The effectiveness of dual-task interventions for modulating emotional memories in the laboratory: A meta-analysis
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Dual-tasks (e.g., making horizontal eye-movements) while recollecting a memory are often used both in the lab and the clinic (such as in EMDR therapy) to attenuate emotional memories and intrusive mental images. According to working memory theory, dual-task interventions are effective because they limit cognitive resources available for the processing of emotional memories. However, there is still ongoing debate about the extent to which and under what conditions dual-task interventions are effective to interfere with emotional memories. In this meta-analysis, we assessed k = 53 laboratory studies investigating the effects of dual-task interventions on negative and positive memories. The effects were measured with the raw mean reduction in vividness and emotionality self-report ratings of emotional memories before compared to after the intervention on 100-point rating scales. Results showed that the dual-task interventions made both negative and positive memories less vivid (mean reduction negative images = 9.18, 95% CI [7.06, 11.29]; mean reduction positive images = 11.73, 95% CI [8.59, 14.86]) and less emotional (mean reduction negative images = 6.22, 95% CI [4.50, 7.94]; mean reduction positive images = 6.71, 95% CI [2.21, 11.20]). Several moderators were tested and are discussed in the light of working memory theory.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A large body of experimental research suggests that the emotional intensity and vividness of aversive memories can be reduced when the person performs a distracting task that taxes working memory while recalling the aversive memory.
“A large body of experimental research suggests that the emotional intensity and vividness of aversive memories can be reduced when the person performs a distracting task that taxes working memory while recalling the aversive memory [42–44].”
The intervention is strongly grounded in theory as well as experimental research.
“our intervention is strongly grounded in theory as well as experimental research [42–44].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139 · see citing works
Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 · Cited by 56,722 · see citing works
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & the PRISMA Group* (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135 · Cited by 37,554 · see citing works
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100 · Cited by 28,164 · see citing works
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009) · doi:10.1002/9780470743386 · Cited by 14,225 · see citing works
Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00455.x · Cited by 14,099 · see citing works
Lakens, D. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00863 · Cited by 10,303 · see citing works
Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60452-1 · Cited by 9,860 · see citing works
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119558378 · Cited by 9,799 · see citing works
Cohen, J. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.112.1.155 · Cited by 8,771 · see citing works
Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611417632 · Cited by 6,567 · see citing works
Memory - A century of consolidation
McGaugh, J. L. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.287.5451.248 · Cited by 4,250 · see citing works
The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system
Conway, M. A., & Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. (2000) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.107.2.261 · Cited by 4,089 · see citing works
Orne, M. T. (1962) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/h0043424 · Cited by 4,041 · see citing works
How should meta‐regression analyses be undertaken and interpreted?
Thompson, S. G., & Higgins, J. P. T. (2002) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1187 · Cited by 3,026 · see citing works
P-curve: A key to the file-drawer.
Simonsohn, U., Nelson, L. D., & Simmons, J. P. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/a0033242 · Cited by 1,500 · see citing works
Brewin, C. R., Gregory, J. D., Lipton, M., & Burgess, N. (2010) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0018113 · Cited by 1,226 · see citing works
Baddeley, A. (2010) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.12.014 · Cited by 1,149 · see citing works
Mental imagery in emotion and emotional disorders
Holmes, E. A., & Mathews, A. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.001 · Cited by 976 · see citing works
<i>p</i> -Curve and Effect Size: Correcting for Publication Bias Using Only Significant Results
Simonsohn, U., Nelson, L. D., & Simmons, J. P. (2014) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691614553988 · Cited by 717 · see citing works
Behavioral Priming: It’s all in the Mind, but whose Mind?
Doyen, S., Klein, O., Pichon, C.-L., & Cleeremans, A. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029081 · Cited by 670 · see citing works
Life is Pleasant—and Memory Helps to Keep it that Way!
Walker, W. R., Skowronski, J. J., & Thompson, C. P. (2003) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.7.2.203 · Cited by 625 · see citing works
Similarity-Dissimilarity Competition in Disjunctive Classification Tasks
Mathy, F., Haladjian, H. H., Laurent, É., & Goldstone, R. L. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00026 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): A meta-analysis.
Davidson, P. R., & Parker, K. C. H. (2001) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.69.2.305 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): A meta-analysis.
Davidson, P. R., & Parker, K. C. H. (2001) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.69.2.305 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Holmes, E. A., James, E. L., Coode-Bate, T., & Deeprose, C. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004153 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Andrade, J., Kavanagh, D., & Baddeley, A. (1997) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1997.tb01408.x · Cited by 407 · see citing works
The nature of intrusive memories after trauma: the warning signal hypothesis
Ehlers, A., Hackmann, A., Steil, R., Clohessy, S., Wenninger, K., & Winter, H. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00077-8 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of the contribution of eye movements in processing emotional memories
Lee, C. W., & Cuijpers, P. J. (2012) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.11.001 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
A day at a time: Predicting smoking lapse from daily urge.
Shiffman, S. M., Engberg, J., Paty, J. A., Perz, W. G., Gnys, M., Kassel, J. D., & Hickcox, M. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.106.1.104 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
How eye movements affect unpleasant memories: Support for a working-memory account
Gunter, R. W., & Bodner, G. E. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.04.006 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Enriched childhood experiences moderate age-related motor and cognitive decline
Metzler, M. J., Saucier, D. M., & Metz, G. A. S. (2013) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00001 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Gene‐Cos, N. (2006) · Psychiatric Bulletin · doi:10.1192/pb.30.9.357-a · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Autobiographical memories become less vivid and emotional after eye movements
van den Hout, M., Muris, P., Salemink, E., & Kindt, M. (2001) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466501163571 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
A day at a time: Predicting smoking lapse from daily urge.
Shiffman, S. M., Engberg, J., Paty, J. A., et al. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.106.1.104 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Iyadurai, L., Blackwell, S. E., Meiser-Stedman, R., Watson, P. C., Bonsall, M. B., Geddes, J. R., Nobre, A. C., & Holmes, E. A. (2018) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2017.23 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
van den Hout, M. A., & Engelhard, I. M. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.028212 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Self-citationA functional analysis of binge-eating
McManus, F. V., & Waller, G. (1995) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(95)00042-9 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Effects of visuospatial tasks on desensitization to emotive memories
Kavanagh, D. J., Freese, S., Andrade, J., & May, J. (2001) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466501163689 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Using Route and Survey Information to Generate Cognitive Maps
Steyvers, F., & Kooijman, A. C. (2008) · Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) · doi:10.1002/acp · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Images of desire: cognitive models of craving.
May, J., Andrade, J., Panabokke, N., & Kavanagh, D. (2004) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210444000061 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
The phenomenology of food cravings: The role of mental imagery
Tiggemann, M., & Kemps, E. (2005) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2005.06.004 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Barrowcliff, A. L., Gray, N. S., Freeman, T. C., & MacCulloch, M. J. (2004) · Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology · doi:10.1080/14789940410001673042 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Landin-Romero, R., Moreno-Alcazar, A., Pagani, M., & Amann, B. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01395 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Memories of positive and negative emotional events
Bohanek, J. G., Fıvush, R., & Walker, E. F. (2004) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1064 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
A Working Memory Explanation for the Effects of Eye Movements in EMDR
Maxfield, L., Melnyk, W. T., & Hayman, G. (2008) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.4.247 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Beckers, T., & Kindt, M. (2017) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045209 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
van den Hout, M., Engelhard, I. M., Rijkeboer, M. M., Koekebakker, J., Hornsveld, H. K., Leer, A., Toffolo, M. B. J., & Akse, N. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.11.003 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationThe impact of taxing working memory on negative and positive memories
Engelhard, I. M., van Uijen, S. L., & van den Hout, M. (2010) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v1i0.5623 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationCuijpers, P., Veen, S. C. V., Sijbrandij, M., Yoder, W., & Cristea, I. A. (2020) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2019.1703801 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Eye movements reduce vividness and emotionality of “flashforwards”
Engelhard, I. M., van den Hout, M. A., Janssen, W. C., & van der Beek, J. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.01.003 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationEngelhard, I. M., van den Hout, M., & Smeets, M. A. M. (2010) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.09.004 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationKemppainen, H., Nurmi, H. J., Raivio, N., & Kiianmaa, K. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00001 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Kemps, E., & Tiggemann, M. (2007) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210701262017 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
van den Hout, M., Engelhard, I. M., Smeets, M. A. M., Hornsveld, H. K., Hoogeveen, E., de Heer, E., Toffolo, M. B. J., & Rijkeboer, M. M. (2010) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1677 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citationMatrix product ansatz for Fermi fields in one dimension
Chung, S. S., Sun, K., & Bolech, C. J. (2015) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.91.121108 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Meta-Analysis of Raw Mean Differences.
Bond, C. F., Wiitala, W. L., & Richard, F. D. (2003) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.8.4.406 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
van den Hout, M., Bartelski, N., & Engelhard, I. M. (2012) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2012.691087 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationEngelhard, I. M., van den Hout, M. A., Dek, E. C. P., Giele, C. L., van der Wielen, J.-W., Reijnen, M. J., & van Roij, B. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.01.009 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationvan den Hout, M., Engelhard, I. M., Beetsma, D. J. V., Slofstra, C., Hornsveld, H. K., Houtveen, J. H., & Leer, A. (2011) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.03.004 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationSchubert, S. J., Lee, C. W., & Drummond, P. D. (2010) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.06.024 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Visuospatial working memory interference with recollections of trauma
Lilley, S. A., Andrade, J., Turpin, G., Sabin‐Farrell, R., & Holmes, E. A. (2009) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466508x398943 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Use of a clay modeling task to reduce chocolate craving
Andrade, J., Pears, S. L., May, J., & Kavanagh, D. J. (2012) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.02.044 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
How eye movements in EMDR work: Changes in memory vividness and emotionality
Leer, A., Engelhard, I. M., & van den Hout, M. (2014) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.04.004 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of eye movement versus therapist instructions on the processing of distressing memories
Lee, C. W., & Drummond, P. D. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.08.007 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Retrieving and Modifying Traumatic Memories: Recent Research Relevant to Three Controversies
Engelhard, I. M., McNally, R. J., & van Schie, K. (2019) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721418807728 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationvan Veen, S. C., van Schie, K., Meij, L. W., Littel, M., Engelhard, I. M., & van den Hout, M. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00045 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationSlofstra, C., Nauta, M. H., Holmes, E. A., & Bockting, C. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160235 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
I was always on my mind: The self and temporary forgetting
Macrae, C. N., & Roseveare, T. A. (2002) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196320 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Episodic Memories and Their Relevance for Psychoactive Drug Use and Addiction
Müller, C. P. (2013) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00034 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Blurring of emotional and non-emotional memories by taxing working memory during recall
van den Hout, M., Eidhof, M. B., Verboom, J., Littel, M., & Engelhard, I. M. (2013) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.848785 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationNeumann, R., Lozo, L., & Kunde, W. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0032259 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Gosselin, P. D., & Matthews, W. J. (1995) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(95)00038-0 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Lateral Eye Movements Increase False Memory Rates
Houben, S. T. L., Otgaar, H., Roelofs, J., & Merckelbach, H. L. G. J. (2018) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702618757658 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Blurring emotional memories using eye movements: individual differences and speed of eye movements
van Schie, K., van Veen, S. C., Engelhard, I. M., Klugkist, I. G., & van den Hout, M. (2016) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v7.29476 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationReduction of vividness and associated craving in personalized food imagery
McClelland, A., Kemps, E., & Tiggemann, M. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20216 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Smeets, M. A. M., Dijs, M. W., Pervan, I., Engelhard, I. M., & van den Hout, M. A. (2012) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2012.665462 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effects of eye movements on emotional memories: using an objective measure of cognitive load
van Veen, S. C., Engelhard, I., & van den Hout, M. (2016) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v7.30122 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationHouben, S. T. L., Otgaar, H., Roelofs, J., Merckelbach, H. L. G. J., & Muris, P. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/2043808720907744 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Littel, M., van den Hout, M., & Engelhard, I. M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00014 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationDegrading emotional memories induced by a virtual reality paradigm
Cuperus, A. A., Laken, M., van den Hout, M., & Engelhard, I. M. (2016) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.03.004 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationHornsveld, H. K., Houtveen, J. H., Vroomen, M., Kapteijn, I., Aalbers, D., & van den Hout, M. (2011) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/1933-3196.5.4.146 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Kearns, M. L., & Engelhard, I. M. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00115 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Metrics of Spatial Distance Traversed During Mental Imagery.
Rinck, M., & Denis, M. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.30.6.1211 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Lateral Eye Movements Do Not Increase False-Memory Rates: A Failed Direct-Replication Study
van Schie, K., & Leer, A. (2019) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619859335 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Matthijssen, S. J. M. A., Verhoeven, L. C. M., van den Hout, M., & Heitland, I. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01937 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Eye movements during recall of aversive memory decreases conditioned fear
Leer, A., Engelhard, I. M., Altink, A., & van den Hout, M. A. (2013) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.07.004 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationAsselbergs, J., Sijbrandij, M., Hoogendoorn, E., Cuijpers, P., Olie, L., Oved, K., Merkies, J., Plooijer, T., Eltink, S., & Riper, H. (2018) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2018.1424447 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
van Veen, S. C., van Schie, K., van de Schoot, R., van den Hout, M., & Engelhard, I. M. (2019) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.03.001 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effects of dual-tasks on intrusive memories following analogue trauma
van Schie, K., van Veen, S. C., & Hagenaars, M. A. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103448 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Kristjánsdóttir, K., & Lee, C. W. (2011) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/1933-3196.5.2.34 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Markus, W., Oene, G. H. D. W.-V., Woud, M. L., Becker, E. S., & DeJong, C. A. J. (2016) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.03.007 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Eye movement during recall reduces objective memory performance: An extended replication
Leer, A., Engelhard, I. M., Lenaert, B., Struyf, D., Vervliet, B., & Hermans, D. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.03.002 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effect of bilateral eye-movements versus no eye-movements on sexual fantasies
Bartels, R. M., Harkins, L., Harrison, S. C., Beard, N., & Beech, A. R. (2018) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.01.001 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Littel, M., Kenemans, J. L., Baas, J. M. P., Logemann, H. N. A., Rijken, N., Remijn, M., Hassink, R. J., Engelhard, I. M., & van den Hout, M. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.03.012 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationLittel, M., van Schie, K., & van den Hout, M. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1328954 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Changing negative autobiographical memories in the lab: a comparison of three eye-movement tasks
Mertens, G., Krypotos, A., van Logtestijn, A., Landkroon, E., van Veen, S. C., & Engelhard, I. M. (2018) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2018.1507041 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationDo lateral eye movements increase susceptibility to misinformation? A registered replication
Calvillo, D. P., & Emami, A. S. (2019) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-019-01641-6 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Matthijssen, S. J. M. A., van Schie, K., & van den Hout, M. (2018) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2018.1547271 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Matthijssen, S., van Beerschoten, L. M., de Jongh, A., Klugkist, I., & van den Hout, M. (2019) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.11.006 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Littel, M., & van Schie, K. (2019) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.101484 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Eye Movements Enhance Recollection of Re-Imagined Negative Words: A Link between EMDR and Sire?
Phaf, R. H. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.059916 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Comparisons of eye movements and matched changing visual input
Onderdonk, S. W., & van den Hout, M. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.10.010 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
de la Flor, M., & Mongeon, B. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-240-81203-8.00002-7 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Brandtner, A., Pekal, J., & Brand, M. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106347 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Mertens, G., van Schie, K., Lammertink, S., Littel, M., & Engelhard, I. M. (2021) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2021.101673 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of emotionally valenced working memory taxation on negative memories
Tsai, C., & McNally, R. J. (2013) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.07.004 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
An accurate diode thermometer for use in thermal gradient chambers
Griffiths, B., Stow, C. D., & Syms, P. H. (1974) · Journal of Physics E Scientific Instruments · doi:10.1088/0022-3735/7/9/011 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Eye movement attenuation of intrusive social anxiety imagery: A pilot study
Homer, S. R., & Deeprose, C. (2017) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2017.11.003 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Mental Imagery: Visual Cognition
Cattaneo, Z., & Silvanto, J. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.57024-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Patel, G. J., & McDowall, J. (2016) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/1933-3196.10.1.13 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The role of imagery rehearsal with and without eye movements in the creation of false memories
Devilly, G. J., & Brown, L. (2011) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/10683160903397524 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Changing emotional visual and auditory memories: are modality-matched dual-tasks more effective?
Mertens, G., Bouwman, V., Asmervik, J. F., & Engelhard, I. M. (2019) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2019.1666800 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationMertens, G., van Schie, K., Lammertink, S., et al. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/zhcpn · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationMoher (2009) · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed1000097
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Higgins, J., & Green, S. (2008). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Cochrane collaboration (5th ed.). West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.
- Hornsveld, H., Ten Broeke, E., & De Jongh, A. (2018). Verschillen tussen het Nederlandse EMDR-standaardprotocol en het originele protocol van Shapiro. Deel V: Werkgeheugentheorie. EMDR Magazine, 6(18), 39-43.
- Ryan, R., & Cochrane Consumers and Communication Review Group. (December 2016). Heterogeneity and subgroup analyses in Cochrane Consumers and Communication Group reviews: Planning the analysis at protocol stage. http://cccrg.cochrane.org (accessed 02.04.2019).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Wright, S. L., Karyotaki, E., Cuijpers, P. J., Bisson, J. I., Papola, D., Witteveen, A. B., Suliman, S., Spies, G., Ahmadi, K., Capezzani, L., et al. (2024) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291723003446 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Susanty, E., Sijbrandij, M., Srisayekti, W., Suparman, Y., & Huizink, A. C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.845520 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Intrusive memories following disaster: Relationship with peritraumatic responses and later affect.
Massazza, A., Joffé, H., & Brewin, C. R. (2021) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000694 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Mertens, G., van Schie, K., Lammertink, S., Littel, M., & Engelhard, I. M. (2021) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2021.101673 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationPape, V. R., Sammer, G., Gruppe, H., Hanewald, B., Garder, R., Bloß, C., & Stingl, M. (2020) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2020.100197 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Brennen, T., Blix, I., Nissen, A., Holmes, E. A., Skumlien, M., & Solberg, Ø. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1953788 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Mertens, G., van Dis, E. A. M., Krypotos, A.-M., & Engelhard, I. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102447 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationHemi, A., Sopp, M. R., Perel, A., Holmes, E. A., & Levy‐Gigi, E. (2023) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101858 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
EMDR Therapy and PTSD: A Goal-Directed Predictive Processing Perspective
Vanderschoot, T., & Dessel, P. V. (2022) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/emdr-2022-0009 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Reduced vividness of emotional memories following reactivation in a second language
Jansson, B., & Dylman, A. S. (2021) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2021.1937948 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
van Schie, K., & van Veen, S. C. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104291 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Early phase testing of functional imagery training as an intervention for anxiety
Andrade, J., Kavanagh, D. J., Bowditch, C., Mackriel, E., Ravenhill, E., Sime, A., Trumfield, E., Watts, J., & May, J. (2025) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2025.104786 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Asselbergs, J., Riper, H. M., Engelhard, I. M., Mannes, F., & Sijbrandij, M. (2023) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101920 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationEndhoven, B., De Cort, K., Matthijssen, S. J. M. A., de Jongh, A., van Minnen, A., Duits, P., Schruers, K. R. J., van Dis, E. A. M., Krypotos, A. M., Gerritsen, L., et al. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04320-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationvan Schie, K., & van Veen, S. C. (2025) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2025.102155 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Yaşar, A. B., Gündoğmuş, İ., Kubilay, D., Tunca, G. A., Uygun, E., Çiftçi, Z. Z., & Kavakçı, Ö. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1452206 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
van Geusau, V. A., de Jongh, A., Nuijs, M. D., Brouwers, T. C., Moerbeek, M., & Matthijssen, S. J. M. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1278052 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
IJdema, T., Laceulle, O. M., Dibbets, P., & Korrelboom, K. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2023.100311 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Meckling, H. I., Nauta, M. H., van Hout, W. J. P. J., & Wessel, I. (2024) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2024.2307925 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Freund, I. M., Peters, J., van Emmerik, A., Kindt, M., & Visser, R. M. (2025) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2025.104783 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Boosting long-term effects of degraded memories via acute stress
van Schie, K., Burghart, M., Kang, S., Mertens, G., & Smeets, T. (2022) · Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.cpnec.2022.100154 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationTell me all about it: Narrated memories are less emotional than imagined memories
Andrade, J., IJdema, T., Vadasz, N., & May, J. (2022) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218221126720 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Thunnissen, M. R., de Jong, P. J., Rijkeboer, M. M., Voncken, M. J., Rapee, R. M., & Nauta, M. H. (2023) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101940 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Dual-task interventions reduce vividness and unpleasantness in both old and new memories
van Schie, K. (2025) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2025.104839 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Jong, H. J. B.-D., Dejonckheere, E., Smeets, T., Lodder, P., & Karreman, A. (2025) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2025.2508400 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Boosting memory activation to target aversive memories in dual-task interventions
Nuijs, M. D., Theunissen, T. P. M., van Schie, K., Brouwers, T. C., Cort, K. D., Schruers, K. R. J., & Matthijssen, S. J. M. A. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2581537 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The influence of emotional prosody on dual-process recognition
Ye, Z., Wang, R., Lin, X., & Liu, J. (2026) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2025.2608118 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lau‐Zhu, A., Munns, L., Engelhard, I. M., & Iyadurai, L. (2026) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-026-10755-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationSusanty, E., Sijbrandij, M., Srisayekti, W., Suparman, Y., & Huizink, A. C. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06420-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Landkroon, E. (2021) · doi:10.33540/651
Harahap, T. M., Kendhawati, L., & Moeliono, M. F. (2023) · Jurnal Psikologi Ulayat · doi:10.24854/jpu555
Jongeneel, M. J. (2024) · doi:10.5463/thesis.667
Avhengighetsfokusert EMDR – oppsummert kunnskap
Arnevik, E. A., Brun, A., Rognli, E. B., & Abel, K. F. (2025) · Tidsskrift for Norsk psykologforening · doi:10.52734/hqaj6567
Pape, V. R., Barczyk, F., von Klitzing, C., Fitting, C., Stingl, M., Schäflein, E., & Olaf Wolkenhauer, A. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.01.08.26343688
Armand, C., Guillaume, F., & Rey, A. (2026) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2026.102090
Judicial assessment of testimonial reliability after EMDR therapy: a case-series analysis
Pacchioni, F., Flutti, E., Ballabio, M., Giovannelli, M. E., Magatti, C., & Travaini, G. V. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1809865
van Schie, K., Kessler, H., & Engelhard, I. M. (2026) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.70104
Self-citationEmotional imagery across psychopathology: A translational perspective for youth mental health
Lau‐Zhu, A., & DiSimplicio, M. (2026) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2026.102796
Beyond fear: dual task interventions are effective for fear and non-fear memories
van Schie, K., & van Veen, S. C. (2026) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2026.2717608
Folch‐Sanchez, D., Blithikioti, C., Nuño, L., Amechat, S., Barrio, P., Pellicer-Roca, M., Mestre-Pintó, J. I., Balcells, M., & Miquel, L. (2026) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/20438087261497872
- Authors
- Mertens, G., Lund, M., & Engelhard, I. M.
- Affiliations
- Utrecht University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Mertens, Gaëtan
- Venue
- Acta Psychologica
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-10
- Volume
- 220
- Pages
- 103424
- ISSN
- 0001-6918 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3018891871
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 112
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 0.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Acta Psychologica (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (453-15-005)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- emotional memory, memory reconsolidation, eye movements, EMDR, working memory, memory vividness, emotionality, cognitive resource allocation
- MeSH terms
- Emotions, Eye Movements, Humans, Laboratories, Memory, Short-Term, Mental Recall
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
