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Systematic Review: Glucose Control and Cardiovascular Disease in Type 2 Diabetes
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Results from clinical trials examining the effect of intensive glucose control on cardiovascular disease have been conflicting. PURPOSE: To summarize clinical benefits and harms of intensive versus conventional glucose control for adults with type 2 diabetes. DATA SOURCES: Studies were retrieved by systematically searching the MEDLINE database (January 1950 to April 2009) with no language restrictions. STUDY SELECTION: Two independent reviewers screened abstracts or full-text articles to identify randomized trials that compared clinical outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving intensive glucose control and those receiving conventional glucose control. DATA EXTRACTION: Two investigators independently abstracted data on study variables and outcomes, including severe hypoglycemia, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality. DATA SYNTHESIS: 5 trials involving 27,802 adults were included. Intensive glucose targets were lower in the 3 most recent trials. Summary analyses showed that compared with conventional control, intensive glucose control reduced the risk for cardiovascular disease (relative risk [RR], 0.90 [95% CI, 0.83 to 0.98]; risk difference per 1000 patients per 5 years [RD], -15 [CI, -24 to -5]) but not cardiovascular death (RR, 0.97 [CI, 0.76 to 1.24]; RD, -3 [CI, -14 to 7]) or all-cause mortality (RR, 0.98 [CI, 0.84 to 1.15]; RD, -4 [CI, -17 to 10]). Intensive glucose control increased the risk for severe hypoglycemia (RR, 2.03 [CI, 1.46 to 2.81]; RD, 39 [CI, 7 to 71]). As was seen in the overall analyses, pooled findings from the early and more recent trials showed that intensive glucose control reduced the risk for cardiovascular disease and increased the risk for severe hypoglycemia. LIMITATION: Summary rather than individual data were pooled across trials. CONCLUSION: Intensive glucose control reduced the risk for some cardiovascular disease outcomes (such as nonfatal myocardial infarction), did not reduce the risk for cardiovascular death or all-cause mortality, and increased the risk for severe hypoglycemia.
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“A similar result was also found in another systematic review of the same data.450”
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“For example, improvements in physical activity can lower blood pressure (Fagard, & Cornelissen, 2007) and improve glucose control (Boulé, Haddad, Kenny, Wells, & Sigal, 2001), which can decrease risk of cardiovascular disease and/or diabetes-related complications (Kelly et al., 2009; Sowers, Epstein, & Frohlich, 2001).”
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“The findings of the more recently reported meta-analyses by Kelly et al. [ 59 ] and Mannucci et al. [60] are in line with the earlier published reports by Ray et al. [57] and Turnbull et al. [58].”
ResultIntensive Glucose Control and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes
MacIsaac, R. J., & Jerums, G. (2011) · Heart, Lung and Circulation · doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2010.07.013 · Cited by 81
Effect of glutamine supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes
Mansour, A., Tehrani, M. R. M., Qorbani, M., Heshmat, R., Larijani, B. A., & Hosseini, S. (2014) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2014.05.014 · Cited by 69
“Type 2 diabetes is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease development [3].”
BackgroundHemmingsen, B., Lund, S. S., Gluud, C. N., Vaag, A. A., Almdal, T., Hemmingsen, C., & Wetterslev, J. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008143.pub2 · Cited by 69
RetractedRecent HbA1c Values and Mortality Risk in Type 2 Diabetes. Population-Based Case-Control Study
Nicholas, J. M., Charlton, J., Dregan, A., & Gulliford, M. C. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068008 · Cited by 68
“A systematic review of five trials confirmed that cardiovascular events were reduced through intensive control [6].”
BackgroundMoreno, G., & Mangione, C. M. (2013) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.12513 · Cited by 65
Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes
Middleton, P., Crowther, C. A., & Simmonds, L. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008540.pub4 · Cited by 64
Prattichizzo, F., de Candia, P., Nigris, V. D., Nicolucci, A., & Ceriello, A. (2020) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154308 · Cited by 65
Management of hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients
Smiley, D. D., & Umpierrez, G. E. (2010) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05805.x · Cited by 65
Ko, S., Park, Y., Yun, J., Cha, S., Choi, E., Han, K., Han, E., Lee, Y., & Ahn, Y. (2017) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2017.09.009 · Cited by 66
Association of Glycation Gap With Mortality and Vascular Complications in Diabetes
Nayak, A., Nevill, A. M., Bassett, P., & Singh, B. M. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-1040 · Cited by 61
The Framingham Study, Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Disease: Turning Back the Clock
Kengne, A. P., Turnbull, F., & MacMahon, S. W. (2010) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2010.02.010 · Cited by 65
Bloomfield, H. E., Greer, N. L., Newman, D. R., MacDonald, R. H., Carlyle, M. H., FITZGERALD, P. J., Rutks, I. R., & Wilt, T. J. (2012) · Cited by 59
Defining and Achieving Treatment Success in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
STOLAR, M. W. (2010) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/mcp.2010.0471 · Cited by 60
Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: what next?
Joseph, J. J., & Golden, S. H. (2014) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0000000000000044 · Cited by 57
“[11], which included five trials and excluded the PROactive Study, there was a 16% reduction in nonfatal MI, no effect on cardiovascular or all-cause mortality and a two-fold higher risk of hypoglycemia in the intensive than in conventional arms.”
MethodMattila, T., & de Boer, A. (2010) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/11585220-000000000-00000 · Cited by 59
Lei, C., Wu, B., Liu, M., & Chen, Y. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2014.08.030 · Cited by 56
“In fact, chronic hyperglycemia is associated with elevated risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality [3–6], and a systematic review concluded that intensive glycemic control can decrease the risk of some cardiovascular events [7].”
BackgroundTherapies for type 2 diabetes: lowering HbA1c and associated cardiovascular risk factors
Kurukulasuriya, L. R., & Sowers, J. R. (2010) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/1475-2840-9-45 · Cited by 57
A1C targets should be personalized to maximize benefits while limiting risks
Riddle, M. C., Gerstein, H. C., Holman, R. R., Inzucchi, S. E., Zinman, B., Zoungas, S., & Cefalu, W. T. (2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci18-0018 · Cited by 54
“analysis using slightly different methods obtained similar results (27).”
ResultHbA1c and all-cause mortality risk among patients with type 2 diabetes
Li, W., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Horswell, R. L., Wang, Y., Johnson, J. L., & Hu, G. (2015) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.09.070 · Cited by 54
“Two meta-analyses of relevant RCTs indicated that intensive glucose control could reduce the risk of some cardiovascular diseases (such as nonfatal MI and coronary events), but did not reduce the risks of all-cause and CVD-related mortality [28, 29].”
Overall Mortality in Diabetes Mellitus: Where Do We Stand Today?
DAILEY, G. E. (2011) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2011.0019 · Cited by 52
“21 Based on similar data sources, the analyses are consistent in showing a significant reduction in CVD with intensive versus conventional therapy and, in particular, a reduction in myocardial infarction.”
Individualizing Targets and Tactics for High-Risk Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Riddle, M. C., & Karl, D. M. (2012) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-0650 · Cited by 51
Buehler, A. M., Cavalcanti, A. B., Berwanger, O. B., Figueiró, M. F., Laranjeira, L. N., Zazula, A. D., Kioshi, B., Bugano, D. D. G., Santucci, E. V., Sbruzzi, G., et al. (2011) · Cardiovascular Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/j.1755-5922.2011.00308.x · Cited by 48
“Our results are consistent with previous meta-analyses [21–27], despite some differences have to be highlighted.”
ResultCosmo, S. D., Viazzi, F. C., Pacilli, A., Giorda, C. B., Ceriello, A., Gentile, S., Russo, G. T., Rossi, M. C., Nicolucci, A., Guida, P., et al. (2015) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfv101 · Cited by 52
Cardiovascular Benefits of Exogenous Insulin
Chaudhuri, A., Dandona, P., & Fonseca, V. A. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-1112 · Cited by 49
Self-citationBasile, J. (2013) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2012.12.004 · Cited by 47
“However, in these same studies, aggressive glucose control did not reduce macrovascular outcomes in patients with characteristics such as long-standing disease, advanced age and frailty, low awareness of hypoglycemia, significant comorbidities, and/or pre-existing macrovascular disease (ACCORD Study Group, 2008; ADVAN…”
Backgroundde Leeuw, A. E., & de Boer, R. A. (2016) · European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1093/ehjcvp/pvw009 · Cited by 46
“Furthermore, the CV mortality and all-cause mortality are generally not decreased, indicating glycaemic control alone is not enough to tackle the problem of CV risk in diabetic patients.(4,101,102) As mentioned above, trials have suggested that SGLT2 inhibitors are able to lower HbA1c and fasting blood”
BackgroundEsposti, L. D., Esposti, D., Buda, Saragoni, & Sturani, A. (2013) · ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research · doi:10.2147/ceor.s41846 · Cited by 46
“quent costs may be increased in patients with therapy targeted to very tight glycemic control.(12) Estimates of the direct medical costs attributed to diabetes are essential to be able to assess the financial burden of the disease and plan for future health care needs.”
Davydow, D. S., Russo, J. E., Ludman, E. J., Ciechanowski, P. S., Lin, E. H. B., Korff, M. V., Oliver, M. M., & Katon, W. J. (2011) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/j.psym.2010.12.020 · Cited by 46
Metadata
- Authors
- Kelly, T. N., Bazzano, L. A., Fonseca, V. A., Thethi, T. K., Reynolds, K., & He, J.
- Affiliations
- Tulane University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kelly, Tanika N.
- Venue
- Annals of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American College of Physicians
- Published
- 2009-09-15
- Volume
- 151
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 394-403
- ISSN
- 0003-4819 (ISSN-L)
- 1539-3704
- PMC
- PMC3058557
- OpenAlex
- W2166180770
- Cited by
- 358
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 40
- FWCI
- 6.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K08HL091108)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K12HD043451)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, tight glycemic control, glycemic targets, cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, severe hypoglycemia, myocardial infarction, glycemic control
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cause of Death, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Hypoglycemia, Hypoglycemic Agents, Risk Factors
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