Prognostic Accuracy of the Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment for Mortality in Patients With Suspected Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Abstract
Background: The quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) has been proposed for prediction of mortality in patients with suspected infection. Purpose: To summarize and compare the prognostic accuracy of qSOFA and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria for prediction of mortality in adult patients with suspected infection. Data Sources: Four databases from inception through November 2017. Study Selection: English-language studies using qSOFA for prediction of mortality (in-hospital, 28-day, or 30-day) in adult patients with suspected infection in the intensive care unit (ICU), emergency department (ED), or hospital wards. Data Extraction: Two investigators independently extracted data and assessed study quality using standard criteria. Data Synthesis: Thirty-eight studies were included (n = 385 333). qSOFA was associated with a pooled sensitivity of 60.8% (95% CI, 51.4% to 69.4%) and a pooled specificity of 72.0% (CI, 63.4% to 79.2%) for mortality. The SIRS criteria were associated with a pooled sensitivity of 88.1% (CI, 82.3% to 92.1%) and a pooled specificity of 25.8% (CI, 17.1% to 36.9%). The pooled sensitivity of qSOFA was higher in the ICU population (87.2% [CI, 75.8% to 93.7%]) than the non-ICU population (51.2% [CI, 43.6% to 58.7%]). The pooled specificity of qSOFA was higher in the non-ICU population (79.6% [CI, 73.3% to 84.7%]) than the ICU population (33.3% [CI, 23.8% to 44.4%]). Limitation: Potential risk of bias in included studies due to qSOFA interpretation and patient selection. Conclusion: qSOFA had poor sensitivity and moderate specificity for short-term mortality. The SIRS criteria had sensitivity superior to that of qSOFA, supporting their use for screening of patients and as a prompt for treatment initiation. Primary Funding Source: Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians. (PROSPERO: CRD42017075964).
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Studies investigating qSOFA as a sepsis screening tool have produced contradictory results.
“Since that time numerous studies have investigated the potential use of the qSOFA as a screening tool for sepsis [40–42]. The results have been contradictory as to its usefulness.”
From Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021 (2021) · cites this paper as [40]
qSOFA is more specific but less sensitive than two of four SIRS criteria for early identification of infection-induced organ dysfunction.
“Studies have shown that qSOFA is more specific but less sensitive than having two of four SIRS criteria for early identification of infection induced organ dysfunction [40–43].”
From Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021 (2021) · cites this paper as [40]
Neither SIRS nor qSOFA are ideal sepsis screening tools.
“Neither SIRS nor qSOFA are ideal screening tools for sepsis and the bedside clinician needs to understand the limitations of each.”
From Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021 (2021) · cites this paper as [40]
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- Authors
- Fernando, S. M., Tran, A., Taljaard, M., Cheng, W., Rochwerg, B., Seely, A. J. E., & Perry, J. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (CA)
- McMaster University (CA)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Annals of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American College of Physicians
- Published
- 2018-02-20
- Volume
- 168
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 266-275
- ISSN
- 0003-4819 (ISSN-L)
- 1539-3704
- OpenAlex
- W2788736459
- Cited by
- 281
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 25 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 5.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Inflammation biomarkers and pathways
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Abdominal Surgery and Complications
- Keywords
- qSOFA, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, mortality prediction, suspected infection, prognostic accuracy, sensitivity and specificity, intensive care unit, emergency department, sepsis screening
- MeSH terms
- Decision Support Techniques, Emergency Service, Hospital, Humans, Intensive Care Units, Predictive Value of Tests, Prognosis, Hospital Mortality, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Sepsis, Organ Dysfunction Scores
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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