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Cited by 5Forest Management and PolicyForest ecology and managementForest Ecology and Biodiversity Studies

Adapting forestry practices to address old-growth concerns in the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence forests of Ontario

Open access
Pinto, Fred·2003·The Forestry Chronicle
DOI 10.5558/tfc79613-3
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Abstract

The Great Lakes–St. Lawrence forest, particularly the eastern white and red pine forests around Temagami and Sault Ste. Marie, was the centre of controversy regarding the treatment of old-growth forests in Ontario in the 1980s and 1990s. Over the past two decades, changes in legislation, forest planning and stand prescriptions have been made in Ontario and practices at the forest and stand levels have also changed significantly.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.5558/tfc79613-3

Cites

8 of 8 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

2 of 31 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Interpretationcitation

    High-grading practices reduce the abundance of stems of high value, such as large healthy trees.

    “However, high-grading practices reduce the abundance of stems of high value, such as large healthy trees.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Corbett 1994 source

      The Management section (page unavailable) says that better-quality trees are retained as residuals under Algonquin Park’s shelterwood system. Searches for high-grading and selective removal of large, valuable trees found no passage addressing whether high-grading reduces their abundance. (LLM, conf=0.72)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Over a 70-year period most of the large super-canopy white pines in Algonquin Provincial Park were logged.

    “over a 70-year period most of the large super-canopy white pines in Algonquin Provincial Park were logged (Corbett 1994).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Corbett 1994 source
  • Premisereasoning

    As a result, changes have been made to the shelterwood silvicultural system in Ontario.

    “As a result, changes have been made to the shelterwood silvicultural system in Ontario (Pinto et al. 1998).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Pinto et al. 1998

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Premisecitation

    Retention of cavity trees and downed woody debris provides habitat for many predators of the white pine weevil.

    “retention of cavity trees and downed woody debris that provide habitat for many of the predators of the white pine weevil”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Szuba and Pinto (1991)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Premisenone given

    The application of practices that retain features similar to natural disturbances in the original forest have minimized some other management problems such as damage by white pine weevil.

    “The application of practices that retain features similar to natural disturbances in the original forest (Fig. 6) have minimized some other management problems such as damage by white pine weevil (Pissoides strobi (Peck)).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 15
  • May combine two claims. 9
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Advances in fire suppression measures over the past several decades have reduced the number of early successional, post-fire, conifer-dominated stands in northeastern Ontario.

    “Carleton and MacLellan (1994) suggest that advances in fire suppression measures over the past several decades have reduced the number of early successional, post-fire, conifer-dominated stands in northeastern Ontario.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Carleton and MacLellan (1994) source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The area between the historic high and low disturbance scenarios describes one measure of the range of historic variation that exists for a particular forest cover type.

    “The area between these two scenarios describes one measure of the range of historic variation that exists for a particular forest cover type.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    As factual data on age classes of old-growth forests are not generally available, computer models are often used to calculate probable age-class structures of forests.

    “As factual data on age classes of old-growth forests are not generally available, computer models are often used to calculate probable age-class structures of forests.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Factual data on age classes of old-growth forests are not generally available.
    • Rests on an assumption: Age-class structures of presettlement forests in North America where natural disturbances and natural regeneration are dominant have not been described using verifiable methods.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    After research and consultation, the Ontario Public Advisory Committee on old-growth forests recommended protecting specific areas as well as modifying forestry activities.

    “After research and consultation, the Ontario Public Advisory Committee on old-growth forests recommended protecting specific areas as well as modifying forestry activities (Old-Growth Forests Policy Advisory Committee 1994).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Old-Growth Forests Policy Advisory Committee 1994

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    In white pine cover types of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence forests of Ontario, moderate to low intensity fire makes poplar, birch, spruce, and balsam fir more likely to be killed.

    “• Poplar, birch, spruce and balsam fir fir more likely to be left uncut more likely to be killed”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    If protection involves only a small proportion of the land base, there is the additional possibility that these protected areas could be lost in the event of infrequent, large-scale, intense disturbances.

    “If protection involves only a small proportion of the land base, there is the additional possibility that these protected areas could be lost in the event of infrequent, large-scale, intense disturbances.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    In white spruce, poplar, and balsam fir cover types of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence forests of Ontario, wind and insect disturbances make balsam fir more likely to be killed by spruce budworm.

    “balsam fir more likely to be killed by spruce budworm.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisenone given

    In Ontario, there is an understanding that protection, although important, is only part of the solution to maintaining healthy forests over the long term.

    “In Ontario, there is an understanding that protection, although important, is only part of the solution to maintaining healthy forests over the long term.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Economic theory suggests that high-value trees will have a greater likelihood of being harvested.

    “Economic theory suggests that highvalue trees will have a greater likelihood of being harvested.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    In white spruce, poplar, and balsam fir cover types of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence forests of Ontario, wind and insect disturbances make poplar more likely to be killed by forest tent caterpillar.

    “• Poplar more likely to be killed by forest tent caterpillar, balsam fir more likely to be killed by spruce budworm.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Forestry equipment may damage residual trees, advance regeneration, and understorey plants.

    “Forestry equipment may damage residual trees, advance regeneration, and understorey plants.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Retaining protected areas within a landscape of forests that are minimally modified may reduce the risk of loss of intact ecosystems to infrequent, large-scale, intense disturbances, and also limit unacceptable changes to natural processes at various spatial scales.

    “Retaining protected areas within a landscape of forests that are minimally modified may reduce the risk of loss of intact ecosystems to infrequent, large-scale, intense disturbances, and also limit unacceptable changes to natural processes at various spatial scales.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    In even-aged forests, sustained yield principles can lead to a reduction in area of stands over rotation age.

    “In even-aged forests, sustained yield principles can lead to a reduction in area of stands over rotation age.”
    • Also stated in: § Trends For the Future · plain
      “In even-aged forests, sustained yield principles can lead to a reduction in area of stands over rotation age.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    These forms of damage cannot be eliminated but can be minimized through employee training, advance planning, and the use of appropriate equipment for site and stand conditions.

    “These forms of damage cannot be eliminated but can be minimized through employee training, advance planning, and the use of appropriate equipment for site and stand conditions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Bebber et al. (2001) found that highgrading practices, described as structural retention harvests or retaining old-growth features, increased windthrow of residual trees, and limited natural regeneration of the tree species that were dominant in the overstorey before harvest.

    “For example, Bebber et al. (2001) found that such highgrading practices, described as”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bebber et al. (2001)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The assumption that long-term forest health can be maintained through the practice of ecosystem-based forestry is not accepted by all nor has it been tested.

    “However, the assumption that long-term forest health can be maintained through the practice of ecosystembased forestry is not accepted by all nor has it been tested.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In the example shown in Figure 3, there are no stands over the rotation age, a condition not seen in forests where natural disturbances dominate.

    “In the example shown, there are no stands over the rotation age, a condition not seen in forests where natural disturbances dominate.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dead standing and fallen trees play a role in the life cycle of about 25% and 40%, respectively, of vertebrate species in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence forests of Ontario.

    “Dead standing and fallen trees play a role in the life cycle of about 25% and 40%, respectively, of vertebrate species in the Great Lakes-St.Lawrence forests of Ontario (Naylor 1998a).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Naylor 1998a

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The move to an ecosystem-based model of forestry in Ontario is recent, arising from changes in public views on forestry, particularly on public lands, and instituted in regulations and laws such as the Crown Forest Sustainability Act of 1994.

    “The move to an ecosystem-based model of forestry in Ontario is recent, arising from changes in public views on forestry, particularly on public lands, and instituted in regulations and laws such as the Crown Forest Sustainability Act of 1994.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Crown Forest Sustainability Act of 1994

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

19 of 19

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Changes in the composition and structure of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence forests, resulting from exploitative practices in the 19th and 20th centuries, led to concern for old-growth forests in Ontario.

    “In particular, the type and speed of changes in the composition and structure of the Great Lakes-St.Lawrence forests led to concern, first for old-growth eastern white pine in Ontario, and then for oldgrowth forests generally.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Over the past two decades, changes in the composition and structure of forests in Ontario due to forestry became very obvious to many people.

    “Over the past two decades, changes in the composition and structure of forests in Ontario due to forestry became very obvious to many people.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Some changes were caused by forest activities, such as the replacement of tall large trees with small, often poorly formed, white birch, aspen, and jack pine trees.

    “Some of these changes were caused by forest activities, such as the replacement of tall large trees (e.g., red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.)) with small, often poorly formed, white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) trees.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    These discussions led to an increase in the area of forests protected in provincial parks and changes in forest practices in Ontario.

    “These discussions in turn led to an increase in the area of forests protected in provincial parks and changes in forest practices in Ontario.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Humans depend on timber resources.

    “Humans depend on timber resources so, coupled with protection, forestry practices must also be evaluated and modified if necessary to prevent or mitigate negative consequences to the long-term health of the forest.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Factual data on age classes of old-growth forests are not generally available.

    “As factual data on age classes of old-growth forests are not generally available, computer models are often used to calculate probable age-class structures of forests.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Age-class structures of presettlement forests in North America where natural disturbances and natural regeneration are dominant have not been described using verifiable methods.

    “Age-class structures of presettlement forests in North America where natural disturbances and natural regeneration are dominant, in particular the proportion in the older age classes, have been the source of much speculation, but have not been described using verifiable methods.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Older stands have a greater probability of losing a higher amount of their financial value due to disease and senescence compared with younger stands.

    “Older stands have a greater probability of losing a higher amount of their financial value due to disease and senescence compared with younger stands.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The rotation age of eastern white pine is currently 100 to 120 years, but these trees may live to be 400 to 700 years old.

    “For example, the rotation age of eastern white pine is currently 100 to 120 years, but these trees may live to be 400 to 700 years old.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In forests affected principally by natural disturbances, the intensity of tree mortality varies over space and time.

    “In forests that are affected principally by natural disturbances, the intensity of tree mortality varies over space and time.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Disturbances from fire, wind, ice, insect, and disease damage may overlap in a number of ways.

    “Disturbances resulting from fire, wind, ice, insect, and disease damage may overlap in a number of ways.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Sustained-yield forestry tends to reduce the amount and diversity of standing and fallen dead trees.

    “Sustained-yield forestry tends to reduce the amount and diversity of standing and fallen dead trees.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In Ontario, the primary data used in most models are derived from the forest inventory and the rules and assumptions that govern the models are often not explicitly stated.

    “In Ontario, the primary data used in most models are derived from the forest inventory and the rules and assumptions that govern the models are often not explicitly stated.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Data from monitoring, inventories, planning, and implementation are often not explicitly connected.

    “Data from monitoring, inventories, planning, and implementation are often not explicitly connected.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The green line shows the results of a disturbance cycle considered to be at the low end of disturbance cycles for this cover type and the red line the high end.

    “Assuming the green line shows the results of a disturbance cycle that is considered to be at the low end of disturbance cycles for this cover type and the red line the high end”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In Ontario, climatically similar areas, called seed zones, have been identified and used to limit seed movement.

    “In Ontario, climatically similar areas, called seed zones, have been identified and used to limit seed movement.”
16 of 16

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 9

  1. Brumelis G., J. Carleton., 198
  2. Journal, Forest Research, 18, 1470
  3. Ontario, Canada. Conservation Biology, 11, 747
  4. al Canadian, Ecoscience, 1, 141
  5. Algonquin Park. The Forestry Chronicle, 70, 435
  6. Dawson P., J. Maure., 199
  7. Research, 30, 605
  8. Munro, J. Leavey., 199
  9. Canadian Journal, Forest Research, 8, 220

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Pinto, F.
Corresponding author
Pinto, Fred
Venue
The Forestry Chronicle
Publisher
Canadian Institute of Forestry
Published
2003-06-01
Volume
79
Issue
3
Pages
613-620
ISSN
  • 0015-7546 (ISSN-L)
  • 1499-9315
DOI
10.5558/tfc79613-3
OpenAlex
W2029427440
Cited by
5
References
1
Citations by year
2012: 1
FWCI
0.71
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
The Forestry Chronicle (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Forest Management and Policy
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Forest ecology and management
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Studies
Keywords
old-growth forest, Pinus strobus, red pine, forest composition change, natural disturbance, tree regeneration, tree adaptation, site factors, harvesting methods, Ontario

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Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-11.

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