The DOI matches its OpenAlex record; 26 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Determining the Number of Factors to Retain in EFA: Using the SPSS R-Menu v2 0 to Make More Judicious Estimations
Open accessAbstract
Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is a common technique utilized in the development of assessment instruments. The key question when performing this procedure is how to best estimate the number of factors to retain. This is especially important as under- or over-extraction may lead to erroneous conclusions. Although recent advancements have been made to answer the number of factors question, popular statistical packages do not come standard with these modern techniques. This paper details how to program IBM SPSS Statistics software (SPSS) to conveniently perform five modern techniques designed to estimate the number of factors to retain. By utilizing the five empirically-supported techniques illustrated in this article, researchers will be able to more judiciously model data. Accessed 27,874 times on https://pareonline.net from April 30, 2013 to December 31, 2019. For downloads from January 1, 2020 forward, please click on the PlumX Metrics link to the right.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Scree Test For The Number Of Factors
Cattell, R. B. (1966) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr0102_10 · Cited by 13,554
The application of electronic computers to factor analysis
Kaiser, H. F. (1960) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316446002000116 · Cited by 12,459
EQS : structural equations program manual
Bentler, P. M. (1989) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 9,669
Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research.
Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.4.3.272 · Cited by 9,587
A Rationale and Test for the Number of Factors in Factor Analysis
Horn, J. L. (1965) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02289447 · Cited by 8,714
O’connor, B. P. (2000) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03200807 · Cited by 4,116
Comparison of five rules for determining the number of components to retain.
Zwick, W. R., & Velicer, W. F. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.99.3.432 · Cited by 3,129
Factor Retention Decisions in Exploratory Factor Analysis: a Tutorial on Parallel Analysis
Hayton, J. C., Allen, D. G., & Scarpello, V. (2004) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428104263675 · Cited by 3,104
Flora, D. B., & Curran, P. J. (2004) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.9.4.466 · Cited by 3,019
Henson, R. K., & Roberts, J. K. (2006) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164405282485 · Cited by 2,454
Cited by
Dimensionality of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A systematic review
Manzar, M. D., BaHammam, A. S., Hameed, U. A., Spence, D. W., Pandi-Perumal, S. R., Moscovitch, A., & Streiner, D. L. (2018) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-018-0915-x · Cited by 204
Student Conceptions of Feedback: Impact on Self-Regulation, Self-Efficacy, and Academic Achievement
Brown, G. T. L., Peterson, E. R., & Yao, E. S. (2016) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12126 · Cited by 198
Structural validity of the Insomnia Severity Index: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Manzar, M. D., Jahrami, H. A., & Bahammam, A. S. (2021) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101531 · Cited by 138
Harris, L. R., Brown, G. T. L., & Harnett, J. A. (2014) · Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability · doi:10.1007/s11092-013-9187-5 · Cited by 134
Howard, M. C., & Henderson, J. (2023) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113328 · Cited by 134
Metadata
- Authors
- Courtney, M. G. R., & Gordon, R.
- Venue
- ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst)
- Publisher
- University of Massachusetts Amherst
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 8
- OpenAlex
- W339070717
- Cited by
- 269
- References
- 26
- FWCI
- 14.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Determining the Number of Factors to Retain in EFA: Using the SPSS R-Menu v2 0 to Make More Judicious Estimations. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.7275/9cf5-2m72
- The paper
- Courtney, M. G. R., & Gordon, R. (2020). Determining the Number of Factors to Retain in EFA: Using the SPSS R-Menu v2 0 to Make More Judicious Estimations. ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst). https://doi.org/10.7275/9cf5-2m72
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
