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Cited by 8Historical and Cultural Archaeology StudiesIndigenous Studies and EcologyIndigenous Cultures and History

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 87 of the 87 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 37 sources its claims cite were checked for support.

Localized Critical Theory as an Expression of Community Archaeology Practice: with an Example from Inuvialuit Elders of the Canadian Western Arctic

Lyons, Natasha·2014·American Antiquity
DOI 10.7183/0002-7316.79.2.183
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Abstract

Critical theory has been little used in archaeology, despite its exceptional ability to understand social relations and circumstances, both past and present. In this paper, I develop the concept of a localized critical theory that connects broadscale global processes, such as colonialism and capitalism, to cultural processes that occur at the local level. This expression of archaeological practice has the power to hear, cultivate, and share the voices of individuals and communities as they speak about their respective histories, while recognizing and acknowledging their broader social context. I explore how Inuvialuit Elders' memories are portrayed and interpreted within the Inuvialuit Living History project, focusing particularly on their memories of traditional beluga-whaling in the Mackenzie Delta of Canada's Western Arctic that were evoked through the identification and handling of ancestral whaling artifacts. I use localized critical theory to explore how Elders' distinctive perspectives and experiences of beluga-whaling through the course of the mid-twentieth century articulate with and comment on wider historical processes and the agendas of the Canadian nation-state. La teoría crítica ha sido poco usada en la arqueología a pesar de su excepcional habilidad para entender las relaciones sociales y circunstancias, del pasado y del presente. En este artículo desarrollo el concepto de la teoría crítica localizada que conecta procesos globales de amplia escala, como el colonialismo y el capitalismo, con procesos culturales que ocurren a nivel local. Esta expresión de la práctica arqueológica tiene el poder de escuchar, cultivar y compartir las voces de los individuos y las comunidades al momento en que ellos hablan sobre sus respectivas historias, mientras que además es posible reconocer su contexto social más amplio. En este artículo exploro como la memoria de los ancianos Inuvialuit es retratada e interpretada dentro del proyecto de historia viva de los Inuvialuit. Me enfoco en la memoria de los ancianos que practican la pesca de la ballenas beluga en el delta del río Mackenzie del Ártico Occidental de Canadá, que se evoca a través de la identificación y manejo de los artefactos ancestrales de la práctica de pesca de las beluga. Utilizo la teoría crítica para explorar como la perspectiva distintiva y las experiencias sobre la pesca de belugas en el curso de la mitad del siglo vigésimo se articula con la memoria de los ancianos, y comento sobre los procesos históricos mas amplios y las agendas sostenidas por el estadonación Canadiense.

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Lyons develops “localized critical theory” as a community archaeology approach that connects global colonialism and capitalism to local Inuvialuit heritage practice. Using Inuvialuit Elders’ memories of beluga whaling evoked by ancestral artifacts, she argues these narratives critique wider historical processes and assert local social and political agendas.

Key findings

  • Localized critical theory bridges critical and indigenist research paradigms by focusing on local community dynamics and individuals, not only global capitalism, while acknowledging broader social context.
  • Inuvialuit Elders’ memories of traditional beluga whaling at West and East Whitefish Station and Kitigaaryuk—including harpoon drag apparatus, schooner chisel use, and food-sharing protocols—show detailed knowledge that sometimes challenged archaeological categories, such as an object labeled an “ulu handle” that Elders identified as a net sinker.
  • Elders’ narratives articulate with mid-twentieth-century state processes: mandatory Day Schools after World War II, Mother’s Allowance paid to Aboriginal mothers in vouchers rather than cash, relocation to Inuvik, Hilda Irish’s 1960 TB hospitalization, and shifts from community summer whaling to faster, freezer-based, less communal practices.
  • The Inuvialuit Living History Project and its 2011 website exemplify digital return and local heritage assertion, with Inuvialuit recrafting items from the Smithsonian’s MacFarlane Collection (collected in the 1860s) for practical use.

Methods

  • Qualitative community-based archaeological study drawing on the author’s decade-long collaboration and doctoral research, including 2003 salvage excavations at Qainuirvik and artifact handling/identification sessions with Inuvialuit Elders.
  • Interviews conducted primarily in 2005, with some in 2006 and 2011, with 14 named community historians in Aklavik, Inuvik, and Tuktoyaktuk; transcripts are on file with the Inuvialuit Cultural Resource Centre, and Appendix 1 lists names and dates.
  • Analysis uses localized critical theory to connect Elders’ narratives about whaling artifacts and practices to historical processes and Canadian nation-state agendas, presenting selected excerpts.

Limitations

  • The paper states it presents only a small selection of Elders’ memories and that this approach is only one iteration of how localized critical theory can be operationalized.
  • The paper notes that a great deal of variety arises among Elders themselves and that interpretations are open to multiple insider and outsider perspectives, without claiming objective representation.
  • Evident from the text: the sample is limited to Inuvialuit Elders in a few communities and relies on oral history and artifact-elicited interviews, so findings are context-specific; no systematic quantification or generalizable sampling is reported.

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Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.7183/0002-7316.79.2.183

Cites

87 of 87 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

1 of 37 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged

  • Premisecitation
    § LOCALIZED CRITICAL THEORY AS AN EXPRESSION OF COMMUNITY ARCHAEOLOGY PRACTICE: WITH AN EXAMPLE FROM INUVIALUIT ELDERS OF THE CANADIAN WESTERN ARCTIC · p. 3

    Collaborative engagement has allowed local communities, or segments thereof, to challenge ideologies that naturalize the structures and processes of inequality in which they live.

    “has allowed local communities, or segments thereof, to challenge ideologies that naturalize the structures and processes of inequality in which they live (cf. Panich 2013; Wilkie and Bartoy 2000:747).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Panich 2013 source
    • cites Wilkie and Bartoy 2000 source
  • Findingcitation
    § Conclusions · p. 17

    Inuvialuit are pursuing active research agendas to find out more about traditional artifacts and practices in order to introduce them to new generations.

    “They are pursuing active research agendas to find out more about traditional artifacts and practices in order to introduce them to new generations (Hennessy et al. 2013).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hennessy et al. 2013

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Findingown data
    § Elders' Perspectives on Whaling Practice, Pedagogy, and Technologies · p. 8

    Traditional whaling, as many Elders witnessed in their early years, was practiced at a cluster of whaling sites, including West and East Whitefish Station and Kitigaaryuk, in the lower Mackenzie Delta.

    “Traditional whaling, as many of these Elders witnessed in their early years, was practiced at a cluster of whaling sites, including West and East Whitefish Station (whitefish is a reference to belugas) and Kitigaaryuk, in the lower Mackenzie Delta (Figure 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingcitation
    § Situating Inuvialuit Memories of Whaling in Historical Context · p. 15

    The demand for and use of web-based resources that exhibit these artifacts and other elements of Inuvialuit history are much in demand by Inuvialuit youth and educators.

    “The demand for and use of web-based resources that exhibit these artifacts and other elements of Inuvialuit history, discussed below, are much in demand by Inuvialuit youth and educators (Hennessy et al. 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hennessy et al. 2013

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Findingcitation
    § Elders' Perspectives on Whaling Practice, Pedagogy, and Technologies · p. 10

    When caulking-iron was scarce, Inuvialuit adapted metal chisels for patching holes in their schooner hulls plugged with cotton or moss.

    “When caulking-iron was scarce, they adapted metal chisels for patching holes in their schooner hulls plugged with cotton or moss (Lyons 2007:208– 209).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lyons 2007 source
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 38
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 23

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation
    § Situating Inuvialuit Memories of Whaling in Historical Context · p. 14

    Elders reflected on the building of Inuvik and the resistance of many Inuvialuit to the new town, which was well away from whaling grounds and caribou new center.

    “Elders reflected on the building of Inuvik and the resistance of many Inuvialuit to the new town, which was well away from whaling grounds and caribou new center (Aquilina 1981:44).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Aquilina 1981

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingown data
    § Elders' Perspectives on Whaling Practice, Pedagogy, and Technologies · p. 8

    Hunters were ever-vigilant, watching early in the morning for whales to be in position on the river's shallow shoals.

    “The hunters were ever-vigilant, watching early in the morning for the whales to be in position on the river's shallow shoals.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingreasoning
    § Elders' Perspectives on Whaling Practice, Pedagogy, and Technologies · p. 9

    Victor Allen speaks to the pride in being able to support your family with resources from the land and sea, and the self-sufficiency and independence that families enjoyed on the land.

    “He also speaks to the pride in being able to support your family with resources from the land and sea, and the self-sufficiency and independence that families enjoyed on the land.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingown data
    § Elders' Perspectives on Whaling Practice, Pedagogy, and Technologies · p. 8

    The chosen hunter's kayak was followed by a second, a third, and others in succession.

    “The chosen hunter's kayak would be followed by a second, a third, and others in succession.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingown data
    § Elders' Perspectives on Whaling Practice, Pedagogy, and Technologies · p. 9

    Frankie Stefansson determined the use of a single fragmentary artifact within a traditional harpoon drag apparatus.

    “While handling a single and fragmentary artifact, for instance, Frankie Stefansson determined its use within a traditional harpoon drag apparatus.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingown data
    § Elders' Perspectives on Whaling Practice, Pedagogy, and Technologies · p. 8

    When the kayak fleet first assembled, a file leader was chosen by the hunters.

    “When the kayak fleet first assembled, a file leader was chosen by the hunters.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given
    § Elders' Perspectives on Whaling Practice, Pedagogy, and Technologies · p. 10

    Despite the common perception that outsiders were experts, many Elders have collections of their ancestral material culture discovered on the land, and many reproduce items such as fishhooks, uluit, and traditional-style clothing for sale to Inuvialuit-and a lesser degree outsiders-for contemporary use on the land.

    “Despite this common perception, many Elders have collections of their ancestral material culture discovered on the land, and many reproduce items such as fishhooks, uluit (singular ulu; women's crescent-shaped knives), and traditional-style clothing for sale to Inuvialuit—and a lesser degree outsiders—for contemporary use on the land (see discussion).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given
    § Situating Inuvialuit Memories of Whaling in Historical Context · p. 15

    Inuvialuit Elders have potent nostalgia for their years spent in the bush.

    “Inuvialuit Elders have potent nostalgia for their years spent in the bush.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation
    § Situating Inuvialuit Memories of Whaling in Historical Context · p. 14

    Many of this generation embraced the change to wage labour and town-dwelling with their typical pragmatism, but also recognized the asymmetrical relationships with newcomers and the inequalities in work opportunities.

    “Many of this generation embraced the change to wage labour and town-dwelling with their typical pragmatism, but also recognized the asymmetrical relationships with newcomers and the inequalities in work opportunities (Alunik et al. 2003:158; Zaslow 1988:319).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Alunik et al. 2003

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Zaslow 1988

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingown data
    § Elders' Perspectives on Whaling Practice, Pedagogy, and Technologies · p. 8

    The file leader launched the first kayak in pursuit of the whales once they were among the shoals.

    “He it was who launched the first kayak in pursuit of the whales once they were among the shoals.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given
    § Elders' Perspectives on Whaling Practice, Pedagogy, and Technologies · p. 8

    Clever hunters might have killed five, seven belugas, while others had taken but one.

    “Clever hunters might have killed five, seven belugas, while others had taken but one.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given
    § Situating Inuvialuit Memories of Whaling in Historical Context · p. 13

    With great nostalgia, Inuvialuit Elders remembered the feel of a traditional whale camp, as well as the layout of family tents and the spatial configuration of activities.

    “With great nostalgia, they remembered the feel of a traditional whale camp, as well as the layout of family tents and the spatial configuration of activities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation
    § Elders' Perspectives on Whaling Practice, Pedagogy, and Technologies · p. 10

    David Roland fully recognized the importance of the harpoon head to his own heritage, but had also been indoctrinated to the idea that outsiders were 'the experts' to whom one would pass such finds on to.

    “He fully recognized the importance of this tool to his own heritage, but had also been indoctrinated to the idea that outsiders were “the experts” to whom one would pass such finds on to (cf. Rowley 2002).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rowley 2002

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given
    § Elders' Perspectives on Whaling Practice, Pedagogy, and Technologies · p. 8

    When the hunt was over, the men recovered their weapons.

    “When the hunt was over, the men recovered their weapons.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation
    § Elders' Perspectives on Whaling Practice, Pedagogy, and Technologies · p. 10

    Donald Aviugana affirmed that the chisel was for chinking boats, and long ago they put cotton in and used that chisel when they had schooners.

    “Donald Aviugana (in Lyons 2008:202) affirmed: “That's for chinking [our] boats. You know, long ago, they put cotton in and use that [chisel]... That's what we used to use when we had our schooners.””
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lyons 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given
    § Situating Inuvialuit Memories of Whaling in Historical Context · p. 14

    Once schooners were in widespread use, families shared their gas, a very pricy Northern expense, in much the same way.

    “Once schooners were in widespread use, families shared their gas, a very pricy Northern expense, in much the same way.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingown data
    § Elders' Perspectives on Whaling Practice, Pedagogy, and Technologies · p. 8

    The file leader was singled out, whatever his age, by yelling his name.

    “The file leader was singled out, whatever his age, by yelling his name.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given
    § Conclusions · p. 17

    As observed, Inuvialuit leaders today are addressing historical inequalities by asserting their own heritage-and broader political-agendas within the national arena.

    “As observed, Inuvialuit leaders today are addressing historical inequalities by asserting their own heritage—and broader political—agendas within the national arena.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingcitation
    § Situating Inuvialuit Memories of Whaling in Historical Context · p. 13

    Inuvialuit Elders recalled the shift from kayaks and umiat to commercial schooners and later speedboats.

    “They recalled the shift from kayaks and umiat (singular umiaq; large whaling boats) to commercial schooners and later speedboats (Inglangasuk in Lyons 2008:424).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Inglangasuk in Lyons 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § Elders' Perspectives on Whaling Practice, Pedagogy, and Technologies · p. 9

    Inuvialuit Elders held intellectual curiosity about objects and discussed options for unrecognized objects based on their own knowledge and use of traditional technologies, and suggested other Elders and published resources to consult.

    “They held a great deal of intellectual curiosity about the objects and would discuss various options for objects they did not recognize based on their own knowledge and use of traditional technologies, and also suggest others Elders and published resources I might consult to learn more.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation
    § Situating Inuvialuit Memories of Whaling in Historical Context · p. 13

    As youth, Inuvialuit Elders collectively recounted the use of harpoons and other whaling gear, the Elders' strict protocols while hunting, and the traditional distribution of whale meat.

    “As youth, they collectively recounted the use of harpoons and other whaling gear, the Elders'strict protocols while hunting, and the traditional distribution of whale meat (Alunik et al. 2003:28–34; Lyons 2008, 2013:109–120; Nuligak 1966).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Alunik et al. 2003

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Lyons 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Nuligak 1966

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given
    § Situating Inuvialuit Memories of Whaling in Historical Context · p. 14

    In their day, families spent entire summers at whale and fish camps, sharing their catch amongst the entire community rather than within restricted family groups.

    “In their day, families spent entire summers at whale and fish camps, sharing their catch amongst the entire community rather than within restricted family groups.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingcitation
    § Situating Inuvialuit Memories of Whaling in Historical Context · p. 14

    Elders emphasize how sharing protocols have shifted over time, to their minds, in deleterious ways.

    “Elders emphasize how sharing protocols have shifted over time, to their minds, in deleterious ways (for a contrasting perspective, see Bodenhorn 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bodenhorn 2003

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § Elders' Perspectives on Whaling Practice, Pedagogy, and Technologies · p. 10

    David Roland considered finds of ancestral material culture a kind of archive of his history and a teaching opportunity for his children.

    “David considered these finds a kind of archive of his history and a teaching opportunity for his children.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation
    § Hilda Irish Remembers Whaling with her Family · p. 10

    Hilda Irish was born in 1926 and participated in whaling from early childhood.

    “Hilda was born in 1926 and participated in whaling from early childhood.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given
    § Elders' Perspectives on Whaling Practice, Pedagogy, and Technologies · p. 8

    To haul whales back to camp, a sort of pipe was driven into their bodies or necks, and air was blown into the carcasses so they would float.

    “To haul the whales back to camp, a sort of pipe was driven into their bodies or necks, and air was blown into the carcasses so they would float.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingreasoning
    § Elders' Perspectives on Whaling Practice, Pedagogy, and Technologies · p. 10

    The chisel artifact clearly had European origins and had been traded in during the historic period, yet Inuvialuit did not generally call it by its European use or name.

    “The artifact clearly had European origins, and had been traded in during the historic period, yet Inuvialuit did not generally call it by its European use or name.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given
    § Situating Inuvialuit Memories of Whaling in Historical Context · p. 13

    Inuvialuit Elders remembered whaling from different periods of their lives, speaking to their first whaling experiences as children, then talking about whaling with their own children, and later with their children's children.

    “Inuvialuit Elders remembered whaling from different periods of their lives, speaking to their first whaling experiences as children, then talking about whaling with their own children, and later with their children's children.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingcitation
    § Elders' Perspectives on Whaling Practice, Pedagogy, and Technologies · p. 9

    The harpoon drag apparatus functions so that when a whale is harpooned, the float is on one side, the part is under water like a drag, slowing the line and attached whale down.

    “He (Stefansson in Lyons 2008:453) explained that the apparatus functions so that “when they harpoon a whale, the float would be on that side, this part is under water, like a drag, so it slows [the line and the attached whale] down.””
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lyons 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingown data
    § Elders' Perspectives on Whaling Practice, Pedagogy, and Technologies · p. 8

    Entire communities camped together for the month of July during traditional whaling.

    “Entire communities camped together for the month of July.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingreasoning
    § Situating Inuvialuit Memories of Whaling in Historical Context · p. 15

    Elders' knowledge sometimes challenged or contradicted archaeologist's categories, but usually it brought a broader and more nuanced understanding of the object and its cultural place and usage over time.

    “Elders' knowledge sometimes challenged or contradicted archaeologist's categories, but usually it brought a broader and more nuanced understanding of the object and its cultural place and usage over time.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation
    § Conclusions · p. 17

    Inuvialuit leader Nellie Cournoyea has been cited often for her sustainable but pro-development stance towards industry, a position echoed throughout the community and not seen as a conflict with the continued practice of traditional land-based skills and activities.

    “Inuvialuit leader Nellie Cournoyea has been cited often for her sustainable but pro-development stance towards industry (Lyons 2009; Stern 2006), a position echoed throughout the community and not seen as a conflict with the continued practice of traditional land-based skills and activities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Lyons 2009

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Stern 2006

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given
    § Elders' Perspectives on Whaling Practice, Pedagogy, and Technologies · p. 8

    Each harpoon bore a special mark, recognized by every hunter.

    “Each harpoon bore a special mark, recognized by every hunter.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingnone given
    § Conclusions · p. 17

    These individuals are actively perpetuating the ideologies and practices.

    “These individuals are actively perpetuating the ideologies and practices”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Conclusions · p. 17

    Inuvialuit actions are in keeping with local and descendant communities worldwide.

    “Inuvialuit actions are in keeping with local and descendant communities worldwide”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § LOCALIZED CRITICAL THEORY AS AN EXPRESSION OF COMMUNITY ARCHAEOLOGY PRACTICE: WITH AN EXAMPLE FROM INUVIALUIT ELDERS OF THE CANADIAN WESTERN ARCTIC · p. 3

    Localized critical theory is a logical outcome of community-based practice in archaeology.

    “Localized critical theory is a logical outcome of community-based practice in archaeology.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Situating Inuvialuit Memories of Whaling in Historical Context · p. 13

    Inuvialuit Elders' words say a great deal about Inuvialuit lives and livelihoods through the course of the twentieth century, and about the entanglement of local lives with global processes.

    “Yet their words say a great deal about Inuvialuit lives and livelihoods through the course of the twentieth century, and about the entanglement of local lives with global processes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given
    § Situating Inuvialuit Memories of Whaling in Historical Context · p. 13

    Elders' memories reveal many things about their relationships to their families and community, to the land and resources, and to broader historical processes.

    “Elders'memories reveal many things about their relationships to their families and community, to the land and resources, and to broader historical processes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Premisecitation
    § LOCALIZED CRITICAL THEORY AS AN EXPRESSION OF COMMUNITY ARCHAEOLOGY PRACTICE: WITH AN EXAMPLE FROM INUVIALUIT ELDERS OF THE CANADIAN WESTERN ARCTIC · p. 2

    Critical theory is a social theory concerned with the production of knowledge and how this knowledge is situated in both historic and contemporary settings.

    “Critical theory is a social theory concerned with the production of knowledge and how this knowledge is situated in both historic and contemporary settings (McDavid 1997:117).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites McDavid 1997 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given
    § LOCALIZED CRITICAL THEORY AS AN EXPRESSION OF COMMUNITY ARCHAEOLOGY PRACTICE: WITH AN EXAMPLE FROM INUVIALUIT ELDERS OF THE CANADIAN WESTERN ARCTIC · p. 2

    Critical theory has been little used in archaeology, despite its exceptional ability to understand social relations and circumstances, both past and present.

    “Critical theory has been little used in archaeology, despite its exceptional ability to understand social relations and circumstances, both past and present.”
    • Also stated in: § LOCALIZED CRITICAL THEORY AS AN EXPRESSION OF COMMUNITY ARCHAEOLOGY PRACTICE: WITH AN EXAMPLE FROM INUVIALUIT ELDERS OF THE CANADIAN WESTERN ARCTIC · p. 2 · hedged
      “critical theory has been rather sparingly adapted to archaeology, at least in an explicit sense”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Handsman 1980, 2003

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Leone 1995, 2003, 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Wylie 1985 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation
    § LOCALIZED CRITICAL THEORY AS AN EXPRESSION OF COMMUNITY ARCHAEOLOGY PRACTICE: WITH AN EXAMPLE FROM INUVIALUIT ELDERS OF THE CANADIAN WESTERN ARCTIC · p. 2

    Mark Leone and colleagues have used critical theory to examine the rise of capitalism and its effects on class-based interests in the historic city of Annapolis Royal.

    “Its primary champions are Mark Leone and colleagues, who have used critical theory to examine the rise of capitalism and its effects on classbased interests in the historic city of Annapolis Royal”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Leone 1984, 1988, 1989, 1995

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Leone and Potter 1996, 1999

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Mullins 1998

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Interpretationnone given
    § Conclusions · p. 17

    Localized critical theory has been used as a venue to explore the relationship between local and global, individual and collective.

    “Localized critical theory has been used as a venue to explore the relationship between local and global, individual and collective.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § Situating Inuvialuit Memories of Whaling in Historical Context · p. 13

    In a patronizing stance, the Canadian Government paid stipends to Aboriginal mothers in store vouchers rather than cash, whereas non-Aboriginal mothers, in the north and elsewhere, received them in cash.

    “In a patronizing stance, the Canadian Government vouchers rather than cash, whereas non-Aboriginal mothers, in the north and elsewhere, received them in cash (Morrison 1998:153).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Morrison 1998

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Situating Inuvialuit Memories of Whaling in Historical Context · p. 17

    While recognition of the Inuvialuit community is still sparse amongst southern audiences, awareness is growing, and such efforts assert local values on a much broader cultural stage.

    “While recognition of the Inuvialuit community is still sparse amongst southern audiences, awareness is growing, and such efforts assert local values on a much broader cultural stage.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Interpretationnone given
    § Conclusions · p. 17

    In this paper, I have developed a localized critical theory suited to the needs of the Inuvialuit community as they seek to redress past inequalities and address social concerns of the present through the lens of archaeological and heritage-based research.

    “In this paper, I have developed a localized critical theory suited to the needs of the Inuvialuit community as they seek to redress past inequalities and address social concerns of the present through the lens of archaeological and heritage-based research.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Conclusions · p. 17

    Whilst Inuvialuit and other indigenous communities are irrevocably entangled with larger national and economic forces, they are consciously choosing to negotiate their relationships with these larger processes, to sustain traditions that help them flourish culturally and socially, and to practice them with pride and vigor.

    “And whilst Inuvialuit and other indigenous communities are irrevocably entangled with larger national and economic forces, they are consciously choosing to negotiate their relationships with these larger processes, to sustain traditions that help them flourish culturally and socially, and to practice them with pride and vigor.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § LOCALIZED CRITICAL THEORY AS AN EXPRESSION OF COMMUNITY ARCHAEOLOGY PRACTICE: WITH AN EXAMPLE FROM INUVIALUIT ELDERS OF THE CANADIAN WESTERN ARCTIC · p. 2

    Critical theorists recognize that all research enterprises are inescapably embedded in a social context which must be treated as part of the research question.

    “Critical theorists recognize that all research enterprises are inescapably embedded in a social context which must be treated as part of the research question”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Kincheloe and McLaren 2000

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Lukács 1971

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation
    § Situating Inuvialuit Memories of Whaling in Historical Context · p. 13

    Day Schools would evolve in the late 1950s into the residential schools that have left such a damaging legacy to indigenous communities.

    “Day Schools would evolve in the late 1950s into the residential schools that have left such a damaging legacy to indigenous communities (Milloy 1999).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Milloy 1999

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given
    § Situating Inuvialuit Memories of Whaling in Historical Context · p. 17

    Such digital forums help to reduce traditional barriers between academia and local communities by giving equal weight to community and outside perspectives.

    “Such digital forums help to reduce traditional barriers between academia and local communities by giving equal weight to community and outside perspectives.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation
    § Conclusions · p. 17

    It has brought these multiple scales of analysis into focus, recognizing that global processes such as imperialism, colonialism, and capitalism, can be 'reconfigured and recognized as being constitutive of the local'.

    “It has brought these multiple scales of analysis into focus, recognizing that global processes such as imperialism, colonialism, and capitalism, can be “reconfigured and recognized as being constitutive of the local”“(Bhattacharya 2008:317).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bhattacharya 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

50 of 50

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Inuvialuit Elders' memories and oral accounts are accurate and reliable representations of past whaling practices and material culture.

    “Based on their own experiences of whaling, most Inuvialuit Elders born early in the twentieth century have knowledge of traditional whaling equipment.”
    “Elders'memories reveal many things about their relationships to their families and community, to the land and resources, and to broader historical processes.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Inuvialuit Elders interviewed are representative of Inuvialuit Elders born early in the twentieth century.

    “Based on their own experiences of whaling, most Inuvialuit Elders born early in the twentieth century have knowledge of traditional whaling equipment.”
2 of 2

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Barbra and Moses interview dated June, not early July

    Minor

    The narrative says the first conversation with Barbra Allen and Moses Kayotuk took place in early July 2005, but Appendix 1 dates their interviews to June 14, 2005.

1 of 1

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 46

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  2. Morrison William R. 1998 True North: The Yukon and Northwest Territories (The Illustrated History of Canada). Oxford University Press, Toronto.
  3. Adams Gary 2004 Niaqulik—A Chapter in Inuvialuit Lifestyles. Parks Canada Western Canada Service Centre, Cultural Resource Services, Winnipeg, Manitoba.
  4. Leone Mark , and Little Barbara J. 1993 Artifacts as Expressions of Society and Culture: Subversive Genealogy and the Value of History. In History from Things: Essays on Material Culture, edited by Steven Lubar and David Kingery, pp. 160–181. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
  5. Greer Sheila 1997 Traditional Knowledge in Site Recognition and Definition. In At a Crossroads: Archaeology and First Peoples in Canada, edited by George Nicholas and Thomas D. Andrews, pp. 145–159. Simon Fraser University Archaeology Press, Burnaby, British Columbia.
  6. Lyons Natasha 2008 Transcripts of Oral History Interviews with Inuvialuit Elders of Aklavik and Inuvik, NT, 2005. Interviews conducted and compiled by Natasha Lyons as part of her dissertation research. Transcripts on file with Inuvialuit Cultural Resource Centre and Aurora Research Institute, Inuvik, Northwest Territories.
  7. Betts Matthew 2009 Chronicling Siglit Identities: Economy, Practice, and Ethnicity in the Western Canadian Arctic. Alaska Journal of Anthropology 7(2): 1–28.
  8. Leone Mark , and Potter Parker B. Jr. 1996 Archaeological Annapolis: A Guide to Seeing and Understanding Three Centuries of Change. In Contemporary Archaeology in Theory: A Reader, edited by Robert Preucel and Ian Hodder, pp. 570–598. Blackwell, Oxford.
  9. McGuire Randall 2008 Archaeology as Political Action. California Series in Public Anthropology. University of California Press, Berkeley.
  10. Wylie Alison 2004 Why Standpoint Matters. In The Feminist Standpoint Theory Reader: Intellectual and Political Controversies, edited by Sandra Harding, pp. 339–351. Routledge, New York.
  11. Stern Pamela 2006 Land Claims, Development, and the Pipeline to Citizenship. In Critical Inuit Studies: An Anthology of Contemporary Arctic Ethnography, edited by Pamela Stern and Lisa Stevenson, pp. 105–118. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
  12. Gero Joan , and Root Dolores 1996 Public Presentations and Private Concerns: Archaeology in the Pages of National Geographic. In Contemporary Archaeology in Theory: A Reader, edited by Robert Preucel and Ian Hodder, pp. 531–548. Blackwell, Oxford.
  13. Alunik Ishmael , Kolausok Eddie , and Morrison David 2003 Across Time and Tundra: The Inuvialuit of the Western Arctic. University of Washington Press, Seattle.
  14. Lyons Natasha 2009 Inuvialuit Rising: The Evolution of Inuvialuit Identities in the Mackenzie Delta. Alaska Journal of Anthropology 7(2):63–79.
  15. Leone Mark , Fry Gladys-Marie , and Ruppel Tim 2001 Spirit Management among American of African Descent. In Race and the Archaeology of Identity, edited by Charles Orser, pp. 143–157. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
  16. Friesen T. Max , and Arnold Charles 1995b Prehistoric Beluga Whale Hunting at Gupuk, Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories. In Hunting the Largest Animals: Aboriginal Whaling in the Western Arctic, edited by Allen McCartney, pp. 109–126. Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Edmonton, Alberta.
  17. Silliman Stephen 2009 Blurring for Clarity: Archaeology as Hybrid Practice. In Decolonizing Archaeology: Archaeology and the Post-Colonial Critique, edited by Peter Bikoulis, Dominic Lacroix, and Meaghan Peuramaki-Brown, pp. 15–25. Proceedings of the 39th Annual Chacmool Conference. Archaeological Association of the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta.
  18. Hamilton John D. 1994 Arctic Revolution: Social Change in the Northwest Territories, 1935–1994. Dundurn Press, Toronto, Ontario.
  19. Palus Matthew M. , Leone Mark P. , and Cochran Matthew D. 2006 Critical Archaeology: Politics Past and Present. In Historical Archaeology, edited by Martin Hall and Stephen Silliman, pp. 84–106. Blackwell, Oxford.
  20. Cruikshank Julie 2005 Do Glaciers Listen? Local Knowledge, Colonial Encounters and Social Imagination. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.
  21. Bhattacharya Himika 2008 New Critical Collaborative Ethnography. In Handbook of Emergent Methods, edited by Sharlene Nagy, Hesse-Biber, and Patricia Leavy, pp. 303–322. Guildford Press, New York.
  22. Silliman Stephen (editor) 2008 Collaborating at the Trowel's Edge: Teaching and Learning in Indigenous Archaeology. Amerind Studies in Archaeology. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
  23. Little Barbara 2002 Archaeology as a Shared Vision. In Public Benefits of Archaeology, edited by Barbara J. Little, pp. 1–19. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
  24. McNiven Ian J. , and Russell Lynette 2005 Appropriate Pasts: Indigenous Peoples and the Colonial Culture of Archaeology. Altamira Press, Oxford.
  25. Andrews Thomas D. , Arnold Charles D. , Hart Elisa , and Bertulli Margaret 1997 Native Land Claims and the Future of Archaeology in the Northwest Territories, Canada. In At a Crossroads: Archaeology and First Peoples in Canada, edited by George Nicholas and Thomas D. Andrews, pp. 240–246. Simon Fraser University Archaeology Press, Burnaby, British Columbia.
  26. McDavid Carol 2000 Archaeology as Cultural Critique: Pragmatism and the Archaeology of a Southern United States Plantation. In Philosophy and Archaeological Practice: Perspectives for the 21st Century, edited by Cornelius Holtorf and Hakan Karlsson, pp. 221–240. Bricoleur Press, Lindome, Sweden.
  27. Beaudry Mary , Cook Lauren , and Mrozowski Stephen 1991 Artefacts as Active Voices: Material Culture as Social Discourse. In The Archaeology of Inequality, edited by Randall McGuire and Robert Paynter, pp. 150–191. Blackwell, Oxford.
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  29. Mullins Paul 2010 Race and Class. In Handbook of Postcolonial Archaeology, edited by Jane Lydon and Uzma Z. Rizvi, pp. 361–371. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, California.
  30. Franklin Maria 2005 Historical Archaeology that Matters Beyond Academics. In Unlocking the Past: Celebrating Historical Archaeology in North America, edited by LuAnn De Cunzo and John Jameson, pp. 189–194. University of Florida Press, Gainesville.
  31. Lyons Natasha 2014 Archaeology and Native Northerners: The Rise of Community-Based Practice across the North American Arctic. In Oxford Handbook of Arctic Archaeology, edited by T. Max Friesen and Owen Mason. Oxford University Press, Oxford, in press.
  32. Wilkie Laurie 2001 Race, Identity, and Habermas's Lifeworld. In Race and the Archaeology of Identity, edited by Charles Orser, pp. 108–124. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
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  34. Watkins Joe , and Ferguson T. J. 2005 Working with and Working for Indigenous Communities. In Handbook of Archaeological Methods, Vol.2, edited by Herbert Maschner and Christopher Chippindale, pp. 1372–1406. Altamira, New York.
  35. Habermas Jürgen 1989 Theory of Communicative Action, Lifeworld and System: A Critique of Functionalist Reason, Vol. 2. Beacon Press, Boston, Massachusetts.
  36. Hall Martin , and Silliman Stephen W. (editors) 2006 Historical Archaeology. Blackwell, Oxford.
  37. Salokangas Raila 2005 Views of the Inuvialuit on Sustainable Development in the Mackenzie Gas Project in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region, Northwest Territories, Canada. Unpublished honor's thesis, Department of Environmental Engineering, Tampere Polytechnic, Tampere, Finland.
  38. Shackel Paul , Mullins Paul R. , and Warner Mark S. (editors) 1998 Annapolis Pasts: Historical Archaeology in Annapolis, Maryland. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.
  39. Wolforth John 1965 The Mackenzie Delta—Its Economic Base and Development. Mackenzie Delta Research Project Vol. 1. Northern Science Research Group, Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, Ottawa.
  40. Bodenhorn Barbara 2003 Fall Whaling in Barrow Alaska: A Consideration of Strategic Decision-Making. In Indigenous Ways to the Present: Native Whaling in the Western Arctic, edited by Allen McCartney, pp. 277–306. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
  41. Robinson Michael 1996 Shampoo Archaeology: Towards a Participatory Actions Research Approach in Civil Society. The Canadian Journal of Native Studies XVI:125–138.
  42. Handsman Russell 2003 Towards Archaeological Histories of the Nipmuc Indian Community in the “Lost Century” (1820–1920). In Indigenous People and Archaeology: Honouring the Past, Discussing the Present, Building the Future, edited by Trevor Peck, Evelyn Siegfried, and Gerald Oetelaar, pp. 28–42. University of Calgary Archaeological Association, Calgary, Alberta.
  43. Brown Bern Will 1998 Arctic Journal 11: A Time for Change. Novalis, Ottawa.
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  45. Rowley Susan 2002 Inuit Participation in the Archaeology of Nunavut: A Historical Overview. In Honoring Our Elders: A History of Eastern Arctic Archaeology, edited by William W. Fitzhugh, Stephen Loring, and Daniel Odess, pp. 261—272. Circumpolar Contributions to Anthropology 2. Arctic Studies Center, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
  46. Leone Mark 2003 Prologue: Where Is Culture to be Found by Historical Archaeologists? In The Recovery of Meaning: Historical Archaeology in the Eastern United States, edited by Mark Leone and Parker B. Potter Jr., pp. v–xxi. Percheron Press, Clinton Corners.

Cited by

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Related

Metadata

Authors
Lyons, N.
Corresponding author
Lyons, Natasha
ORCID
Lyons, Natasha
Venue
American Antiquity
Publisher
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published
2014-04
Volume
79
Issue
2
Pages
183-203
ISSN
  • 0002-7316 (ISSN-L)
  • 2325-5064
DOI
10.7183/0002-7316.79.2.183
OpenAlex
W2323572466
Semantic Scholar
b81e5e880875e3782a1c87867536afc0038cddc2
Cited by
7
References
86
Citations by year
2025: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1
FWCI
4.33
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 1025 d)
Locations
American Antiquity (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Anthropology › Historical and Cultural Archaeology Studies
  • Social Sciences › Anthropology › Indigenous Studies and Ecology
  • Social Sciences › Anthropology › Indigenous Cultures and History
Keywords
community archaeology, Mackenzie Delta, colonialism, capitalism, oral history, indigenous memory, Western Arctic

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