The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 4 of the 38 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations
Open accessAbstract
Data have become the new global currency, and a powerful force in making decisions and wielding power. As the world engages with open data, big data reuse, and data linkage, what do data-driven futures look like for communities plagued by data inequities? Indigenous data stakeholders and non-Indigenous allies have explored this question over the last three years in a series of meetings through the Research Data Alliance (RDA). Drawing on RDA and other gatherings, and a systematic scan of literature and practice, we consider possible answers to this question in the context of Indigenous peoples vis-á-vis two emerging concepts: Indigenous data sovereignty and Indigenous data governance. Specifically, we focus on the data challenges facing Native nations and the intersection of data, tribal sovereignty, and power. Indigenous data sovereignty is the right of each Native nation to govern the collection, ownership, and application of the tribe’s data. Native nations exercise Indigenous data sovereignty through the interrelated processes of Indigenous data governance and decolonizing data. This paper explores the implications of Indigenous data sovereignty and Indigenous data governance for Native nations and others. We argue for the repositioning of authority over Indigenous data back to Indigenous peoples. At the same time, we recognize that there are significant obstacles to rebuilding effective Indigenous data systems and the process will require resources, time, and partnerships among Native nations, other governments, and data agents.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This paper argues that Indigenous data sovereignty (IDS) is the inherent right of Native nations to govern the collection, ownership, and application of their data, exercised through Indigenous data governance (IDG) and decolonizing data. Drawing on Research Data Alliance meetings, a literature/practice scan, and US case studies, it recommends repositioning authority over Indigenous data to Indigenous peoples while acknowledging resource, capacity, and partnership obstacles.
Key findings
- IDS is defined as the right of Indigenous peoples and tribes to govern collection, ownership, and application of their own data; IDG is “decision making” and “the power to decide how and when Indigenous data are gathered, analysed, accessed and used.” Native nations exercise IDS through interrelated processes of IDG and decolonizing data.
- Data dependency is sustained by a paradox of scarcity and abundance: extensive data are collected about Indigenous peoples/nations but rarely by or for them. The 2010 US Census undercounted American Indian/Alaska Native peoples at 4.9%, the highest undercount of any racial/ethnic population; the Census also captures self-identification, not tribal citizenship.
- Case studies show governance mechanisms: NCAI’s pilot with five tribes; Pueblo of Laguna ran its own census with proprietary software owned by the tribe; Swinomish climate initiative retained complete ownership and prior review/approval; Navajo Nation Human Research Review Board has regulated research since 1996 with a 12-step approval process and data turnover; NAGPRA repatriated nearly 60,000 human remains and over 1.7 million funerary objects, with penalties up to 12 months prison and $100,000 fine.
- Recommendations emerged from 27 gatherings: tribal rightsholders must be involved in every recommendation, non-Indigenous entities also have roles, and the C.A.R.E. Principles (collective benefit, authority to control, responsibility, ethics) are intended alongside FAIR.
Methods
- Conceptual/policy analysis combining definitions, case studies, and recommendations; draws on Research Data Alliance plenaries and other meetings and a systematic scan of literature and practice.
- Qualitative analysis of participant observation data from 27 gatherings in the United States and at RDA plenaries, covering data governance mechanisms, tribal data governance opportunities/challenges, and stakeholder roles.
- Case studies of tribal and non-tribal entities, including the NCAI Tribal Data Capacity Project with five tribes, Pueblo of Laguna, Swinomish Tribe, Navajo Nation Human Research Review Board, Urban Indian Health Institute, Albuquerque Area Southwest Tribal Epidemiology Center, NCAI resolution KAN-18-011, and international IDS networks.
Limitations
- The paper states its recommendations are not exhaustive, are nonlinear, and are not a step-by-step process; tribal rightsholders can decide their level of engagement based on cultural fit, vision, capacity, and resources.
- The paper states there are significant obstacles to rebuilding effective Indigenous data systems, requiring resources, time, and partnerships among Native nations, other governments, and data agents.
- Evident from the text: the analysis is largely US-focused with selected case studies and qualitative participant observation, rather than a systematic outcome evaluation; international examples are illustrative.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
4 of 38 cited sources checked · 2 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The sharing of ideas, actions, and best practices for reclaiming and decolonizing data is occurring in the United States and elsewhere, particularly in Canada and Australasia”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Urban, Inter Tribal, and Supra-tribal Cases
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Rodriguez-Lonebear 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The section “Concluding thoughts: the foundation of a data revolution” (page unavailable) describes US tribes developing data-sovereignty best practices and identifies Indigenous data governance in New Zealand, Australia and Canada. It does not establish that ideas and practices are already being shared across those places; instead, it says tribes still operate in silos and calls for international partnerships. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not matchedcites Rainie et al. 2017c
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Kukutai and Taylor 2016 source
The “Origins of a conversation” section describes a workshop bringing together participants from the United States, Canada, Australia and Aotearoa/New Zealand to develop an Indigenous data sovereignty agenda. The “Organisation of the book” section says the resulting volume shares case studies from those countries on how Indigenous communities are asserting sovereignty over data. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In 2014, the tribe engaged in a pilot study to evaluate climate change impacts along their shorelines and on the health of their people.”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Tribal Case Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Swinomish Climate Change Initiative undated
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Donatuto et al. 2014 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“The tribes also are named as co-authors in all related publications (as opposed to an individual tribal leader or staff member)”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Tribal Case Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Donatuto et al. 2014 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“The Board has functioned to regulate, monitor, and control research within the Navajo Nation since 1996 (Navajo Nation 2009).”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Tribal Case Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Navajo Nation 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The tribe examined key community health concerns and projected impacts to habitat and shoreline archaeological sites.”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Tribal Case Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Swinomish Climate Change Initiative undated
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Donatuto et al. 2014 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“Finally, in June 2018, the National Congress of American Indians, the largest tribal membership organization in the US, passed a resolution (KAN-18–011) in “Support of US Indigenous Data Sovereignty and Inclusion of Tribes in the Development of Tribal Data Governance Principles” (NCAI 2018).”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Urban, Inter Tribal, and Supra-tribal Cases
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites NCAI 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“Their software was effective in achieving a high census response rate across their reservation.”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Tribal Case Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites NCAIPRC, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“For example, the Pueblo of Laguna was the only tribe of the five to plan and execute their own census or survey (as opposed to hiring external consultants) (NCAIPRC, 2017).”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Tribal Case Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites NCAIPRC, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Since 2007, after a Proclamation by the Swinomish Indian Senate, the tribe has been studying the effects of climate change on their reservation.”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Tribal Case Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Swinomish Climate Change Initiative undated
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Donatuto et al. 2014 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“This is the first collective action and statement in the US to “support the efforts of tribes to exercise Indigenous data sovereignty and governance, the efforts to advocate for and provide research on Indigenous data sovereignty, and support the inclusion of tribes in the development of any broad principles of tribal data sovereignty and/or governance” (NCAI 2018, p. 1).”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Urban, Inter Tribal, and Supra-tribal Cases
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites NCAI 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
- Probably not a substantial claim. 30
- It may state two separate claims as one. 16
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Such sharing requires a degree of goodwill and buy-in, especially for Indigenous peoples for whom the ‘sharing’ of data often looks much more like ‘taking” (Rodriguez-Lonebear 2016).”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Urban, Inter Tribal, and Supra-tribal Cases
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Rodriguez-Lonebear 2016 source
In “From data sovereignty to data dependence,” the paper says Indigenous experiences under colonial control make data feel like “something taken” rather than given. The same section calls for “meaningful and deliberate partnership, not just consultation” in data collection, supporting the claim that sharing requires buy-in. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“The C.A.R.E. Principles of Indigenous Data Governance (collective benefit, authority to control, responsibility, ethics) are intended for adoption and implementation by international research and policy organizations in addition to and alongside the FAIR Principles”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Urban, Inter Tribal, and Supra-tribal Cases
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites Wilkinson et al. 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The sections ‘The FAIR Guiding Principles in detail’ and ‘FAIRness is a prerequisite for proper data management and data stewardship’ discuss the FAIR Principles and their implementation, but do not address the C.A.R.E. Principles or their intended adoption alongside FAIR. Searches for ‘C.A.R.E. Principles of Indigenous Data Governance’ and ‘Indigenous Data Governance international research and policy organizations’ found no passage addressing the claim. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Could not verify
In the paper
“For example, the School for Advanced Research developed a set of Museum and Community Collaboration Guidelines in partnership with Native and non-Native museum professionals, cultural leaders, and artists.”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Non-tribal Case Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites The School for Advanced Research 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The Guidelines offer principles for building successful collaborations between Indigenous communities and museums.”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Non-tribal Case Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites The School for Advanced Research 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“By testing existing indicators of community health, they identified which ones were most relevant to their communities and proposed alternatives to the ones that were less relevant.”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Tribal Case Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Swinomish Climate Change Initiative undated
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Donatuto et al. 2014 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Further, all data must be turned over to the Navajo Nation at the conclusion of the project.”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Tribal Case Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Navajo Nation 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Guided by a board comprised of tribal leaders, the Center uses Indigenous quantitative methodologies aligned with IDS to develop Indigenous data collection instruments, support Native nations in improving data used to make funding decisions, and “serve as translators and intermediaries between community and non-Native partners” (Walter and Suina 2018).”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Urban, Inter Tribal, and Supra-tribal Cases
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Walter and Suina 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In this case, the Swinomish tribe engaged in a formal partnership agreement with another Native nation, as well as with non-tribal researchers.”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Tribal Case Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Swinomish Climate Change Initiative undated
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Donatuto et al. 2014 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The Urban Indian Health Institute (UIHI) is an organization that actively partners with Native nations to decolonize data and improve health outcomes for American Indians and Alaska Natives living in metropolitan areas.”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Urban, Inter Tribal, and Supra-tribal Cases
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites UIHI 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A core element of the NNHRRB’s 12-step approval process is extensive engagement with community partners.”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Tribal Case Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Navajo Nation 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Important considerations are addressed, such as following cultural protocols, being flexible, extending hospitality, ensuring appropriate compensation for expertise, and understanding that access to knowledge is not a universal right (The School for Advanced Research 2018).”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Non-tribal Case Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites The School for Advanced Research 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similarly, the National Congress of American Indians (2012) developed a guide for doing research in tribal communities entitled, “Walk Softly, Listen Carefully: Building Research Relationships with Tribal Communities.””
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Non-tribal Case Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites NCAIPRC and MSUCNHP 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“UIHI’s Data Dashboard uses national surveillance data to visualize health disparities across a range of indicators (UIHI 2018).”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Urban, Inter Tribal, and Supra-tribal Cases
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites UIHI 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Notably, the software remains the property of the tribe and can be used for future data collections.”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Tribal Case Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites NCAIPRC, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similar initiatives are underway elsewhere, and the First Nations Information Governance Center in Canada has been a leading voice for the right of Indigenous peoples in relation to their data for over two decades (http://fnigc.ca/).”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Urban, Inter Tribal, and Supra-tribal Cases
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites http://fnigc.ca/
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The following year, Rodriguez-Lonebear was awarded an RDA Fellowship.”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Urban, Inter Tribal, and Supra-tribal Cases
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The USIDSN developed relationships with the RDA in 2016.”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Urban, Inter Tribal, and Supra-tribal Cases
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some Native nations have identified specific areas to advance internally within the tribe, and they have deployed their resources accordingly. Other Native nations have chosen to partner with external Indigenous or non-Indigenous stakeholders to identify potential funding sources, develop their capacity, and build their IDG framework.”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Recommendations to Strengthen Indigenous Data Governance
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The group has convened at every RDA plenary since for a total of five RDA plenary sessions plus an International Data Week panel, which engaged over 100 participants.”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Urban, Inter Tribal, and Supra-tribal Cases
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Currently three nation-state based Indigenous data sovereignty networks exist: Te Mana Raraunga, the Māori Data Sovereignty Network in Aotearoa/New Zealand (temanararaunga.maori.nz) formed in late 2015; co-authors Stephanie Russo Carroll and Desi Rodriguez-Lonebear launched the United States Indigenous Data Sovereignty Network (USIDSN; usindigenousdata.arizona.edu) in early 2016; and the Maiam nay”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Urban, Inter Tribal, and Supra-tribal Cases
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The workshop participants drafted broad, international principles for the governance of Indigenous data.”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Urban, Inter Tribal, and Supra-tribal Cases
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Carroll convened an invited IDS workshop at the RDA Plenary at International Data Week, Denver, Colorado in 2016.”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Urban, Inter Tribal, and Supra-tribal Cases
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the RDA IDS Group hosted a workshop at the RDA plenary at the International Data Week in Gaborne, Bostwana in late 2018.”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Urban, Inter Tribal, and Supra-tribal Cases
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This agreement and the decision-making processes and protocols that followed are effective governance mechanisms because both Native nations agreed that they retain complete ownership over their respective data and that data would not be used in analyses or released without prior review and approval by that tribe’s leadership.”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Tribal Case Studies
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They do so by controlling access to research about tribal peoples, resources, and cultures, as well as by controlling research taking place on tribal lands.”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Tribal Case Studies
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which is another means by which tribes can exercise control over the dissemination of research findings on their terms in academic and scientific fora.”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Tribal Case Studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“yet NAGPRA took nearly twenty years to become law”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Non-tribal Case Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites NAGPRA
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The international sharing of information and action around IDS is a critical pathway towards supporting IDG and decolonizing data.”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Urban, Inter Tribal, and Supra-tribal Cases
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As these case studies demonstrate, Native nations are working toward Indigenous data sovereignty at various paces by implementing mechanisms of Indigenous data governance.”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Recommendations to Strengthen Indigenous Data Governance
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without investment in people and infrastructure, Indigenous data governance is unlikely to be fully realized.”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The establishment of an Indigenous Data Sovereignty Interest Group through the Research Data Alliance (RDA IDS Group; rd-alliance.org) has provided a mechanism for in-person sharing, interaction with mainstream data users, and expansion to other global geographies, which has proven to be most effective in this context.”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Strategies for Indigenous Data Governance > Urban, Inter Tribal, and Supra-tribal Cases
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this process, tribes are developing principles of IDG, research protocols, research review boards, data sharing agreements, and data repositories.”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Recommendations to Strengthen Indigenous Data Governance
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As tribes grow their data systems and expand their reach to external entities, financial support and technical expertise become even more critical to the mission.”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indigenous data governance and Indigenous data sovereignty are integral to rebuilding strong Native Nations.”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rightsholders included tribes and Indigenous nations internationally. Stakeholders included Indigenous and non-Indigenous researchers, policy makers, data users, tribal leaders, and community activists.”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Recommendations to Strengthen Indigenous Data Governance
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, we employed qualitative methods to analyze participant observation data from 27 gatherings in the United States and at RDA plenaries.”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Recommendations to Strengthen Indigenous Data Governance
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data included input on mechanisms for data governance, tribal data governance opportunities and challenges, and other stakeholders’ roles in bolstering tribal data governance efforts.”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Recommendations to Strengthen Indigenous Data Governance
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The following set of recommendations for the continued development of IDS and IDG is the product of two years of rightsholder and stakeholder engagement through the USIDSN and RDA.”
§ Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations > Recommendations to Strengthen Indigenous Data Governance
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Every Indigenous nation has established cultural protocols around songs, stories, and ceremonies, regardless of whether those protocols have been codified into contemporary law.
“For example, every Indigenous nation has established cultural protocols around songs, stories, and ceremonies, regardless of whether those protocols have been codified into contemporary law.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Every Native nation engages with Indigenous data governance issues to some degree.
“Every Native nation engages with these issues to some degree”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is no wrong place for a Native nation to begin or focus attention and resources in Indigenous data governance.
“and there is no wrong place to begin nor any wrong place to focus attention and resources.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“AI data stewardship applies this approach to dataset collection for training AI models, especially when these have knowledge gaps about marginalized communities (cf. [20, 59]).”
From Engaging Communities Meaningfully in Defining Disability Representation for AI Image Generation (2026) · cites this paper as [20]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“There is a scarcity of data that align with Indigenous rights and interests and which Indigenous Peoples can control and access in a manner consistent with the CARE Principles.”
From Operationalizing the CARE and FAIR Principles for Indigenous data futures (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Indigenous data sovereignty expands the boundaries of the mainstream application of”
From Archaeology and Social Justice in Native America (2022) · cites this paper as Carroll et al. 2019
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Single-race AIAN share does not match the stated population totals
MinorThe stated 2.9 million single-race AIAN people are about 55.8% of the stated 5.2 million people reporting any AIAN heritage, not 49%.
Reported 49 · recomputed 55.769231
“Individuals that reported AIAN heritage alone, known as the single race AIAN population, comprised 2.9 million people (49% of those that reported any AIAN heritage).”
Citations
Cites
The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship
Wilkinson, M. D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I. J., Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., Blomberg, N., Boiten, J.-W., da Silva Santos, L. B., Bourne, P. E., et al. (2016) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/sdata.2016.18 · Cited by 18,423
The United Nations Development Programme
Oestreich, J. E. (2017) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190637347.003.0003 · Cited by 4,875
National Conference of State Legislatures
Clink, K. (2011) · Reference Reviews · doi:10.1108/09504121111114072 · Cited by 2,310
Khatri, V., & Brown, C. V. (2010) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/1629175.1629210 · Cited by 816
Indigenous data, indigenous methodologies and indigenous data sovereignty
Walter, M., & Suina, M. (2019) · International Journal of Social Research Methodology · doi:10.1080/13645579.2018.1531228 · Cited by 367
Genomic Research Through an Indigenous Lens: Understanding the Expectations
Garrison, N. A., Hudson, M. L., Ballantyne, L. L., Garba, I., Martinez, A. O., Taualii, M. M., Arbour, L. T., Caron, N. R., & Rainie, S. C. (2019) · Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-083118-015434 · Cited by 222
Self-citationPeoplehood: A Model for the Extension of Sovereignty in American Indian Studies
Holm, T., Pearson, J. D., & Chavis, B. (2003) · Wicazo Sa Review · doi:10.1353/wic.2003.0004 · Cited by 188 · cited 1×
“IDS aligns with the concept of peoplehood, which positions Indigenous peoples within a complex system of inter-relationships among sacred histories, ceremonial cycles, ancestral homelands, and continuously evolving cultural traditions and languages (Cajete 2000, Holm et al. 2003).”
BackgroundNational Congress of American Indians
Clink, K. (2017) · Reference Reviews · doi:10.1108/rr-10-2016-0256 · Cited by 152
Data sovereignty for indigenous peoples: current practice and future needs
Kukutai, T., & Taylor, J. (2016) · Indigenous Data Sovereignty · doi:10.22459/caepr38.11.2016.01 · Cited by 116
Rainie, S. C., Schultz, J. L., Briggs, E., Riggs, P., & Palmanteer-Holder, N. L. (2017) · International Indigenous Policy Journal · doi:10.18584/iipj.2017.8.2.1 · Cited by 114
Donatuto, J., Grossman, E. E., Konovsky, J., Grossman, S., & Campbell, L. W. (2014) · Coastal Management · doi:10.1080/08920753.2014.923140 · Cited by 94
Data politics and Indigenous representation in Australian statistics
Walter, M. (2016) · Indigenous Data Sovereignty · doi:10.22459/caepr38.11.2016.05 · Cited by 77
Policing on American Indian Reservations
Wakeling, S., Jorgenson, M., & Michaelson, S. (2001) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e527932006-002 · Cited by 66
Building a data revolution in Indian country
Rodriguez-Lonebear, D. (2016) · Indigenous Data Sovereignty · doi:10.22459/caepr38.11.2016.14 · Cited by 57
Self-citationIdentifying Useful Approaches to the Governance of Indigenous Data
Bruhn, J. (2014) · International Indigenous Policy Journal · doi:10.18584/iipj.2014.5.2.5 · Cited by 42
Banerjee, S. B. (2003) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781403982292_11 · Cited by 41
Governing data and data for governance: The everyday practice of Indigenous sovereignty.
Smith, D. (2016) · Indigenous Data Sovereignty · doi:10.22459/caepr38.11.2016.07 · Cited by 38
Krepps, M. B., & Caves, R. E. (1994) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/0167-2681(94)90022-1 · Cited by 35
Policing On American Indian Reservations
Jorgensen, M., Wakeling, S., Michaelson, S., & Begay, M. (2004) · UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney) · Cited by 35
Data and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
Davis, M. (2016) · Indigenous Data Sovereignty · doi:10.22459/caepr38.11.2016.02 · Cited by 24
Lujan, C. C. (2014) · The American Indian Quarterly · doi:10.5250/amerindiquar.38.3.0319 · Cited by 16
Exercising Sovereignty and Expanding Economic Opportunity Through Tribal Land Management
Edwards, K., Morris, P., & RedThunder, S. (2009) · Issue Lab (Candid) · Cited by 2
(2018) · UTAS Research Repository
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- 2007, Rebuilding Native nations, 1
- 2004, Case studies in tribal data collection and use
- 2007, Beyond abyssal thinking: From global lines to ecologies of knowledge, Eurozine, 33, 45
- 1995, Tribal water quality standards under the Clean Water Act: Protecting traditional cultural uses, Washington Law Review, 70, 177
- 2018, He Whare Hangarau Māori -Language, culture & technology, 62
- 2016, Indigenous data sovereignty: Toward an agenda, 79
- 2019, The State of Open Data: Histories and Horizons, 300
- 2016, Indigenous data sovereignty: Toward an agenda, 253
- 2016, Indigenous data sovereignty: Toward an agenda, 253
- 2016, Indigenous data sovereignty: Toward an agenda, 79
- 2018, Miaim nayri Wingara Data Sovereignty Group and the Australian Indigenous Governance Institute
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance
Carroll, S. R., Garba, I., Figueroa-Rodríguez, O. L., Holbrook, J., Lovett, R., Materechera, S., Parsons, M., Raseroka, K., Rodriguez-Lonebear, D., Rowe, R., et al. (2020) · Data Science Journal · doi:10.5334/dsj-2020-043 · Cited by 1,408
Self-citationOperationalizing the CARE and FAIR Principles for Indigenous data futures
Carroll, S. R., Herczog, E., Hudson, M., Russell, K., & Stall, S. (2021) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-021-00892-0 · Cited by 483
Self-citationHummel, P., Braun, M., Tretter, M., & Dabrock, P. (2021) · Big Data & Society · doi:10.1177/2053951720982012 · Cited by 422
Indigenous Data Sovereignty and Policy
Walter, M., Kukutai, T., Carroll, S. R., & Rodriguez-Lonebear, D. (2020) · doi:10.4324/9780429273957 · Cited by 273
Self-citationA framework for co-production of knowledge in the context of Arctic research
Yua, E., Raymond-Yakoubian, J., Daniel, R. A., & Behe, C. (2022) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-12960-270134 · Cited by 209
Metadata
- Authors
- Carroll, S. R., Rodriguez-Lonebear, D., & Martinez, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- Corresponding author
- Martinez, Andrew
- Venue
- Data Science Journal
- Publisher
- Ubiquity Press, Ltd.
- Published
- 2019-07-08
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 31
- ISSN
- 1683-1470 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8580324
- OpenAlex
- W2955337378
- Cited by
- 264
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 15.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Data Science Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Lincoln (University of Nebraska) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Data Science Journal (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P50ES026089)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Indigenous Health, Education, and Rights
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Social Sciences › Law › Indigenous Peoples' Rights and Law
- Keywords
- Indigenous data governance, Indigenous data sovereignty, Native American tribes, tribal sovereignty, Research Data Alliance, data ownership, data systems
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-30, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-30 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
