Flourish: a visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being

“, [32,33]) and positive psychology [34,35].”

“Whereas early scholarship focused primarily on hedonic wellbeing (i.e., feeling good, with a focus on emotion), the past decade has increasingly seen a shift toward more sophisticated models of wellbeing (e.g., Huppert & So, 2013; Ryff & Singer, 1998; Seligman, 2012).”

“Of course, Seligman (2011) recognized that all of us face some degree of adversity and suffering in life.”

“In his model of flourishing, Seligman (2011) includes undertaking a skill for its ‘own sake’ as a central aspect.”

“Using the lens of positive psychology research, Marty Seligman’s formula for flourishing PERMA, we can begin to speculate why (Seligman 2010).”

“Cultivating relatedness manifests in building lasting and nurturing relationships, which in turn manifests in various positive end-results, such as resilience, 370 Van Zyl & Rothmann positive affect and satisfaction with life (Deci & Ryan, 2002; Seligman, 2011).”

“…personal growth and self-acceptance would be considered by some SWB researchers (e.g., Keyes, 2006) as indices of SWB indices and positive relationships and meaning in life would be considered by many as SWB dimensions (Diener et al., 2010; Huppert and So, 2013; Keyes, 2006; Seligman, 2011).”

“PERMA positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, accomplishments (Seligman, 2011), EPOCH engagement, perseverance, optimism, connectedness, happiness (Kern et al.”

“Meaning is another dimension of well-being in the PERMA model [113] and its application to the organizational field [114,115].”

“…EFL INTRODUCTION With the shift of research focus from negative psychology to positive psychology both within and outside the language education field (Seligman, 2011; Dewaele and MacIntyre, 2014; Mercer and Dörnyei, 2020), researchers have adopted a holistic perspective toward second language…”

“Regarding the choice of appropriate positive psychology indicators, Seligman (2011) theorized that the theme of positive psychology is happiness, and the standard in evaluating happiness concerns an individual’s level of flourishing.”

“The PERMA Model (Seligman, 2011) comprised of Positive emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishments provides educators an avenue to incorporate aspects of positive psychology within preparational curricula (Slavin et al., 2012).”

“Positive mental health and salutogenic predictors should be included by default in future studies of the prediction of mental health and disorder, and should be considered more thoroughly as a target for intervention in both alleviating mental disorder and contributing to human flourishing [92].”

“Take a ‘travelling technocrat’ (Larner & Laurie, 2010), such as Seligman, for example, who offers schools considerable knowledge on human flourishing, and building human strengths (Seligman, 2012).”

“…mainly used cognitive skills like optimistic explanatory styles (Peterson and Steen, 2002), while most positive education programs consist of components that directly contribute to human flourishing like positive emotions, interpersonal relationships, character strengths, etc. (Seligman, 2012).”

“According to the PERMA model, in order for an individual to be deemed ‘ well ’ , they need to display high levels of P ositive affect, E ngagement, R elationships, M eaning, and A chievement (Seligman 2011).”

“It combines insights from personal growth models, lifespan development, and positive mental health (Forgeard, Jayawickreme, Kern, & Seligman, 2011).”

“Achievement, social relationships, and a sense of belonging are criteria for wellbeing (Seligman, 2011),”

“…factors” actively involved in the transition from childhood to adolescence, in line with the flourishing approach developed by Positive Psychology (Seligman, 2011) in supporting the promotion of psy- DOI: 10.4236/psych.2017.813142 2237 Psychology chological well-being and the increasing of…”

“Seligman (2011) ha señalado que el problema de la psicología del siglo XX fue pensar que las personas están “empujadas por el pasado”, en vez de que son “atraídas por el futuro”, y la psicología positiva trata de corregir este error.”

“Similarly, Seligman (2011) identified five components of wellbeing in his PERMA model (positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning and purpose, and accomplishment), whereas Huppert and So (2013) proposed 10 components of wellbeing (including positive relationships, positive emotions,…”

“This definition of wellbeing reflects trends in positive psychology that wellbeing is more than simply life satisfaction or feeling happy; it also includes engagement (the feeling of being lost in a task or goal), relationships, meaning in life and accomplishments [10].”

“In recent decades, it is largely conceptualized in terms of enjoyment, pleasure, human happiness, etc. [14,15].”

“Design for positive emotions as a means of fostering user well-being A considerable amount of the literature on positive psychology has proven that positive emotions are inherently associated with people’s well-being (e.g., Kirby et al. 2014, Cohn et al. 2009, Seligman 2011).”

“Of the theoretical perspectives and models of wellbeing (Seligman, 2011, Durie, 1985, Ryff, 1989, Palmer, 2004) and work wellbeing (Grant et al., 2007, Dewe and Kompier, 2008, Page and Vella-Brodrick, 2009, Fisher, 2014, Laine and Rinne, 2015), no one model sufficiently depicted this study’s sample…”

“, Lee, Shin, Bunds, Kim, & Cho, 2013; Seligman, 2011; Shernoff, Csikszentmihalyi, Shneider, & Shernoff, 2003) .”

“In positive psychology theory, Seligman (2011) introduced the PERMA model (Positive Emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment) to explain human well-being.”

“As Seligman (2011) suggested, engagement and emotions pave the path for enhancement of teachers’ well-being.”

“Building on the flourishing and languishing concept, Seligman proposed PERMA (positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment) as building blocks for a flourishing life in the same year [31].”

“This links to the positive psychology approach which endeavours to increase human flourishing (Seligman 2011).”

“While researchers differ in the components that comprise wellbeing; a common factor across various definitions are social relationships (e.g. Huppert & So, 2013; Ryff, 1989; Ryff & Singer, 2000; Seligman, 2011).”

“Happiness with meaning and purpose helps individuals defy adversity (Easterlin et al. 2012; Seligman 2011; Veenhoven 1993).”

“In light of current understandings about the significant role nonacademic factors and PWB play in a student’s decision to leave college (Bowman 2010; Brooman and Darwent 2012), and the relationship between positive emotion and achievement (Ryan and Deci 2000; Chelmers, Hu, and Garcia 2001; Seligman 2011), student well…”

“…(e.g., Dolan and White 2007; Frey and Stutzer 2010; Stiglitz et al. 2010), ecological economists (e.g., Costanza et al. 2007; Kopmann and Rehdanz 2013), psychologists (e.g., Diener and Seligman 2004; Seligman 2011), and ecologists (e.g., Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005; Ringold et al. 2013).”

“…proneness (Baumeister et al. in press; Duffy and Raque-Bogdan 2010; Kashdan and Breen 2007; Lyubomirsky 2008, 2013; Melton and Schulenberg 2008; Park et al. 2010a; Pöhlmann et al. 2006; Schulenberg et al. 2011b; Seligman 2011; Steger et al. 2009, 2010; Whittington and Scher 2010; Wong 2012a).”

“In contrast to mental disorders and symptoms, well-being is characterized by positive health and flourishing; Seligman [27] identified five pillars of well-being, including positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment.”

“Positive psychology researcher, Seligman (2012), defines wellbeing as a construct which includes the elements of positive emotion, engagement, positive relationships, meaning and accomplishment, which he has collapsed into the term ‘PERMA’.”

“Building on Maslow’s theory [31], the ‘PERMA’ model was introduced by using five domains to contribute to well-being, respectively, positive emotions (P), engagement (E), relationships (R), meaning and purpose (M), and accomplishment (A) [64].”

“Spiritual intelligence therefore underlies the search for a meaning for one’s own existence that integrates the personal and relational dimensions, with each other and with the surrounding reality, including nature, as well as enabling growth and flourishing of the person, while involving well-being in life (Seligman,…”

“The AE framework derives from the social constructivist theory (Vygotsky, 1978), positive psychology concepts (Seligman, 2002, 2011; Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000), and appreciative inquiry principles and process (Cooperrider & Srivastva, 1987; Cooperrider et al., 2000; Tschannen-Moran &…”

“Seligman (2011) has developed the PERMA theory of wellbeing where Positive emotion, Engagement, positive Relationships, Meaning and positive Accomplishment (PERMA) are characteristics of a state of flow or flourishing which represents a high level of wellbeing and is relatively easy to identify.”

“This is a cause for concern as students’ well-being has been shown to affect various academically-related constructs, such as study engagement and academic performance (Howell 2009; Ouweneel, Le Blanc, & Schaufeli, 2011; Seligman 2011).”

“Seligman (2011) supports this by stating that happy and motivated students are more open to learning, which positively influences academic achievement.”

“In PP, well-being is modelled as holistic (Seligman, 2012) or multidimensional (Ryff, 1989).”

“As an essential component of the PERMA (Positive emotion, Engagement, Relationship, Meaning, Accomplishment) model in positive psychology (6), work engagement has become a popular research topic in positive organizational behavior and human resource management.”

“Alternatively, besides motivation, in the past 10 years, with the advent of a rather new branch of psychology as positive psychology (PP), research have significantly highlighted the powers, property, and abilities of people that cause final performance, through which, there has been a change in the focus from sicknes…”

“Therefore, it is possible that coping strategies (Rabenu & Yaniv, 2017) fuel teachers' useful positive psychological PsyCap resources of hope, selfefficacy, resilience, and optimism Luthans et al. (2006) to deal with stress and create a flourishing and optimal worklife balance (Seligman, 2011).”

“This directly echoed Seligman (2012), who from a psychological perspective, spoke of these elements as essential to wellbeing and happiness in the workplace.”

“This aspect was fulfilling and enriching, it positively contributing to their emotional and social wellbeing (Ascenso et al. 2018; Seligman 2011).”

“For Seligman (2012), flourishing is the possession of both high hedonic (positive emotion) and high eudaimonic (well-being capacities) functioning.”

“…(Beghetto, 2017; Kaufman & Beghetto, 2009), entrepreneurial skills (Aspen Youth Entrepreneurship Strategy Group, 2008; Zhao, 2012), happiness (Seligman, 2006, 2011), physical well-being, self-determination (Ryan & Deci, 2000), social–emotional well-being (Wentzel, 1991), mind-set (Dweck,…”

“However, Seligman (2002, 2011) did not provide an elaborated theoretical explanation why the application of signature strengths should increase engagement and wellbeing.”

“According to Seligman (2011), to measure the multidimensional structure of the PERMA well-being model, each dimension must be measured separately and therefore it should not be measured with a single scale.”

“Seligman (2011) argues that while happiness is a part of well-being, happiness alone does not give life meaning.”

“Seligman defined five elements of well-being: ‘PERMA: Positive emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment’ – all of which relate to music making [21].”

“A revision of the theory (now theory of well-being) has since included the pathways of relationships and achievements (Seligman, 2011).”

“The centrality of social connectedness is emphasised in various theories and models in psychology (Noller, 2005; Pöhlman, 2001), as well as in well-being research (Deci & Ryan, 2002; Forgeard, Jayawickreme, Kern, & Seligman, 2011; Ryff & Keyes, 1995).”

“Engagement, belonging and fit are all critical components of the transition pedagogy and all can be said to promote student well-being (Duffy, Field & Shirley, 2011; Seligman, 2011, p. 16).”

“Results provide inductively derived support for four components of Wellbeing Theory – positive emotions, engagement, relationships, and achievement (Seligman, 2011) and allow generic understandings of ‘flourishing’ to be contextualised within a HE setting.”

“The need for social connection has been highlighted in the majority well-being theories (Ryff & Keyes, 1995; Seligman, 2011).”

“For example, gratitude or appreciation is associated with lowering depressive symptoms as it supports positive reframing (Lambert et al., 2012; Seligman, 2011).”

“All teachers offended either the presence or absence [12].”

“In an American cultural context, grit is deemed as a positive personality trait that contributes to personal success and accomplishment, which then leads to a flourishing life (Seligman, 2011).”

“PERMA is another theory of well-being suggested by Seligman (2011), who argues that positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment are the elements that contribute to well-being.”

“In contrast to the perspectives that positive in the flourishing definition (Keyes, 2002; Seligman, 2011), our results suggest that the strength of the connections between flourishing and PA was not preponderant compared to the strength of the connections between flourishing and LS. on the one hand…”

“The Emotion-intensive learning opportunities focus on enhancing a person’s capabilities for both coping with negative feelings and collecting positive feelings [17].”

“During the best moments of the trip, there were opportunities to develop positive relationships (Seligman, 2011), ones capable of arousing feelings and eliciting positive emotions and thus increasing levels of subjective well-being (Helliwell & Putnam, 2004).”