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An Overview of the Schwartz Theory of Basic Values
Open accessAbstract
This article presents an overview of the Schwartz theory of basic human values. It discusses the nature of values and spells out the features that are common to all values and what distinguishes one value from another. The theory identifies ten basic personal values that are recognized across cultures and explains where they come from. At the heart of the theory is the idea that values form a circular structure that reflects the motivations each value expresses. This circular structure, that captures the conflicts and compatibility among the ten values is apparently culturally universal. The article elucidates the psychological principles that give rise to it. Next, it presents the two major methods developed to measure the basic values, the Schwartz Value Survey and the Portrait Values Questionnaire. Findings from 82 countries, based on these and other methods, provide evidence for the validity of the theory across cultures. The findings reveal substantial differences in the value priorities of individuals. Surprisingly, however, the average value priorities of most societal groups exhibit a similar hierarchical order whose existence the article explains. The last section of the article clarifies how values differ from other concepts used to explain behavior—attitudes, beliefs, norms, and traits.
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“It has been suggested that self-control is a facet of conscientiousness within the Big Five personality framework (Roberts, Chernyshenko, Stark, & Goldberg, 2005;Tangney et al., 2004) and associated with conformity in Schwartz' theory of basic values (Schwartz, 2012).”
From Relationships between functional food consumption and individual traits and values: A segmentation approach (2021) · cites this paper as Schwartz, 2012
In the citing paper
“The choices of individual domain-specific traits and values included in this study are both theoretically grounded in the personality and social psychology literature (McCrae & Costa, 1995;Rokeach, 1973;Schwartz, 2012) and are operationally robust in the assessment of constructs (e.g., Tangney et al., 2004).”
From Relationships between functional food consumption and individual traits and values: A segmentation approach (2021) · cites this paper as Schwartz, 2012
Citations
Cites
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Global Evidence on Economic Preferences*
Falk, A., Becker, A., Dohmen, T., Enke, B., Huffman, D., & Sunde, U. (2018) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjy013 · Cited by 1,724
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Estrin, S., Mickiewicz, T. M., & Stephan, U. (2016) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2016.05.003 · Cited by 521
Teachers’ Self-Efficacy: The Role of Personal Values and Motivations for Teaching
Barni, D., Danioni, F., & Benevene, P. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01645 · Cited by 410
Metadata
- Authors
- Schwartz, S. H.
- Affiliations
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Schwartz, Shalom H.
- ORCID
- Schwartz, Shalom H.
- Venue
- Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
- Published
- 2012-12-01
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 2307-0919 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1986829999
- Cited by
- 4,147
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 391 · 2025: 491 · 2024: 438 · 2023: 475 · 2022: 437 · 2021: 437 · 2020: 418 · 2019: 355 · 2018: 226 · 2017: 184 · 2016: 136 · 2015: 101 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 11
- FWCI
- 76.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Online Readings in Psychology and Culture (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- ScholarWorks - GVSU (Grand Valley State University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Social Sciences › Education › Values and Moral Education
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- basic human values, cross-cultural universality, Schwartz Value Survey, Portrait Values Questionnaire, value priorities, value hierarchy, value measurement
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