The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom’s Taxonomy

Curtis, Andrew; Johansson, Amy

doi:10.61669/001c.142595

Cited by 0Educational Assessment and PedagogyEducation and Critical Thinking DevelopmentInnovative Teaching and Learning Methods

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 81 of the 81 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 8 of the 121 sources its claims cite were checked for support.

The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom’s Taxonomy

Open access

Curtis, Andrew, Johansson, Amy·2025·Intersection: A Journal at the Intersection of Assessment and Learning

DOI 10.61669/001c.142595

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Abstract

Benjamin Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals (1956) has been established as the most widely known curriculum design and assessment tool in American education. However, despite its notoriety, this tool, like any other tool, is susceptible to obsolescence. The primary topic of this article is the further revision of Bloom’s Taxonomy to realign the framework to modern models of education and psychology. The secondary topic, which will be explored through the context of the primary topic, is the development, maintenance, and retirement of theoretical perspectives. While this article attempts to present a source-supported argument for revising Bloom’s Taxonomy to fit with the modern pedagogical, psychological, and philosophical perspectives of learning, it also seeks to examine the theorization process itself. Is renovating an old theory to fit new evidence more beneficial to research than wholesale theory replacement? Is wholesale theory replacement optimal, or do the specifics of the situation affect the restoration vs. replacement argument?

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

The paper proposes a non-linear, meta-theoretical redesign of Bloom’s Taxonomy aligned with an integrative plurality of contemporary cognitive theories, adding a Communicate category and practical classroom recommendations. It argues that learning is non-linear and that the taxonomy should be accessible to all learning participants, while acknowledging the redesign is interpretive and unvalidated.

Key findings

Synthesized a meta-theoretical model of cognition from ten current theories identified via a ChatGPT prompt: embodied cognition, predictive coding/Bayesian brain, connectionism/neural networks, dual-process theories, cognitive load, cognitive control/executive functions, cognitive neuroscience of memory, social/cultural cognition, integrated information theory, and dynamic systems theory.
Redesigned Bloom’s cognitive processes as non-linear nodes: Analyze aligned with cognitive load theory; Create with connectionism; Apply with embodied cognition; Remember with cognitive neuroscience of memory; Understand with integrated information theory/CCMT; Evaluate with predictive coding/Bayesian brain; and added Communicate aligned with cognitive control and executive function.
Proposed practical implementation as an expertise tracker with flipped classroom, group-to-individual weaning, weekly off-line assessments, case studies/debates, and final oral defense; suggested mastery thresholds of approximately 80% model retention and 70–80% answer score.
Argues the taxonomy should be reconfigured to reflect non-linear learning and broader accessibility, but explicitly does not resolve whether Bloom’s Taxonomy should be preserved or replaced.

Methods

Modified integrative literature review based on Lubbe et al. (2020); the research question “What are the most current psychological theories of cognition?” was entered into ChatGPT to generate ten theories as starting points.
Searched Google Scholar and Semantic Scholar with inclusion/exclusion criteria (mid-level to grand-level cognition theories, English sources, post-2001 with exceptions); filtered by title and abstract; appraised sources with an AMSTAR2 16-item checklist and qualitative annotations; Appendix A contains 85 sub-tables.
Extracted code phrases and quotations and cross-referenced them within and across theories using word-match and theme-match content analysis; built a visual meta-theoretical model and used it to redesign Bloom’s categories.

Limitations

Stated: cross-referencing was completed solely by the principal researcher, so results should be interpreted as “more or less a source of informed conjecture”; adopting the model requires reconceptualizing higher/lower cognition and sequential nature; meta-theory may be challenging and less useful to practitioners; connections were ill-defined with no directionality, so directionality is speculative.
Stated: AMSTAR2 was intended primarily for systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized control trials and non-randomized intervention studies, so most articles were rated low quality; the literature collection was limited and does not fully explain cognition.
Evident: no empirical validation or reliability testing of the redesigned taxonomy is reported; the paper states success will depend on reception, propagation, and perpetuation, and the practical recommendations are explicitly described as conjecture.

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Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.61669/001c.142595

Cites

81 of 81 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

8 of 121 cited sources checked · 4 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

Verify all 54 references — free account

Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“This model of memory posits that memory is not a reduplicative process in which an event is simply replayed in the mind, but rather the memory is reconstructed from representational components into a cohesive whole.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Discussion & Model Presentation
What the sources say
- Supported
  The Introduction describes memory construction as piecing together information rather than replaying the past. Section 2 explains that remembering involves assembling distributed perceptual and conceptual features of an experience, matching the claim’s account of reconstruction from components. (LLM, conf=0.94)
  cites Schacter & Addis (2007) source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“there are portions of the human neocortex that exist between modal sensory-motor systems which operate as convergence zones for information.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Discussion & Model Presentation
What the sources say
- Supported
  Passage [1] describes human cortical areas situated between modal sensory-motor systems as information convergence zones. Passage [6] further states that multimodal convergence occurs in temporal and inferior parietal cortex. Section and page labels were not supplied. (LLM, conf=0.93)
  cites Binder and Desai (2011) source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“State-based memory models conceptualize short-term memory and long-term memory as operating in the same substrate of neural fields.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Discussion & Model Presentation
What the sources say
- Supported
  The Cognitive Models of Working Memory section describes state-based models as treating short-term retention as the attentional activation of existing representations, including long-term-memory representations. The Working Memory at the Systems Level section adds that these models do not require separate storage buffers: populations of neurons throughout the brain can store information for current use. Together, these passages support the claim’s shared-neural-substrate paraphrase, although the paper does not use the term “neural fields.” (LLM, conf=0.86)
  cites D'Esposito & Postle (2015) source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“both theories seem to implicate the corico-thalamic connections as necessary neural structures of consciousness (Tononi et al., 2016, p.452;Cerullo, 2015, p.5)”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Discussion & Model Presentation
What the sources say
- Not checked yet
  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
  cites Tononi et al., 2016 source
- Partly supported
  In “The Explanatory Power of IIT” (page unavailable), Cerullo describes cortico-thalamic loops in conscious human brains and says CCMT and IIT make similar predictions about split-brain syndrome. But the paper does not establish cortico-thalamic connections as necessary for consciousness under either theory; it frames the theories in terms of information circulation and integration, respectively. (LLM, conf=0.86)
  cites Cerullo, 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“These distortions are especially prevalent in memories of similar situations or similar people due to the neural field overlap.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Discussion & Model Presentation
What the sources say
- Partly supported
  Section 2 (page not available) says that extensively overlapping episodes can produce gist-based memory distortions, supporting the point about similar situations. It does not attribute those distortions to “neural field overlap” or specifically discuss memories of similar people in this context. (LLM, conf=0.85)
  cites Schacter & Addis (2007) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“When perceiving a piece of information, nodes in the long-term memory are activated to represent that information.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Discussion & Model Presentation
What the sources say
- Partly supported
  In “The temporary activation of LTM representations” (page not provided), the paper says that representations of symbolic information to be remembered are accessed during perceptual recognition and then maintained in an elevated state of activation. This supports the core idea, but the claim extends it to any perceived information; the passage is limited to information with an existing long-term-memory representation. (LLM, conf=0.83)
  cites D'Esposito & Postle (2015) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“These convergence zones provide a neurological explanation for supramodal representations or abstraction”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Discussion & Model Presentation
What the sources say
- Supported
  The discussion of Figure 4 describes higher-level convergence zones in temporal and inferior parietal cortex that bind information across modalities into supramodal representations. The paper’s concluding discussion says this convergence enables progressive abstraction of conceptual knowledge. Page numbers were not provided in the supplied passages. (LLM, conf=0.93)
  cites Binder and Desai (2011) source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“These fields, when activated, distort the reconstructed memory.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Discussion & Model Presentation
What the sources say
- Partly supported
  Section 2 describes memory reconstruction as prone to errors and distortions, and section 4 reports overlapping brain activation during true and false recognition. Neither section says that activating neural fields causes a reconstructed memory to become distorted; the claim turns an association into a causal statement. (LLM, conf=0.82)
  cites Schacter & Addis (2007) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“neural fields are metrically organized in such a way that neurons that exist closer together respond to similar stimuli whereas neurons that exist farther apart respond to dissimilar stimuli.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Discussion & Model Presentation
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Samuelson et al.'s (2014)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“These attractor states register as stable 'peaks' of activation, which results in the ability to identify or localize a stimulus to a specific neural field.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Discussion & Model Presentation
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Samuelson et al.'s (2014)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes

Show all 20 claims

Probably not a substantial claim. 190
It may state two separate claims as one. 45
The quote only partly states this claim. 2

In the paper
“the response identified ten main theories of cognition: embodied cognition, predictive coding and Bayesian brain, connectionism and neural networks, dual-process theories, theories of cognitive load, cognitive control and executive functions, cognitive neuroscience of memory, social and cultural cognition, integrated information theory, and dynamic systems theory (OpenAI, 2025)”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Research Question
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites OpenAI, 2025
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The ChatGPT-generated list of ten theories is a valid starting point for identifying the most current psychological theories of cognition.
In the paper
“which is why most of the articles were rated as low quality.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Sampling and Appraisal
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shea et al. (2017) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This arrangement formed a 6X4 grid that could be used for organizing lesson plans.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Anderson and Krathwohl (2001)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The three state-based models presented in the article differ on the capacity of this focus of attention, but they do agree that deactivation does not happen instantaneously.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Discussion & Model Presentation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites D'Esposito & Postle (2015) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“When the focus of attention no longer actively sustains a representation, the neural field gradually fades, thereby allowing the previously activated neural field to still interfere with other fields in the long-term memory.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Discussion & Model Presentation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites D'Esposito & Postle (2015) source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The original taxonomy, based in the behaviorist paradigm of educational psychology, consisted of the following six categories of learning objectives: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Engelhart et al. (1956)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“an argument could be made for its alignment with the Understand objective, which is centered on construction of meaning from incoming messages (Airasian, et al., 2001).”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Discussion & Model Presentation
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Airasian, et al., 2001
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This prediction is then compared against new sensory input which results in an error.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Discussion & Model Presentation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shipp (2016) source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“this model will need to include an additional category to account for the highly abstracted executive function mentioned in the literature of at least three previously covered theories (Maia and Cleereman, 2005;D'Esposito & Postle, 2015;Dove, 2011).”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Discussion & Model Presentation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Maia and Cleereman, 2005 source
- Not checked yetcites D'Esposito & Postle, 2015 source
- Not checked yetcites Dove, 2011 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Cerullo (2015) posits a more dynamic explanatory framework because it defines consciousness as information circulation in feedback loops.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Discussion & Model Presentation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cerullo (2015) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Anderson and Krathwohl (2001) redesigned the taxonomy to fit the cognitivist paradigm of psychology by conceptualizing the learning objective as divided between a cognitive process dimension and a knowledge dimension.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Anderson and Krathwohl (2001)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Shipp (2016) cites the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus, which features a number of corticothalamic connections, as a model system for exploring this type of feedback.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Discussion & Model Presentation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shipp (2016) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Predictive coding theories, according to Shipp (2016), operate on the basic tenet that during perception, the brain generates a prediction or best guess model of the external world.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Discussion & Model Presentation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shipp (2016) source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Aitchinson and Lengyel (2017) argue that generating perception using the prediction error between sensory input and a prediction is more energy efficient than sending the sensory input directly because transmitting the spikes directly is more costly from an energy standpoint.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Discussion & Model Presentation
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Aitchinson and Lengyel (2017)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The connection between predictive coding and Evaluate, however, is much more evident given that this cognitive process category's focus is on making judgements using criteria and standards (Airasian, et al., 2001).”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Discussion & Model Presentation
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Airasian, et al., 2001
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“the category nouns were substituted with the following category verbs: remember (knowledge), understand (comprehension), apply (application), analyze (analysis), evaluate (evaluation), and create (synthesis).”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Anderson and Krathwohl (2001)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In other words, recalling an 'item' from long-term memory means reactivating the network of neural fields used to construct the representation, and recalling an episode means reactivating the sequence of activations that occurred during its encoding.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Discussion & Model Presentation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schacter & Addis (2007) source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The error is sent back through the model to update the brain's prediction.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Discussion & Model Presentation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shipp (2016) source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“at the fundamental level, consciousness is integrated information, and that its quality is given by the informational relationships generated by a complex of elements”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Discussion & Model Presentation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tononi (2008) source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Each article was reviewed using an AMSTAR2 checklist (Shea et al., 2017) to determine source quality”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Sampling and Appraisal
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shea et al., 2017 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Both RBT and MNT were designed as linear theories of learning.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Irvine (2017)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These fields are excited locally but inhibited laterally, and with each excitation/inhibition, they reliably fall in and out of attractor states much like local neural populations.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Discussion & Model Presentation
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Samuelson et al.'s (2014)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Over the course of many similar experiences with entities from the same category, an idealized sensory or motor representation of the entity develops by generalization across unique exemplars, and reactivation or 'simulation' of these modality-specific representations forms the basis of concept retrieval”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Discussion & Model Presentation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Binder and Desai (2011) source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“each cognitive process was paired with the following four knowledge categories: factual, conceptual, procedural, and metacognitive.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Anderson and Krathwohl (2001)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This article will be included because it may offer connections to CC and EF theories as well as some connections to PC.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Summary of Work and Reasons for Inclusion/Exclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Guerrero, L. E., Castillo, L. F., Arango-Lopez, J., & Moreira, F. (2023) source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This article will be included because it discusses sensorimotor recruitment which may provide a connection between embodied cognition and the act of memory.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Summary of Work and Reasons for Inclusion/Exclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites D'Esposito, M., & Postle, B. R. (2015) source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: fails
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This review will be included because of its connection to social psychology which is a perspective not discussed in any of the previous articles.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Summary of Work and Reasons for Inclusion/Exclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hofmann, W., Schmeichel, B. J., & Baddeley, A. D. (2012) source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“This article will be excluded because the previous articles on the topic of EF are more current and this review already has an article that focuses elusively on EFs.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Summary of Work and Reasons for Inclusion/Exclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jurado, M. B., & Rosselli, M. (2007) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This article will be included because it provides insight into a well known social psychological model and also features some discussion regarding diversity of culture which could be valuable for the development of the model.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Summary of Work and Reasons for Inclusion/Exclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schunk, D. H., & DiBenedetto, M. K. (2020) source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: fails
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This article covers the topic of shared intentionality.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > S&CC(GS)2
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tomasello, M., Carpenter, M., Call, J., Behne, T., & Moll, H. (2005) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This article will be included because the perspective of emergence may provide useful connections to the PDP/connectionist theory which could inform the structuring of the model.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Summary of Work and Reasons for Inclusion/Exclusion
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Postle, B. R. (2006)
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“This article will be included because its inclusion of embodiment draws a link to the theory of embodied cognition which may help in the redesign process.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Summary of Work and Reasons for Inclusion/Exclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gallese V. (2007) source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“This article covers the topic of visual working memory in early development.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > S&CC(GS)2
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Buss, A. T., Ross-Sheehy, S., & Reynolds, G. D. (2018) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This article focuses on the debate regarding dual-process theory.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Evans, J. S., & Stanovich, K. E. (2013)
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This article will be included because it offers a neurological explanation to some of the phenomena explored in the previous articles.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Summary of Work and Reasons for Inclusion/Exclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Adolphs R. (2001) source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“This article's commentary on fluid intelligence also suggests that there may be some connection with PC theory.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Summary of Work and Reasons for Inclusion/Exclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Diamond A. (2013) source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This article will be included because it offers a holistic perspective on memory in general and it also offers a potential link to predictive coding theory not covered as closely by the previous included articles.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Summary of Work and Reasons for Inclusion/Exclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bar, M. (2009) source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This article covers the non-uniqueness problem associated with IIT.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Klocek, A., Premus, J., & Řiháček, T. (2024)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This article will be included because of the information regarding the differences between memory and imagination which could come into play when investigating Integrated Information Theory.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Summary of Work and Reasons for Inclusion/Exclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schacter, D. L., Addis, D. R., Hassabis, D., Martin, V. C., Spreng, R. N., & Szpunar, K. K. (2012) source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“This article also provides a solid overview of some LTM components as well.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Summary of Work and Reasons for Inclusion/Exclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites D'Esposito, M., & Postle, B. R. (2015) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: fails
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This review will be included because it offers an exclusive discussion on the topic of cognitive control theory and it also offers a selection of empirical studies which could be used to establish connections with some of the other theories included in this review.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Summary of Work and Reasons for Inclusion/Exclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gratton, G., Cooper, P., Fabiani, M., Carter, C. S., & Karayanidis, F. (2018) source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This article briefly presents a pro-connectionist assessment of the early empirical research into neural networks.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McClelland, J. L., Botvinick, M. M., Noelle, D. C., Plaut, D. C., Rogers, T. T., Seidenberg, M. S., & Smith, L. B. (2010) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This review is a brief attempt at summarizing and combining the theories of Predictive Coding and Bayesian Brain into a single framework.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > S&CC(GS)2
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Aitchison, L., & Lengyel, M. (2017) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This article will be included because of its mathematical definitions of integrated information theory and its discussion of qualia.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Summary of Work and Reasons for Inclusion/Exclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tononi, G. (2008) source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This article covers the topic of 'information' in Integrated Information Theory.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > S&CC(GS)2
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lombardi, O., & López, C. (2018) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This article will be included because its focus covers a unique perspective of social cognition not addressed in the previous articles.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Summary of Work and Reasons for Inclusion/Exclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J., & Glick, P. (2007) source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“This article will be included because its developmental perspectives also touch on EF and MC within the curriculum development process which ties back to the broader theme of the integrative literature review on Bloom's Taxonomy.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Summary of Work and Reasons for Inclusion/Exclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Roebers, C. M. (2017) source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“This article will be included because it offers the unique perspective of CC's interconnection with motivation which may offer insight into possible connections with embodied cognition, especially with respects to the reward-based models.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Summary of Work and Reasons for Inclusion/Exclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Botvinick, M., & Braver, T. (2015) source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“This article will be included because it also provides some discussion on the distinctiveness between episodic memory and semantic memory which may tie into Integrated Information Theory discussions.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Summary of Work and Reasons for Inclusion/Exclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tulving, E. (2002) source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“This review covers the topics of dual process theory and paradoxes.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > S&CC(GS)2
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Keller, J., & Sadler-Smith, E. (2019) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“This book chapter offers a fairly comprehensive look into the origins and main ideas of connectionist theory.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Thomas, M. S. C., & McClelland, J. L. (2008)
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This article will be included because it presents an equally broad yet counter argument to the theory which helps to better define it.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Summary of Work and Reasons for Inclusion/Exclusion
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Cerullo, M. A.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: fails
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This systemic review covers the topic of social cognition assessments across diverse populations.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > S&CC(GS)2
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Bourdage, R., Narme, P., Neeskens, R., Papma, J., & Franzen, S. (2024)
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This article will be included because it offers a broad perspective of the theory and possible connections to Predictive Coding.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Summary of Work and Reasons for Inclusion/Exclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tononi, G., Boly, M., Massimini, M., & Koch, C. (2016) source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“This article covers the different components of working memory.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Repovs, G., & Baddeley, A. (2006) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This article provides a retrospective look at the development of Cognitive Load Theory over a span of 20 years.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > S&CC(GS)2
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sweller, J., van Merriënboer J. J., & Paas, F. (2019) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This article will be included because it offers a unique perspective on episodic memory which may tie into topics covered by predictive coding, embodied cognition and parallel distributed processing/connectionist theories.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Summary of Work and Reasons for Inclusion/Exclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schacter, D. L., & Addis, D. R. (2007) source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“This paper discusses DPT within the context of clinical reasoning.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > S&CC(GS)2
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Marcum J. A. (2012) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This article covers the topic of how prior knowledge influences the encoding of new memory.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > S&CC(GS)2
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brod, G., Werkle-Bergner, M., & Shing, Y. L. (2013) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This critical review addresses the issue of defining the two types of thinking within dual-processing theory.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Bellini-Leite, S. C. (2018)
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This article covers integrated information theory from a critical perspective.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > S&CC(GS)2
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Merker, B., Williford, K., & Rudrauf, D. (2021) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This systematic literature review covers the topic of EF as it relates to Theory of Mind.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Economacou, D., Karousou, A., & Makris, Ν. (2023)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This article will be included because of its exclusive focus on EFs and their relationship to physiological processes such as sleep and exercise.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Summary of Work and Reasons for Inclusion/Exclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Diamond A. (2013) source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“This review covers the topic of the semantic memory as it relates to language.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Binder, J. R., & Desai, R. H. (2011) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This article also provides explicit definitions which will benefit the theory situation process.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Summary of Work and Reasons for Inclusion/Exclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Botvinick, M., & Braver, T. (2015) source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“…Embodiment is the surprisingly radical hypothesis that the brain is not the sole cognitive resource we have available to us to solve problems.Our bodies and their perceptually guided motions through the world do much of the work required to achieve our goals, replacing the need for complex internal mental representations.This simple fact utterly changes our idea of what”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites EC(GS)2
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites EC(GS)3
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites EC(GS)5
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“…We are”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites EG(GS)1
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites EC(SS)
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites PC&BB(SS)1
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“claims that, at the fundamental level, consciousness is integrated information”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Tononi [3]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“…The justification for CCMT is the self-evident property that consciousness is related to information traveling in feedback loops within a system (the principle of information circulation).The amount of information circulation in a system, Omicron (O), is calculated by taking the information circulation of the system as a whole minus the information circulation in a minimal partition and is equal”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites IIT(GS)4
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites S&CC(GS)1
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This article covers the role of DST in developmental psychology.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Thelen, E. (2005) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“…Dynamic Systems Theory (DST) is a set of concepts that describe behavior as the emergent product of a self-organizing, multicomponent system evolving over time…”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites DST(GS)3
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites DST(GS)4
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites CNN(GS)6
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“…The function of the mind is to guide action, and cognitive mechanisms such as perception and memory must be understood in terms of their ultimate contribution to situation-appropriate behavior.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites EC(GS)3
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites EC(SS)2
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites PC&BB(SS)1
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“…A central executive was envisioned as a control system of limited attentional capacity that is responsible for the manipulation of information within working memory and for controlling two subsidiary storage systems: a phonological loop and a visuospatial sketchpad.The phonological loop was assumed to be responsible for the storage and maintenance of information in a phonological form, while the”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites CNoM(GS)1
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites EC(GS)2
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites CNoM(GS)6
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Episodic memory is subserved by a widely distributed network of cortical and subcortical brain regions that overlaps with but also extends beyond the networks subserving other memory systems.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites CNoM(GS)5
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“…The basic building block of formal dynamic neural field (DNF) models is a field of metrically organized neurons; that is, neurons in this field are structured such that those close together have receptive fields that respond to similar feature values while those farther apart have receptive fields tuned to very different feature values…”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites DST(GS)1
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites CNN(GS)6
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Retrieving information from episodic memory (remembering or conscious recollection) is contingent on the establishment of a special mental set, dubbed episodic”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites CNoM(GS)5
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“…Cognitive activity takes place in the context of a real-world environment, and it inherently involves perception and action…”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites EC(GS)1
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites EC(GS)3
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites CNoM(GS)6
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“…In Shannon theory, information is transmitted from a source to a destination, where the source and the destination are systems precisely characterized in terms of their possible states with their corresponding probabilities.The information of a system is computed in terms of the probability distribution over its states, as the weighted average of the negative logarithms of the probabilities of”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites IIT(GS)1
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The essence of episodic memory lies in the conjunction of three concepts-self, autonoetic awareness, and subjectively sensed time….”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites CNoM(GS)5
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“…an individual's store of knowledge about the world.The content of semantic memory is abstracted from actual experience and is therefore said to be conceptual, that is, generalized and without reference to any specific experience.Memory for specific experiences is called episodic memory, although the content of episodic memory depends heavily on retrieval of conceptual knowledge…”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites CNoM(GS)4
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites CNoM(GS)8
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This article covers the topic of Complex Dynamic Systems Theory as applied to Second Language Acquisition.”
§ The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom's Taxonomy > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Pallotti, G. (2022)
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

197 of 197

The paper relies on this without support.
The ChatGPT-generated list of ten theories is a valid starting point for identifying the most current psychological theories of cognition.
“This list of theories was then used to conduct a preliminary search for sources during the sampling phase.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The treatment of subcategories in the new model can be assumed the same as the previous version.
“the treatment of the subcategories should be assumed as the same as the previous version.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Bloom's Taxonomy operates on cognitive processes.
“Since Bloom's Taxonomy operates on cognitive processes, the model ought to conform to the current idea of cognition.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The current Bloom's Taxonomy is misaligned with the modern understanding of psychology and is not accessible to a wider audience, so it needs redesign.
“The primary purpose of this integrative literature review is to attempt a redesign of Bloom's Taxonomy to realign it with the modern understanding of psychology and make it accessible to a wider audience.”
The paper relies on this without support.
An integrated plurality of cognitive theories can be synthesized into a coherent meta-theoretical model suitable for redesigning Bloom's Taxonomy.
“A meta-theoretical model based on an integrated plurality of cognitive theories was synthesized and was used to redesign the taxonomy.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The theories reviewed can be integrated into a single Bloom's Taxonomy model.
“which will help with the construction process for the Bloom's Taxonomy model”
The paper relies on this without support.
The reviewed cognitive, neuroscientific, and social-psychological theories and findings are relevant to and can inform an update to Bloom's Taxonomy.
“which ties back to the broader theme of the integrative literature review on Bloom's Taxonomy”

7 of 7

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

Pezzulo citation year differs from reference
Minor
The discussion cites Pezzulo as a 2013 work, while the Pezzulo work in the reference list is dated 2014.

1 of 1

Executive functions
Diamond, A. (2013) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750 · Cited by 13,268
AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both.
Shea, B. J., Reeves, B. C., Wells, G., Thuku, M., Hamel, C., Moran, J., Moher, D., Tugwell, P., Welch, V., Kristjansson, E., et al. (2017) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.j4008 · Cited by 10,636
Cognitive Load Theory
Sweller, J., Ayres, P., & Kalyuga, S. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6_446 · Cited by 6,172
Episodic memory: from mind to brain
Tulving, E. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135114 · Cited by 4,950
Understanding and sharing intentions: The origins of cultural cognition
Tomasello, M., Carpenter, M., Call, J., Behne, T., & Moll, H. (2005) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x05000129 · Cited by 4,882
Six views of embodied cognition
Wilson, M. (2002) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196322 · Cited by 4,782
Universal dimensions of social cognition: warmth and competence
Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Glick, P. (2007) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.005 · Cited by 4,567
Dual-Process Theories of Higher Cognition: Advancing the Debate
Evans, J. S. B. T., & Stanovich, K. E. (2013) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691612460685 · Cited by 4,271
Motivation and social cognitive theory
Schunk, D. H., & DiBenedetto, M. K. (2020) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2019.101832 · Cited by 2,416
Cognitive Architecture and Instructional Design: 20 Years Later
Sweller, J., van Merriënboer, J. J. G., & Paas, F. (2019) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-019-09465-5 · Cited by 2,337

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Show all 81 references

Research works printed but not linked: 11

Airasian, P. W., Cruikshank, K. A., Mayer, R. E., Pintrich, P. R., Raths, J., &Wittrock, M. C. (2001). A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: A Revision of Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. (Anderson L. W., & Krathwohl D. R., Eds.). (Abridged Ed.). Longman.
Davis, B., Sumara, D., & Luce-Kapler, R, (2008). Engaging minds: Changing teaching in complex times. New York, NY: Routledge.
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Kosmas, P., & Zaphiris, P. (2018). Embodied cognition and its implications in education: An overview of recent literature. International Journal of Educational and Pedagogical Sciences, 12(7), 930-936. https://web.archive.org/web/20200306102200/https://zenodo.org/record/1340510/files/1000 9334.pdf
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Zhang, N. (2018, March). Higher Vocational College English Teaching and Learning Based on Embodied Cognition Theory. In 2nd International Conference on Culture, Education and Economic Development of Modern Society (ICCESE 2018), 346-348. Atlantic Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/iccese-18.2018. · DOI

Still being checked.

Authors: Curtis, A., & Johansson, A.
Affiliations: Alliant University (US)
ORCID: Curtis, Andrew
Johansson, Amy
Venue: Intersection: A Journal at the Intersection of Assessment and Learning
Publisher: Association for the Assessment of Learning in Higher Education
Published: 2025-07-25
Volume: 6
Issue: 3
ISSN: 2688-7207 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.61669/001c.142595
OpenAlex: W4412718802
Cited by: 0
References: 81
FWCI: 0.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (unspecified)
Locations: Intersection A Journal at the Intersection of Assessment and Learning (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Topics: Social Sciences › Education › Educational Assessment and Pedagogy
Social Sciences › Education › Education and Critical Thinking Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
Keywords: Bloom's taxonomy, learning theory, curriculum development, educational assessment, cognitive processes in learning, educational psychology

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The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom’s Taxonomy

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