-66834-1_8 · Cited by 7
Die Rolle des Controllings im Rahmen der Digitalisierung – Funktionen, Aufgaben und Instrumente
Becker, W., & Nolte, M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-22129-4_5 · Cited by 7
Fang, X., & Yuan, F. (2024) · Business Process Management Journal · doi:10.1108/bpmj-01-2024-0050 · Cited by 6
Not a gap but an overlap: project teams and exploration vs exploitation in technological innovation
Hess, V., & Lebraty, J. (2025) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/md-04-2024-0863 · Cited by 6
A model of the interplay between leadership styles, culture and digital transformation
Mashinini, T., & Sethibe, T. (2025) · South African journal of information management · doi:10.4102/sajim.v27i1.1959 · Cited by 7
Digitalization, innovation and firm outcomes: a systematic review
Huynh, A. N. Q., & Phan, N. T. B. (2025) · Journal of Financial Economic Policy · doi:10.1108/jfep-10-2024-0303 · Cited by 6
Lyu, B., Wang, H., Zhou, Y., & Wang, C. (2025) · Asia Pacific Journal of Management · doi:10.1007/s10490-025-10039-z · Cited by 6
Excellence and Renewal. Digital Transformation Patterns in the Hungarian Business Services Sector
Móricz, P., Marciniak, R., & Baksa, M. (2022) · Vezetéstudomány / Budapest Management Review · doi:10.14267/veztud.2022.05.03 · Cited by 6
Zheng, B., Yuan, Y., Li, H., & Jiang, Y. (2023) · Journal of Economics and Management · doi:10.22367/jem.2023.45.13 · Cited by 6
Comparative Study on Workforce Transformation Strategy and SME Policies in Indonesia and Malaysia
Adhiatma, A., Nurhidayati, N., Fachrunnisa, O., Lukman, N., & Majid, M. N. A. (2023) · Engineering Management in Production and Services · doi:10.2478/emj-2023-0024 · Cited by 6
Shuang, W. (2024) · Academic Journal of Business & Management · doi:10.25236/ajbm.2024.060319 · Cited by 6
Arifianti, D. L., & Sakapurnama, E. (2024) · Journal La Sociale · doi:10.37899/journal-la-sociale.v5i3.1140 · Cited by 6
The impact of digitalization on promoting business during crisis: evidence from Armenian SMEs
Beglaryan, M., Drampyan, A., & Sargsyan, P. (2024) · Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management · doi:10.1108/jstpm-12-2022-0200 · Cited by 9
Analisis Risiko Keamanan Siber dalam Transformasi Digital Pelayanan Publik di Indonesia
(2023) · Jurnal Pewarta Indonesia · doi:10.7454/jkskn.v6i2.10082 · Cited by 27
Navigating Digital Transformation in Banking with Cloud Computing Solutions
Jeyaraj, S. S., Paramasivan, C., Sumathi, M., & Silpa, S. (2024) · Open Journal of Business and Management · doi:10.4236/ojbm.2024.126212 · Cited by 12
Sułkowski, Ł., Kolasińska-Morawska, K., Brzozowska, M., Morawski, P., & Seliga, R. (2024) · Human Technology · doi:10.14254/1795-6889.2024.20-3.2 · Cited by 6
Abdallah-Ou-Moussa, S., Wynn, M. G., Kharbouch, O., Aoufi, S. E., & Rouaine, Z. (2025) · Big Data and Cognitive Computing · doi:10.3390/bdcc9020031 · Cited by 10
Shang, J., Guo, T., & Ding, X. (2025) · Managerial and Decision Economics · doi:10.1002/mde.4529 · Cited by 6
An Innovation Activity Framework for Digital Innovation
Hellwig, L., Pawlowski, J. Μ., & Schäfer, M. (2020) · ACM SIGCPR Conference on Computer Personnel Research (SIGCPR) · doi:10.1145/3378539.3393857 · Cited by 6
Smart governments, regions and cities
Baisa, B., Raymond, B. B., Babić, A., Čapko, Z., Gaspari, F., Hrůza, F., Volčík, S., Jaňurová, M., Chaloupková, M., Kašćelan, L., et al. (2020) · Cited by 6
Enablers and Inhibitors for IoT Implementation
Muñoz-Flores, C.-H., & Nadal, J. O. (2021) · International series in management science/operations research/International series in operations research & management science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-70478-0_2 · Cited by 6
Developing a framework for Industry 3.5 to strengthen manufacturer performance
Tsao, Y., Barus, F. A. S., & Ho, C.-W. (2021) · International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications · doi:10.1080/13675567.2021.1959537 · Cited by 6
Digital Transformation of Software Development: Implications for the Future of Work
Laato, S., Mäntymäki, M., Birkstedt, T., Islam, A. K. M. N., & Hyrynsalmi, S. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85447-8_50 · Cited by 6
Talent Value Creation during Digital Transformation: A Inductive Model of HR Reengineering
Hu, H., & Zhu, Y. (2021) · Journal of Business Administration Research · doi:10.30564/jbar.v4i4.3703 · Cited by 7
Foundations for Digital Transformation: The Case of Vietnam
Tran Minh, A. N. H. (2021) · Advances in economics, business and management research/Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research · doi:10.2991/aebmr.k.211119.007 · Cited by 6
Customer Relationship Management and Business Performance: Do Digital Platform Capabilities Matter?
Edeh, J. N. (2022) · Palgrave studies of marketing in emerging economies · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83909-3_4 · Cited by 6
TRENDS IN BLOCKCHAIN AND NEWER TECHNOLOGIES USES IN LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT
(2019) · Issues in Information Systems · doi:10.48009/2_iis_2019_47-55 · Cited by 7
ÖRGÜTLERİN DİJİTAL OLGUNLUK DÜZEYİNİN ÖLÇÜLMESİ – BİR ÖLÇEK GELİŞTİRME ÇALIŞMASI
KAYABAŞI, H., & Kasımoğlu, M. (2023) · Sağlık ve Sosyal Refah Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.55050/sarad.1139482 · Cited by 6
Digitalisation and digital transformation in the social economy: the cases of Anecoop and Consum
Ribeiro-Navarrete, B., Monge, M. E. C., & Simón-Moya, V. (2023) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-12-2022-1086 · Cited by 6
Bi, W., Li, Y., Zhang, X., & Zhong, T. (2023) · Economics and Politics · doi:10.1111/ecpo.12266 · Cited by 6
Digital Transformation in the Indian Service Sector: Benefits, Challenges and Future Implications
Kulshrestha, A., Kulshrestha, S., Efthymiou, L., & Ktoridou, D. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-33665-2_8 · Cited by 6
Digital Transformation in MSMEs in Indonesia: The Importance of Commitment to Change
Wahyono, T. (2024) · International Journal of Social Service and Research · doi:10.46799/ijssr.v4i01.703 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Hess, T., Matt, C., Benlian, A., & Wiesböck, F.
- Venue
- Strategic Information Management
- Publisher
- Routledge
- Published
- 2020-04-08
- Pages
- 151-173
- OpenAlex
- W2499940354
- Cited by
- 1,266
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 165 · 2024: 214 · 2023: 260 · 2022: 147 · 2021: 181 · 2020: 135
- FWCI
- 516.39
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Routledge eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management of Technology and Innovation › Digital Innovation in Industries
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management Information Systems › Information Technology Governance and Strategy
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Corporate Management and Leadership
- Keywords
- digital transformation, digital transformation strategy, strategy formulation, chief information officer, media companies, strategic questions
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
