Retrieving and Modifying Traumatic Memories: Recent Research Relevant to Three Controversies
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The purpose of this article is to review recent research that is relevant to three controversies concerning memory for trauma. First, we briefly review the debate about recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse, summarizing a third interpretation distinct from both the repression and false-memory accounts. Second, we address new findings related to claims that memories of trauma, especially in people with posttraumatic stress disorder, are especially fragmented and disorganized. Third, we discuss research designed to test whether eye movements in eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy are effective.
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The intervention is strongly grounded in theory as well as experimental research.
“our intervention is strongly grounded in theory as well as experimental research [42–44].”
From Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy or supportive counseling prior to exposure therapy in patients with panic disorder: study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial (IMPROVE) (2023) · cites this paper as [42]
The section ‘Are eye movements in EMDR therapy effective?’ describes a working-memory theory and laboratory experiments supporting eye-movement interventions. It does not identify the citing authors’ intervention, so this source alone cannot establish that their particular intervention is strongly grounded in that theory and research. The paper also describes the proposed mechanism as uncertain. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA large body of experimental research suggests that the emotional intensity and vividness of aversive memories can be reduced when the person performs a distracting task that taxes working memory while recalling the aversive memory.
“A large body of experimental research suggests that the emotional intensity and vividness of aversive memories can be reduced when the person performs a distracting task that taxes working memory while recalling the aversive memory [42–44].”
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A note on forgiveness: film as case history
Abrams, R. C. (2025) · Medical Humanities · doi:10.1136/medhum-2025-013538
van Schie, K., Kessler, H., & Engelhard, I. M. (2026) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.70104
Self-citation
- Authors
- Engelhard, I. M., McNally, R. J., & van Schie, K.
- Affiliations
- Utrecht University (NL)
- Harvard University (US)
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam
- Corresponding author
- Engelhard, Iris M.
- Venue
- Current Directions in Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2019-01-03
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 91-96
- ISSN
- 0963-7214 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8721
- OpenAlex
- W2906797075
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7
- FWCI
- 7.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Current Directions in Psychological Science (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (Vici grant 453-15-005)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- traumatic memory, memory retrieval, memory modification, recovered memory, child sexual abuse, repression, false memory, post-traumatic stress disorder, memory fragmentation, EMDR, eye movements
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