Cited by 4,147Cultural Differences and ValuesValues and Moral EducationSocial and Intergroup Psychology

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An Overview of the Schwartz Theory of Basic Values

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Schwartz, Shalom H.·2012·Online Readings in Psychology and Culture

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Abstract

This article presents an overview of the Schwartz theory of basic human values. It discusses the nature of values and spells out the features that are common to all values and what distinguishes one value from another. The theory identifies ten basic personal values that are recognized across cultures and explains where they come from. At the heart of the theory is the idea that values form a circular structure that reflects the motivations each value expresses. This circular structure, that captures the conflicts and compatibility among the ten values is apparently culturally universal. The article elucidates the psychological principles that give rise to it. Next, it presents the two major methods developed to measure the basic values, the Schwartz Value Survey and the Portrait Values Questionnaire. Findings from 82 countries, based on these and other methods, provide evidence for the validity of the theory across cultures. The findings reveal substantial differences in the value priorities of individuals. Surprisingly, however, the average value priorities of most societal groups exhibit a similar hierarchical order whose existence the article explains. The last section of the article clarifies how values differ from other concepts used to explain behavior—attitudes, beliefs, norms, and traits.

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Authors: Schwartz, S. H.
Affiliations: Hebrew University of Jerusalem (IL)
Corresponding author: Schwartz, Shalom H.
ORCID: Schwartz, Shalom H.
Venue: Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
Publisher: Grand Valley State University Libraries - DIGITAL COMMONS JOURNALS
Published: 2012-12-01
Volume: 2
Issue: 1
ISSN: 2307-0919 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.9707/2307-0919.1116
OpenAlex: W1986829999
Cited by: 4,147
References: 44
Citations by year: 2026: 391 · 2025: 491 · 2024: 438 · 2023: 475 · 2022: 437 · 2021: 437 · 2020: 418 · 2019: 355 · 2018: 226 · 2017: 184 · 2016: 136 · 2015: 101 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 11
FWCI: 76.24
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: diamond
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ (vor)
Locations: Online Readings in Psychology and Culture (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
ScholarWorks - GVSU (Grand Valley State University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
Social Sciences › Education › Values and Moral Education
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Keywords: basic human values, cross-cultural universality, Schwartz Value Survey, Portrait Values Questionnaire, value priorities, value hierarchy, value measurement

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An Overview of the Schwartz Theory of Basic Values

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