The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Professional Noticing of Children's Mathematical Thinking
Abstract
The construct professional noticing of children's mathematical thinking is introduced as a way to begin to unpack the in-the-moment decision making that is foundational to the complex view of teaching endorsed in national reform documents. We define this expertise as a set of interrelated skills including (a) attending to children's strategies, (b) interpreting children's understandings, and (c) deciding how to respond on the basis of children's understandings. This construct was assessed in a cross-sectional study of 131 prospective and practicing teachers, differing in the amount of experience they had with children's mathematical thinking. The findings help to characterize what this expertise entails; provide snapshots of those with varied levels of expertise; and document that, given time, this expertise can be learned.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Teachers who notice student thinking, that is, identify and make sense of students ' mathematical and scientific ideas and build on these ideas appropriately while making pedagogical decisions, are positioned to support reformoriented, student-centered mathematics and science instruction.”
From Prospective K-8 teachers’ noticing of student justifications and generalizations in the context of analyzing written artifacts and video-records (2021) · cites this paper as Jacobs, Lamb, & Philipp, 2010
Citations
Cites
The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception
Bornstein, M. H., & Gibson, J. J. (1980) · The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism · doi:10.2307/429816 · Cited by 22,935
National Council of Teachers of Mathematics
(1979) · Mathematics Teacher Learning and Teaching PK-12 · doi:10.5951/mt.72.8.0637 · Cited by 8,511
REMEMBERING: A STUDY IN EXPERIMENTAL AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Bartlett, F. C., & Burt, C. (1933) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1933.tb02913.x · Cited by 7,475
Shiffrin, R. M., & Schneider, W. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.127 · Cited by 7,335
Handbook of research on mathematics teaching and learning
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-2122 · Cited by 6,131
Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention.
Schneider, W., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.1.1 · Cited by 5,902
Adding It Up: Helping Children Learn Mathematics
Kilpatrick, J., Swafford, J. O., & Findell, B. R. (2013) · DSpace Biblioteca Universidad de Talca (Universidad de Talca) · Cited by 4,084
Gorillas in our midst: sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events
Simons, D. J., & Chabris, C. F. (1999) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p281059 · Cited by 3,181
Second Handbook of Research on Mathematics Teaching and Learning.
Lester, F. (2007) · Cited by 3,090
(2000) · Cited by 2,779
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 61 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–1,000 of 1,000
Decimal Dilemmas: Interpreting and Addressing Misconceptions
Jong, C., Thomas, J. N., Fisher, M. H., Schack, E. O., Davis, M. A., & Bickett, M. E. (2017) · Ohio Journal of School Mathematics · Cited by 2
Participant’s Video Annotations as a Database to Measure Professional Development
Steffen, B., & Pouta, M. (2022) · Professional and practice-based learning · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08518-5_13 · Cited by 2
Learning to professionally notice students’ mathematical thinking through rehearsal activities
Anthony, G. J., Hunter, J., & Hunter, R. (2015) · Mathematics teacher education and development · Cited by 2
Patterns of non-verbal social interactions within intensive mathematics intervention contexts
Thomas, J. N., & Harkness, S. S. (2015) · Mathematics Education Research Journal · doi:10.1007/s13394-015-0164-9 · Cited by 2
Lee, J.-E. (2016) · Mathematics teacher education and development · Cited by 2
Teacher Development and Seventh Graders’ Achievement on Representing and Solving Equations
Sharpe, S. T., & Schliemann, A. D. (2017) · The Mathematics Enthusiast · doi:10.54870/1551-3440.1407 · Cited by 2
Shinno, Y., Yanagimoto, T., & Uno, K. (2017) · ICME-13 monographs · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-68342-3_11 · Cited by 2
Using Online Collaboration to Improve Prospective Teachers' Analysis of Teaching
Spitzer, S. M., & Phelps-Gregory, C. M. (2018) · Mathematics Teacher Educator · doi:10.5951/mathteaceduc.6.2.0026 · Cited by 2
Campbell, B. K. (2018) · W&M Publish (College of William & Mary) · Cited by 2
Guzmán, L. D. (2018) · Research in mathematics education · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92907-1_17 · Cited by 2
Productive Teacher Noticing: Implications for Improving Teaching
Choy, B. H., & Dindyal, J. (2019) · Mathematics education - an asian perspective · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-3573-0_20 · Cited by 2
Cómo aprenden los maestros de educación primaria la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de la geometría.
Sánchez-Matamoros, G. (2018) · JORNADAS DE FORMACIÓN E INNOVACIÓN DOCENTE DEL PROFESORADO · doi:10.12795/jdu.2018.i01.44 · Cited by 2
KILIÇ, S. D. (2019) · Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.24106/kefdergi.3263 · Cited by 2
Video Kulüp Sürecine Katılan Öğretmenlerin Deneyimlerini Yansıtan Bir Fenomenografi Araştırması
BAKİ, G. Ö. (2020) · Necatibey Eğitim Fakültesi Elektronik Fen ve Matematik Eğitimi Dergisi · doi:10.17522/balikesirnef.793164 · Cited by 2
Resources that preservice and inservice teachers offer in collaborative analysis of student thinking
Patterson, C. L., Warshauer, H. K., & Warshauer, M. L. (2020) · Mathematics Education Across Cultures: Proceedings of the 42nd Meeting of the North American Chapter of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education · doi:10.51272/pmena.42.2020-266 · Cited by 2
Using Video to Work with Teachers on Noticing and Responding to Student Thinking
van Es, E. A., & Santagata, R. (2015) · Travail et Apprentissages · doi:10.3917/ta.017.0188 · Cited by 2
How Do Pre-service Elementary Teachers Notice Students’ Algebraic Way of Thinking in Written Works?
Coşkun, S. D. (2021) · Journal of Qualitative Research in Education · doi:10.14689/enad.27.6 · Cited by 2
School leaders’ noticing based on video of mathematics instruction
Amador, J. M. (2021) · International Journal of Leadership in Education · doi:10.1080/13603124.2021.2010285 · Cited by 2
Wöhlke, C. (2020) · Logos Verlag Berlin eBooks · doi:10.30819/5149 · Cited by 2
Reform-Based Mathematics Teaching Practices in Teacher Education Research Across the Globe
Morrissey, S., Kartal, O., & Popović, G. (2022) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-9422-3.ch001 · Cited by 2
Borowiec, K., Bopardikar, A., & Castle, C. E. (2022) · Technology Pedagogy and Education · doi:10.1080/1475939x.2022.2130967 · Cited by 2
Özel, Z., Işıksal-Bostan, M., & Tekin-Sitrava, R. (2022) · International Journal for Mathematics Teaching and Learning · doi:10.4256/ijmtl.v23i2.438 · Cited by 2
Bir Ortaokul Matematik Öğretmeninin Fark Etme Becerisinin Alan Ölçme Öğretimine Yansımaları
YILMAZ, H. K., & BAKİ, G. Ö. (2023) · Buca eğitim fakültesi dergisi (Online)/Buca Eğitim Fakültesi dergisi · doi:10.53444/deubefd.1195881 · Cited by 2
Ferreira, M. C. N., da Ponte, J. P., & Ribeiro, A. J. (2023) · Acta Scientiae · doi:10.17648/acta.scientiae.7367 · Cited by 2
Infrastructuring for Knowledge Building
Chen, B., Scardamalia, M., Bereiter, C., Zhang, J., Park, H., Teo, C. L., Yuan, G., Lee, A. V. Y., Hod, Y., Kashi, S., et al. (2023) · Computer-supported collaborative learning/The Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning Conference · doi:10.22318/cscl2023.126619 · Cited by 2
Skjelbred, B. H., & Digranes, I. (2023) · doi:10.23865/noasp.212.ch8 · Cited by 5
Chaar, M. (2015) · University of New Hampshire Scholars Repository (University of New Hampshire at Manchester) · Cited by 2
Examining the Use of Lesson Analysis to Improve Teacher Candidates Knowledge of Teaching
Baki, M., & Sönmez, N. (2018) · Hacettepe University Journal of Education · doi:10.16986/huje.2018043641 · Cited by 2
Teacher Actions Bring up Students' Thoughts in Solving Mathematical Problems
Syaifuddin, D., Fathani, A. H., & Surahmat, S. (2019) · Universal Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.13189/ujer.2019.071228 · Cited by 2
Developing the Mathematical Thinking Scale: Validity and Reliability
Bal, A. P., & Artut, P. D. (2020) · Cukurova University Faculty of Education Journal · doi:10.14812/cuefd.597204 · Cited by 2
Yılmaz, Z., Dede, H. G., & Akkoç, H. (2020) · Necatibey Eğitim Fakültesi Elektronik Fen ve Matematik Eğitimi Dergisi · doi:10.17522/balikesirnef.645888 · Cited by 2
Wessman-Enzinger, N. M., Tobias, J. M., & Olanoff, D. (2020) · Investigations in Mathematics Learning · doi:10.1080/19477503.2020.1784372 · Cited by 2
Preservice Teachers' Use of Noticing Practices to Evaluate Technological Resources.
Yeo, S., & Webel, C. (2019) · Proceedings of the ... PME Conference · Cited by 2
Whitacre, I., & Rumsey, C. (2020) · The Journal of Mathematical Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jmathb.2020.100816 · Cited by 2
Pre-service teachers engaged in noticing aspects of learner written work
Selmer, S. J., Lampen, E., & Lindstrom, D. L. (2021) · South African Journal of Education · doi:10.15700//saje.v41n2a1891 · Cited by 2
From Teacher of Nations to Teacher of Mathematics
Hošpesová, A., Novotná, J., Vondrová, N., Moraová, H., & Tichá, M. (2021) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math9141583 · Cited by 2
Changes in Pre-service Teachers’ Noticing Through an Elementary Mathematics Method
The Korea Society Of Educational Studies In Mathematics, Sunwoo, J., & Pang, J. (2021) · doi:10.29275/jerm.2021.31.3.231 · Cited by 2
Medición de la actitud hacia la estadística de futuras maestras de Educación Infantil
Sámuel, M., Parra, J., & Díaz–Levicoy, D. (2021) · Revista de Investigação e Divulgação em Educação Matemática · doi:10.34019/2594-4673.2021.v5.35341 · Cited by 2
Using teacher and student noticing to understand engagement in secondary mathematics lessons
Mirzaei, A. M., Jansen, A., Headrick, L., & Middleton, J. A. (2023) · School Science and Mathematics · doi:10.1111/ssm.12613 · Cited by 2
Fredenberg, M. (2015) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 2
Wickstrom, M. H. (2014) · ISU Red - Research and eData (Illinois State University) · doi:10.30707/etd2014.wickstrom.m · Cited by 2
Baker, K. (2017) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/xvhk-1d13 · Cited by 2
Operationalizing Listening-to-Question and Questioning-to-Listen in Mathematics Teaching
Kuehnert, E. A. (2018) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc1248430 · Cited by 1
Cognitive and Affective Components of Undergraduate Students Learning How to Prove
Satyam, V. R. (2018) · Michigan State University Libraries · doi:10.25335/m5r49gd6r · Cited by 2
The Complex Task of Teacher Development
(2018) · Northwest Journal of Teacher Education · doi:10.15760/nwjte.2018.13.2 · Cited by 2
Ensinar Estatística: uma revisão sistemática sobre a formação do professor
Dias, C. D. F. B., Pereira, C. S., & dos Santos, G. (2019) · Revista Eletrônica de Educação Matemática · doi:10.5007/1981-1322.2019.e62746 · Cited by 1
Mhakure, D. (2020) · South African Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.20853/34-4-3341 · Cited by 1
Enhancing Pre-service Teachers’ Noticing: A Learning Environment about Fraction Concept
Ivars, P. (2021) · Journal Of Teaching And Learning In Elementary Education · doi:10.33578/jtlee.v4i1.7876 · Cited by 1
Kang, S., & Shin, B. (2022) · Journal of Curriculum and Evaluation · doi:10.29221/jce.2022.25.1.143 · Cited by 1
", Morkoyunlu, Z., & Altun, S. D. G. (2022) · Acta Didactica Napocensia · doi:10.24193/adn.15.1.13 · Cited by 1
Campbell, T. G., & Yeo, S. (2023) · Educational Studies in Mathematics · doi:10.1007/s10649-023-10206-3 · Cited by 3
Coşkun, S. D. (2024) · Journal of Pedagogical Research · doi:10.33902/jpr.202424231 · Cited by 1
Supporting teacher noticing based on student mathematical thinking through video club
BAKİ, G. Ö., & Akgün, L. (2024) · Turkish Journal of Education · doi:10.19128/turje.1289734 · Cited by 1
Investigating preservice teachers’ feedback to students’ mathematical solutions
Lee, H.-J., Kim, H.-J., & Cho, H. (2024) · Journal of Education for Teaching International Research and Pedagogy · doi:10.1080/02607476.2024.2326508 · Cited by 2
Promoting teaching improvement in elementary mathematics: A case with inverse relations
Ding, M., Mochaourab, R., & Spiro, B. (2024) · Asian Journal for Mathematics Education · doi:10.1177/27527263241256678 · Cited by 1
Argaç, H. Ç., & Kabar, M. G. D. (2024) · Buca eğitim fakültesi dergisi (Online)/Buca Eğitim Fakültesi dergisi · doi:10.53444/deubefd.1412075 · Cited by 1
The Effect of Lesson Study on Pre-service Teachers' Noticing Skills Towards Misconceptions
Türk, Y., & Bakı, A. (2024) · Kuramsal Eğitimbilim · doi:10.30831/akukeg.1365907 · Cited by 1
Matić, L. J. (2024) · European Journal of Science and Mathematics Education · doi:10.30935/scimath/14912 · Cited by 1
Exploring Situation-Specific Skills to Boost Teachers’ Use of Analytics
Kasepalu, R., Saar, M., & Tammets, K. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-72315-5_13 · Cited by 1
Orienting to Student Sense-Making
Shaughnessy, M. M., Boerst, T. A., Garcia, N., & Claiborne, B. (2024) · Advances in educational marketing, administration, and leadership book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-1164-6.ch011 · Cited by 1
Elementary Science Teacher Candidates’ Equitable Noticing and Curriculum Design
Pierson, A. E., Henrie, A. W., Syifa, M., Jeong, S., Keifert, D. T., & Johnson, H. (2025) · Journal of Science Teacher Education · doi:10.1080/1046560x.2025.2463706 · Cited by 1
Using a community of practice perspective to analyze MTE learning during lesson study
Appelgate, M. H., Dick, L. K., Gupta, D., Soto, M., & Broderick, S. (2025) · International Journal for Lesson and Learning Studies · doi:10.1108/ijlls-05-2024-0090 · Cited by 1
Switzer, J. M., & Teuscher, D. (2025) · Investigations in Mathematics Learning · doi:10.1080/19477503.2025.2478799 · Cited by 2
Teachers’ Noticing Mathematics Within Imprecise Instructional Explanations
Güneş, C., Kercher, A., & Zazkis, R. (2024) · Canadian Journal of Science Mathematics and Technology Education · doi:10.1007/s42330-025-00355-3 · Cited by 1
Thompson, T., John, J. S., Pradhan, S. P., & Ottmar, E. (2025) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.70025 · Cited by 1
Enriching Science teachers’ instructional noticing in the context of question-asking
Soysal, Y. (2025) · Research in Science & Technological Education · doi:10.1080/02635143.2025.2519595 · Cited by 2
Jacobs, V. R., & Empson, S. B. (2025) · ZDM · doi:10.1007/s11858-025-01713-z · Cited by 1
Self-citationThe FAIR framework to capture anti-blackness in teacher noticing: a case for Daniel
Jessup, N., Louie, N. L., & Adiredja, A. P. (2025) · ZDM · doi:10.1007/s11858-025-01718-8 · Cited by 1
Nama, S., & Ayalon, M. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-05531-2 · Cited by 1
Wirth, S., Philipp, K., Streit, C., & Friesen, M. E. (2025) · ZDM · doi:10.1007/s11858-025-01725-9 · Cited by 1
Teacher knowledge and teacher identity in mathematics education: An interdependent model
Charlo, J. C. P., & López, M. D. C. C. (2025) · Open Research Europe · doi:10.12688/openreseurope.21108.1 · Cited by 3
The intersection of teacher noticing and the language of practice
Dobie, T. E., Dyer, E., Sherin, M. G., & Munson, J. (2025) · ZDM · doi:10.1007/s11858-025-01732-w · Cited by 1
Serbin, K. S., & Bae, Y. (2025) · International Journal of Research in Undergraduate Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/s40753-025-00274-6 · Cited by 1
Mathematics teachers’ noticing of argumentation within small groups
Ayalon, M., & Nama, S. (2025) · ZDM · doi:10.1007/s11858-025-01741-9 · Cited by 1
Evang, H. (2025) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2025.105160 · Cited by 1
Kersting, N. B., Xiong, R., Mercier, N., Demaree, M., & Wilson, R. (2025) · ZDM · doi:10.1007/s11858-025-01735-7 · Cited by 1
Club de vídeos para mirar profesionalmente el pensamiento algebraico de estudiantes
Pinto, E., & Cortés, C. (2025) · Enseñanza de las Ciencias Revista de investigación y experiencias didácticas · doi:10.5565/rev/ensciencias.6243 · Cited by 1
O’Bryan, A. E. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1611159 · Cited by 1
Alwast, A., & Vorhölter, K. (2025) · Asian Journal for Mathematics Education · doi:10.1177/27527263251399988 · Cited by 1
What Do They Notice?: How Preservice Teachers Respond to Student Writing Across Time
Evans, K. I., Morgan, D. N., & Royan, E. (2025) · Literacy Research and Instruction · doi:10.1080/19388071.2025.2599775 · Cited by 1
Examining and Expanding the Lenses of Professional Noticing in Teacher Education
Criswell, B. A., Johnson, H., Forsythe, S., Arias, A. M., Ellis, J. A., Riccio, J. F., Escalada, L. T., & Kaburi, R. A. (2025) · The New Educator · doi:10.1080/1547688x.2025.2605960 · Cited by 1
Video-based teacher professional development for dialogic teaching: A systematic review
Tao, Y., Wang, D., Liu, D., & Chen, G. (2026) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2026.100763 · Cited by 3
Exploring profiles of pre-service teachers’ situation-specific skills regarding classroom management
Müller, M. M., & Gold, B. (2026) · European Journal of Teacher Education · doi:10.1080/02619768.2026.2614700 · Cited by 1
Facilitation Strategies for Developing Mathematics Teachers' Noticing of Communicative Orchestration
Arriagada, V., Solar, H., & Pinto, E. (2025) · Studia paedagogica · doi:10.5817/sp2025-2-5 · Cited by 1
Cooper, A. C., Delcy, M. D., & Dolan, E. L. (2026) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.25-06-0130 · Cited by 1
Teacher knowledge and teacher identity in mathematics education: An interdependent model
Charlo, J. C. P., & López, M. D. C. C. (2026) · Open Research Europe · doi:10.12688/openreseurope.21108.2 · Cited by 1
Jutkowitz, R., Asterhan, C. S. C., Lehavi, Y., & Merzel, A. (2026) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2026.105441 · Cited by 1
Zaccarelli, F. G., Solar, H., Mursell, K., Herreros, S. R., & Arriagada, V. J. (2026) · Professional Development in Education · doi:10.1080/19415257.2026.2627343 · Cited by 1
Saadati, F., Bastian, A., & Kaiser, G. (2026) · Educational Studies in Mathematics · doi:10.1007/s10649-026-10488-3 · Cited by 1
van Es, E. A., Rubin, E., & Guarino, J. (2026) · Research in mathematics education · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-01520-4_8 · Cited by 1
From data to insight: teachers’ noticing of mathematical thinking through learning analytics
Raya, K. M.-A., & Olsher, S. (2026) · Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education · doi:10.1007/s10857-026-09755-0 · Cited by 1
Teacher noticing as embodied ecological enactment: an embodied–ecological–enactive model
Scheiner, T., Jazby, D., & Aspbury-Miyanishi, E. (2026) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1790885 · Cited by 1
Even, R., & Silverman, B. (2026) · International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/s10763-026-10681-z · Cited by 1
Galiç, S., Tejera, M., Escobal, S. P., Hohenwarter, M., & Lavicza, Z. (2026) · ZDM · doi:10.1007/s11858-026-01805-4 · Cited by 1
Cao, J., Nguyen, H., Yavuz, S., Yu, B., Wang, S., Bharaj, P. K., & Francis, D. C. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-29770-9_23 · Cited by 1
A Large-Scale Study on Teachers’ Knowledge of Common Student Struggles in Mathematics
Li, J., Ezaki, J., & Copur‐Gencturk, Y. (2026) · Journal of Teacher Education · doi:10.1177/00224871261460900 · Cited by 1
Duvivier, V., Derobertmasure, A., & Demeuse, M. (2026) · Revue internationale de pédagogie de l’enseignement supérieur · doi:10.4000/16o8l · Cited by 1
Ramos, P. A. Z., & Rojas, G. A. C. (2025) · UNIPLURIVERSIDAD · doi:10.17533/udea.unipluri.360943 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Jacobs, V. R., Lamb, L. L. C., & Philipp, R. A.
- Affiliations
- San Diego State University (US)
- ORCID
- Jacobs, Victoria R.
- Venue
- Journal for Research in Mathematics Education
- Published
- 2010-03
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 169-202
- ISSN
- 0021-8251 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-2306
- OpenAlex
- W23678119
- Cited by
- 1,433
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 132 · 2025: 148 · 2024: 120 · 2023: 127 · 2022: 127 · 2021: 127 · 2020: 130 · 2019: 101 · 2018: 93 · 2017: 90 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 61 · 2014: 50 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 95.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal for Research in Mathematics Education (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Mathematics Education and Teaching Techniques
- Social Sciences › Education › Teacher Education and Leadership Studies
- Social Sciences › Education › Mathematics Education and Pedagogy
- Keywords
- professional noticing, children's mathematical thinking, teacher expertise, pre-service teachers, experienced teachers, teacher learning, mathematics education
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review