How does EMDR work?

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Autobiographical memories become less vivid and emotional after eye movements

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Eye-movements reduce the vividness, emotional valence and electrodermal arousal associated with negative autobiographical memories.

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When the present visits the past: Updating traumatic memories in social phobia

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A Working Memory Explanation for the Effects of Eye Movements in EMDR

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EMDR: Eye movements superior to beeps in taxing working memory and reducing vividness of recollections

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The impact of taxing working memory on negative and positive memories

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Eye movements reduce vividness and emotionality of “flashforwards”

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Taxing working memory reduces vividness and emotional intensity of images about the Queen’s Day tragedy

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Imagery Rescripting for Personality Disorders

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Counting during recall: Taxing of working memory and reduced vividness and emotionality of negative memories

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On EMDR: Eye movements during retrieval reduce subjective vividness and objective memory accessibility during future recall

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EMDR and mindfulness. Eye movements and attentional breathing tax working memory and reduce vividness and emotionality of aversive ideation

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EMDR and Mesmerism

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Tones inferior to eye movements in the EMDR treatment of PTSD

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Imagery Rescripting in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

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Competitive memory training (COMET) for treating low self-esteem in patients with eating disorders: A randomized clinical trial.

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Some effects of EMDR on previously abused child molesters: Theoretical reviews and preliminary findings

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Traumatic memories, eye movements, phobia, and panic: a critical note on the proliferation of EMDR.

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Evaluating the Effect of Eye Movements on Positive Memories Such as Those Used in Resource Development and Installation

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Considering Mechanisms of Action in EMDR

Maxfield, L. (2008) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.4.234 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

Choking under Pressure: Degrading Flashforwards Related to Performance Anxiety

Engelhard, I. M., Sijbrandij, M., van den Hout, M. A., Rutherford, N. M., Rahim, H. F., & Kocak, F. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.024111 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Emotionality of Loss-Related Memories Is Reduced After Recall Plus Eye Movements But Not After Recall Plus Music or Recall Only

Hornsveld, H. K., Landwehr, F., Stein, W., Stomp, M. P. H., Smeets, M. A. M., & van den Hout, M. (2010) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/1933-3196.4.3.106 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Effects of EMDR on previously abused child molesters: Theoretical reviews and preliminary findings from Ricci, Clayton, and Shapiro

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Computer game play reduces intrusive memories of experimental trauma via reconsolidation update mechanisms

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Preventing intrusive memories after trauma via a brief intervention involving Tetris computer game play in the emergency department: A proof-of-concept randomized controlled trial

Iyadurai, L., Blackwell, S. E., Meiser-Stedman, R., Watson, P. C., Bonsall, M. B., Geddes, J. R., Nobre, A. C., & Holmes, E. A. (2018) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2017.23 · Cited by 266 · see citing works

Intrusive memories of trauma: A target for research bridging cognitive science and its clinical application

Iyadurai, L., Visser, R. M., Lau-Zhu, A., Porcheret, K., Horsch, A., Holmes, E. A., & James, E. L. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.08.005 · Cited by 255 · see citing works

Emotional Mental Imagery as Simulation of Reality: Fear and Beyond—A Tribute to Peter Lang

Ji, J. L., Heyes, S. B., MacLeod, C., & Holmes, E. A. (2016) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2015.11.004 · Cited by 234 · see citing works

The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for post-traumatic stress disorder and depression among Syrian refugees: Results of a randomized controlled trial

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Shaking That Icky Feeling: Effects of Extinction and Counterconditioning on Disgust-Related Evaluative Learning

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Reducing intrusive memories of trauma using a visuospatial interference intervention with inpatients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Kessler, H., Holmes, E. A., Blackwell, S. E., Schmidt, A.-C., Schweer, J. M., Bücker, A., Herpertz, S., Axmacher, N., & Kehyayan, A. (2018) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000340 · Cited by 104 · see citing works

How eye movements in EMDR work: Changes in memory vividness and emotionality

Leer, A., Engelhard, I. M., & van den Hout, M. (2014) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.04.004 · Cited by 93 · see citing works

The impact of eye movements and tones on disturbing memories involving PTSD and other mental disorders

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Eye-Movement Intervention Enhances Extinction via Amygdala Deactivation

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How do emotions elicited in virtual reality affect our memory? A systematic review

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The intersection between the oculomotor and hippocampal memory systems: empirical developments and clinical implications

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Selective Association Between Tetris Game Play and Visuospatial Working Memory: A Preliminary Investigation

Lau‐Zhu, A., Holmes, E. A., Butterfield, S., & Holmes, J. (2017) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3339 · Cited by 75 · see citing works

State of the science: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy

de Jongh, A., de Roos, C., & El‐Leithy, S. (2024) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.23012 · Cited by 79 · see citing works

Latest developments in post-traumatic stress disorder: diagnosis and treatment: Table 1

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Retrieving and Modifying Traumatic Memories: Recent Research Relevant to Three Controversies

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What Drives False Memories in Psychopathology? A Case for Associative Activation

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Intrusive memories and voluntary memory of a trauma film: Differential effects of a cognitive interference task after encoding.

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A review on mental imagery in fear conditioning research 100 years since the ‘Little Albert’ study

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Speed Matters: Relationship between Speed of Eye Movements and Modification of Aversive Autobiographical Memories

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Imagery Rescripting: The Impact of Conceptual and Perceptual Changes on Aversive Autobiographical Memories

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EMDR v. other psychological therapies for PTSD: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis

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Blurring of emotional and non-emotional memories by taxing working memory during recall

van den Hout, M., Eidhof, M. B., Verboom, J., Littel, M., & Engelhard, I. M. (2013) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.848785 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

Facilitating Access to Emotions: Neural Signature of EMDR Stimulation

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Tetris and Word games lead to fewer intrusive memories when applied several days after analogue trauma

Hagenaars, M. A., Holmes, E. A., Klaassen, F., & Elzinga, B. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1386959 · Cited by 52 · see citing works

Visuospatial computer game play after memory reminder delivered three days after a traumatic film reduces the number of intrusive memories of the experimental trauma

Kessler, H., Schmidt, A.-C., James, E. L., Blackwell, S. E., von Rauchhaupt, M., Harren, A. K., Kehyayan, A., Clark, I. A., Sauvage, M. M., Herpertz, S., et al. (2019) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.01.006 · Cited by 56 · see citing works

The effect of EMDR versus EMDR 2.0 on emotionality and vividness of aversive memories in a non-clinical sample

Matthijssen, S. J. M. A., Brouwers, T. C., van Roozendaal, C., Vuister, T., & de Jongh, A. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1956793 · Cited by 51 · see citing works

Lateral Eye Movements Increase False Memory Rates

Houben, S. T. L., Otgaar, H., Roelofs, J., & Merckelbach, H. L. G. J. (2018) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702618757658 · Cited by 51 · see citing works

Mental Imagery in the Science and Practice of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives

Blackwell, S. E. (2021) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-021-00102-0 · Cited by 52 · see citing works

What Is EMDR Therapy? Past, Present, and Future Directions

Laliotis, D., Luber, M., Oren, U., Shapiro, E., Ichii, M., Hase, M., Rosa, L. L., Alter-Reid, K., & Saint-Jammes, J. T. (2021) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/emdr-d-21-00029 · Cited by 48 · see citing works

Blurring emotional memories using eye movements: individual differences and speed of eye movements

van Schie, K., van Veen, S. C., Engelhard, I. M., Klugkist, I. G., & van den Hout, M. (2016) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v7.29476 · Cited by 48 · see citing works

Systematic literature review of psychological interventions for first responders

Alden, L. E., Matthews, L. R., Wagner, S. L., Fyfe, T., Randall, C., Regehr, C., White, M., Buys, N. J., Carey, M. G., Corneil, W., et al. (2020) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2020.1758833 · Cited by 46 · see citing works

The effects of eye movements on emotional memories: using an objective measure of cognitive load

van Veen, S. C., Engelhard, I., & van den Hout, M. (2016) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v7.30122 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

Emergency room intervention to prevent post concussion-like symptoms and post-traumatic stress disorder. A pilot randomized controlled study of a brief eye movement desensitization and reprocessing intervention versus reassurance or usual care

Gil‐Jardine, C., Evrard, G., Joboory, S. A., Saint-Jammes, J. T., Masson, F., Ribereau‐Gayon, R., Galinski, M., Salmi, L., Revel, P., Régis, C. A., et al. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.05.024 · Cited by 46 · see citing works

Early Psychological Preventive Intervention For Workplace Violence: A Randomized Controlled Explorative and Comparative Study Between EMDR-Recent Event and Critical Incident Stress Debriefing

Tarquinio, C., Rotonda, C., Houllé, W. A., Montel, S., Rydberg, J. A., Minary, L., Dellucci, H., Tarquinio, P., Fayard, A., & Alla, F. (2016) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2016.1224282 · Cited by 45 · see citing works

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing as a treatment for PTSD: current neurobiological theories and a new hypothesis

Calancie, O. G., Khalid‐Khan, S., Booij, L., & Munoz, D. P. (2018) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13882 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

The effects of eye movements and alternative dual tasks on the vividness and emotionality of negative autobiographical memories: A meta-analysis of laboratory studies

Houben, S. T. L., Otgaar, H., Roelofs, J., Merckelbach, H. L. G. J., & Muris, P. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/2043808720907744 · Cited by 43 · see citing works

Desensitizing Addiction: Using Eye Movements to Reduce the Intensity of Substance-Related Mental Imagery and Craving

Littel, M., van den Hout, M., & Engelhard, I. M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00014 · Cited by 42 · see citing works

Imagery rescripting and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing for treatment of adults with childhood trauma-related post-traumatic stress disorder: IREM study design

Boterhoven de Haan, K. L., Lee, C. W., Fassbinder, E., Voncken, M. J., Meewisse, M., Van Es, S. M., Menninga, S., Kousemaker, M., & Arntz, A. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1330-2 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

Feasibility of EMDR for posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with personality disorders: a pilot study

Slotema, C. W., van den Berg, D. P. G., Driessen, A., Wilhelmus, B., & Franken, I. H. A. (2019) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1614822 · Cited by 42 · see citing works

Examining the relationship between working memory consolidation and long-term consolidation

Cotton, K., & Ricker, T. J. (2022) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-022-02084-2 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

Degrading emotional memories induced by a virtual reality paradigm

Cuperus, A. A., Laken, M., van den Hout, M., & Engelhard, I. M. (2016) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.03.004 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

The effectiveness of dual-task interventions for modulating emotional memories in the laboratory: A meta-analysis

Mertens, G., Lund, M., & Engelhard, I. M. (2021) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103424 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

Turning negative memories around: Contingency versus devaluation techniques

Dibbets, P., Lemmens, A., & Voncken, M. J. (2018) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.02.001 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

Can working memory account for EMDR efficacy in PTSD?

Wadji, D. L., Martin-Söelch, C., & Camos, V. (2022) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-022-00951-0 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

Targeting intrusive imagery using a competing task technique: a case study

Iyadurai, L., Hales, S. A., Blackwell, S. E., Young, K., & Holmes, E. A. (2020) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465820000296 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

Dealing With the Aftermath of Mass Disasters: A Field Study on the Application of EMDR Integrative Group Treatment Protocol With Child Survivors of the 2016 Italy Earthquakes

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Degrading traumatic memories with eye movements: a pilot functional MRI study in PTSD

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Lateral Eye Movements Do Not Increase False-Memory Rates: A Failed Direct-Replication Study

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Psychophysiological Responsivity to Script-Driven Imagery: An Exploratory Study of the Effects of Eye Movements on Public Speaking Flashforwards

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Stress Enhances the Memory-Degrading Effects of Eye Movements on Emotionally Neutral Memories

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Development and testing of TraumaGameplay: An iterative experimental approach using the trauma film paradigm

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A cognitively demanding working-memory intervention enhances extinction

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A virtual reality paradigm as an analogue to real-life trauma: its effectiveness compared with the trauma film paradigm

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Eye movements during recall of aversive memory decreases conditioned fear

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Playing the computer game Tetris prior to viewing traumatic film material and subsequent intrusive memories: Examining proactive interference

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Making eye movements during imaginal exposure leads to short-lived memory effects compared to imaginal exposure alone

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The effects of psychological interventions on neurocognitive functioning in posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review

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Thoughts on Experimental Psychopathology

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Effectiveness of the On-the-Spot-EMDR Method for the Treatment of Behavioral Symptoms in Patients With Severe Dementia

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Integration of Religion and Spirituality Into Trauma Psychotherapy: An Example in Sufism?

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The effects of dual-tasks on intrusive memories following analogue trauma

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Targeted memory reactivation to augment treatment in post-traumatic stress disorder.

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The Effects of Bilateral Eye Movements on EEG Coherence When Recalling a Pleasant Memory

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EMDR Interventions in Addiction

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Increases of correct memories and spontaneous false memories due to eye movements when memories are retrieved after a time delay

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The working mechanisms of imagery rescripting and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Findings from a randomised controlled trial

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Eye movement during recall reduces objective memory performance: An extended replication

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Rescripting experimental trauma: Effects of imagery and writing as a way to reduce the development of intrusive memories

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Cultural Adaptations, Efficacy, and Acceptability of Psychological Interventions for Mental Health in Adults with Refugees and Asylum-Seeker Status: A Systematic Review

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Reducing the negative valence of stressful memories through emotionally valenced, modality-specific tasks

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Treatment of Intrusive Suicidal Imagery Using Eye Movements

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The effect of bilateral eye-movements versus no eye-movements on sexual fantasies

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The Effects of β-Adrenergic Blockade on the Degrading Effects of Eye Movements on Negative Autobiographical Memories

Littel, M., Kenemans, J. L., Baas, J. M. P., Logemann, H. N. A., Rijken, N., Remijn, M., Hassink, R. J., Engelhard, I. M., & van den Hout, M. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.03.012 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Sleep as a window to target traumatic memories

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Exploring expectation effects in EMDR: does prior treatment knowledge affect the degrading effects of eye movements on memories?

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Effects of heart rate variability biofeedback during exposure to fear-provoking stimuli within spider-fearful individuals: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

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A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of cognitive interventions to prevent intrusive memories using the trauma film paradigm

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Memory and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy: a potentially risky combination in the courtroom

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Eye Closure Interacts with Music to Influence Vividness and Content of Directed Imagery

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Changing negative autobiographical memories in the lab: a comparison of three eye-movement tasks

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The Effects of the Flash Technique Compared to Those of an Abbreviated Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy Protocol on the Emotionality and Vividness of Aversive Memories

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A Case for Translation From the Clinic to the Laboratory

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Neural processing of emotions in traumatized children treated with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy: a hdEEG study

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Trauma-focused therapies for post-traumatic stress in psychosis: study protocol for the RE.PROCESS randomized controlled trial

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The Effect of modality specific interference on working memory in recalling aversive auditory and visual memories

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Cognitive therapy and EMDR for reducing psychopathology in bereaved people after the MH17 plane crash: Findings from a randomized controlled trial.

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Electroencephalography Coherence, Memory Vividness, and Emotional Valence Effects of Bilateral Eye Movements During Unpleasant Memory Recall and Subsequent Free Association: Implications for Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing

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Voluntary and Involuntary Imagery in Social Anxiety

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Countering Fear Renewal: Changes in the UCS Representation Generalize Across Contexts

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No evidence for the inverted U-Curve: More demanding dual tasks cause stronger aversive memory degradation

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Does EMDR Therapy Have an Effect on Memories of Emotional Abuse, Neglect and Other Types of Adverse Events in Patients with a Personality Disorder? Preliminary Data

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A Model for the Flash Technique Based on Working Memory and Neuroscience Research

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Eye Movements Enhance Recollection of Re-Imagined Negative Words: A Link between EMDR and Sire?

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A Review of Mobile Applications for Facilitating EMDR Treatment of Complex Trauma and Its Comorbidities

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The Effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Indonesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial

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Alternative psychotherapies: Conceptual elucidation and epidemiological framework.

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van den Hout, M., & Engelhard, I. M. (2015)

Hoe het komt dat EMDR werkt

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What is the Role of Eye Movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)? A Review

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A critical analysis of the Working Memory model of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing

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De werkzaamheid van eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): ondersteuning voor een afleidingstheorie

Rijken, T. A. (2012) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)