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Cited by 38Robotics and Automated SystemsArtificial Intelligence ApplicationsRobot Manipulation and Learning

Synergy Between AI and Robotics: A Comprehensive Integration

Open access
Ness, Stephanie, Shepherd, Nicki James, Xuan, Teo Rong·2023·Asian Journal of Research in Computer Science
DOI 10.9734/ajrcos/2023/v16i4372
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Abstract

The emergence of artificial intelligence is mostly linked to software-driven robotic systems, including mobile robots, unmanned aerial aircraft, and, to a growing extent, semi-autonomous automobiles. Nevertheless, the significant disparity between the algorithmic realm and the physical realm hinders current systems from achieving the desired outcome of creating intelligent and user-friendly robots that can effectively engage with and manipulate our human-centric environment. The nascent field of machine intelligence (MI), which combines robotics and artificial intelligence, strives to develop reliable and embodiment-aware artificial intelligence systems. These systems possess self-awareness and an understanding of their environment, enabling them to adapt to the interacting body they are operating. The incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics into control, perception, and machine-learning systems is necessary for the realization of fully autonomous intelligent systems in our everyday existence. This review provides an overview of the historical development of machine intelligence, tracing its origins to the twelfth century. It then proceeds to examine the present state of robotics and artificial intelligence (AI), discussing significant systems and contemporary research directions. Additionally, the article outlines the remaining challenges in these fields and speculates on the potential future of human-machine interactions that has yet to be realized.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review argues that AI and robotics are distinct but synergistic fields, and that their integration into perception, control, and machine learning is necessary for fully autonomous intelligent systems. It traces historical milestones and surveys applications, current systems, and future prospects for machine intelligence.

Key findings

  • AI and robotics are separate disciplines: AI resembles neural/brain networks and handles learning, problem-solving, and decision-making, while robotics provides physical bodies for designated physical tasks; their integration is powerful but not always indispensable.
  • The review highlights historical milestones including WaBot in 1973 as the first humanoid robot designed to replicate human motion, PUMA in 1978, reinforcement learning and Q-Learning in the 1980s–1989, and Honda’s P1 in the early 1990s with a height of 191.5 cm, weight of 175 kg, maximum walking speed of 2 km/h, and battery endurance of about 15 minutes.
  • In autonomous driving, Ernst Dickmanns and colleagues completed a Munich–Odense–Munich drive of approximately 1,758 km in 1995, with about 95% of the total distance traversable fully automatically.
  • Contemporary UAV examples include systems weighing about 1 kg, capable of about 16 minutes of flight, costing about €2,500; lower-intelligence flying robots cost €200–1,000, weigh several hundred grams, and fly for 10–30 minutes on average.
  • The paper cites a WEF forecast of a net increase of 12 million employment resulting from AI and robotics by 2025.

Methods

  • Narrative review article, not an empirical study; it provides a historical overview of machine intelligence and examines the present state of robotics and AI.
  • No sample, dataset, or statistical analysis is reported; the paper synthesizes literature, historical examples, and application domains.
  • The review covers robotics definitions, machine learning, AI–robotics distinctions, applications, modern era milestones, flying robots, mobile ground robots, tactile robotics, and future perspectives.

Limitations

  • The paper does not state explicit limitations.
  • Evident from the text: it is a broad narrative review without a systematic search strategy, inclusion criteria, or empirical validation.
  • Evident from the text: some sections are descriptive and rely on cited examples rather than original data or formal analysis.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.9734/ajrcos/2023/v16i4372

Cites

62 of 64 references verified0 citation errors · 2 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 56 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Premisenone given

    AI provides robots with computer vision, allowing them to traverse surroundings, recognize objects, and make appropriate responses based on observations.

    “Artificial intelligence (AI) provides robots with the capability of computer vision, which allows them to effectively traverse their surroundings, recognize objects, and make appropriate responses based on their observations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Premisecitation

    Machine learning is playing a crucial role in enhancing the intelligence and adaptability of robots across various domains, from household robots to industrial robots.

    “Machine learning is playing a crucial role in enhancing the intelligence and adaptability of robots across various domains, ranging from household robots such as vacuum cleaners to industrial robots employed in manufacturing facilities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [10]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [11]

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    • cites [12]

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  • Premisecitation

    The convergence of robots and artificial intelligence is rapidly emerging as a catalyst for the development of novel industries, state-of-the-art technology, and enhanced productivity and efficiency across established sectors.

    “The convergence of robots and artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly emerging as a catalyst for the development of novel industries, state-ofthe-art technology, and enhanced productivity and efficiency across established sectors [1].”
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    • cites [1]

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  • Premisecitation

    This methodology facilitates real-time awareness to machines, empowering robots to make judgments and take actions at a significantly faster pace than humans.

    “This methodology facilitates the provision of real-time awareness to machines, hence empowering robots to make judgments and take actions at a significantly faster pace than what is achievable by humans [26].”
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    • cites [26]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Premisecitation

    Machine learning has emerged as a potent instrument for enabling robots to perform complex tasks.

    “Machine learning has emerged as a potent instrument for enabling robots to perform complex tasks.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [10]

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    • cites [11]

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    • cites [12]

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  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 43
  • May combine two claims. 13

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The significance of integrating perception, AI, and robotics with pervasive control and machine-learning functions lies in its ability to facilitate the development of fully autonomous AI robots, autonomous vehicles, aerial taxis, networked cyber-physical systems, molecular robots for drug delivery, and other intelligent systems.

    “Its significance lies in its ability to facilitate the development of fully autonomous AI robots, autonomous vehicles, aerial taxis, networked cyber-physical systems, molecular robots for drug delivery, and other intelligent systems.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Significant advancements in AI in recent years have led to its seamless integration with robotics, which may be seen as a logical and organic evolution.

    “Significant advancements have been achieved in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) in recent years, leading to its seamless integration with robotics, which may be seen as a logical and organic evolution.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Mobile robot applications span from industrial contexts to hazardous situations, including disaster zones, where human presence is perilous.

    “These applications span from industrial contexts to hazardous situations, including disaster zones, where human presence is perilous.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [66]

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    Premisecitation

    These advancements have resulted in the emergence of increasingly feasible and functional robotic systems.

    “These advancements have resulted in the emergence of increasingly feasible and functional robotic systems [35,36].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [35]

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    • cites [36]

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    The overarching objective of the field of machine intelligence is to develop a reliable and perceptive AI that possesses self-awareness and environmental awareness.

    “The overarching objective of the field of machine intelligence (MI) is to develop a reliable and perceptive artificial intelligence (AI) that possesses self-awareness and environmental awareness.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    This technological innovation has the potential to fundamentally transform the manner in which individuals utilize and engage with robotic systems in their everyday activities.

    “This technological innovation has the potential to fundamentally transform the manner in which individuals utilize and engage with robotic systems in their everyday activities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Rollin'Justin is an example of a robot specifically designed to provide safe interaction between humans and robots.

    “Rollin'Justin is an example of a robot that has been specifically designed to provide safe interaction between humans and robots [67].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [67]

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The Shakey system was the first mobile robotic system to have been employed in practical applications.

    “The Shakey system holds significance in the annals of mobile robotics as it stands as the first mobile robotic system to have been employed in practical applications [65].”
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    • cites [65]

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    The utilization of AI in robotics necessitates processing substantial volumes of data acquired by sensors integrated within robots.

    “The utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of robotics necessitates the processing of substantial volumes of data acquired by sensors integrated within robots.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    As the level of interaction between these systems and humans increases, their capacity for learning also expands.

    “As the level of interaction between these systems and humans increases, their capacity for learning also expands.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Articulated robots are currently limited to the industrial sector due to safety concerns associated with human interaction and the intricate and specialized nature of their programming processes.

    “Articulated robots are currently limited to the industrial sector due to safety concerns associated with human interaction and the intricate and specialized nature of their programming processes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    The packaging business uses AI to enhance operational efficiency, enhance precision, and optimize cost-efficiency.

    “The packaging business use artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance operational efficiency, enhance precision, and optimize costefficiency.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Position-controlled rigid robots have been utilized in the industrial sector for over five decades to assist in assembly and welding processes.

    “Position-controlled rigid robots have been utilized in the industrial sector for over five decades to provide assistance in assembly and welding processes [71][72][73].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [71]

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    • cites [72]

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    • cites [73]

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The ongoing development of artificial intelligence in robotics is leading to a growing recognition of its practical applicability in various real-world contexts.

    “The ongoing development of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of robotics is leading to a growing recognition of its practical applicability in various real-world contexts [2].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [2]

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The Shakey system established the fundamental principles for hierarchical control architecture about four decades ago.

    “The aforementioned system established the fundamental principles for the development of technologies such as hierarchical control architecture about four decades ago.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [65]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Rollin'Justin has considerable potency, but its developmental trajectory did not prioritize cost-effective production, impeding its imminent commercial viability.

    “The present system has considerable potency; yet, its developmental trajectory did not prioritize costeffective production, hence impeding its imminent commercial viability [68].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [68]

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Robotics solutions have already demonstrated significant influence in various industries, including precise crop harvesting, efficient delivery services, and streamlined automobile assembly processes.

    “Robotics solutions have already demonstrated significant influence in various industries, encompassing tasks such as precise crop harvesting, efficient delivery services, and streamlined automobile assembly processes [9].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [9]

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    The utilization of AI has demonstrated immense value as a tool in robotic assembly, particularly within intricate manufacturing sectors like aerospace.

    “The utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) has demonstrated its immense value as a tool in the realm of robotic assembly, particularly within intricate manufacturing sectors like aerospace.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    Edge computing is an additional method by which AI is employed in robotics.

    “Edge computing is an additional method by which artificial intelligence (AI) is employed in the field of robotics.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The integration of artificial intelligence and robotics holds significant promise for transforming work responsibilities in many sectors.

    “The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics holds significant promise for transforming work responsibilities in many sectors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Premisecitation

    The nascent field of machine intelligence offers a comprehensive framework to tackle the disparity between the algorithmic and physical realms.

    “The nascent field of machine intelligence (MI) offers a comprehensive framework to tackle this concern [56].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [56]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • Rests on an assumption: There is a significant disparity between the algorithmic realm and the physical realm that hinders current systems from achieving intelligent and user-friendly robots that can effectively engage with and manipulate the human-centric environment.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    This advanced AI not only governs its actions, but also adjusts its control mechanisms to suit the intelligent entity it is intended to oversee.

    “This advanced AI not only governs its actions, but also adjusts its control mechanisms to suit the intelligent entity it is intended to oversee.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Artificial intelligence is significantly contributing to the transformation of various industries and enhancing the quality of everyday life.

    “Artificial intelligence (AI) is significantly contributing to the transformation of various industries and enhancing the quality of everyday life.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The integration of AI with robotics presents significant opportunities, resulting in enhanced production and efficiency, heightened safety measures, and enhanced adaptability for individuals across various occupational domains.

    “The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) with robotics presents significant opportunities, resulting in enhanced production and efficiency, heightened safety measures, and enhanced adaptability for individuals across various occupational domains [22,23].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [22]

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    • cites [23]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The World Economic Forum forecasts a net increase of 12 million employment resulting from the use of AI and robotics by the year 2025.

    “Despite apprehensions around the potential displacement of human labor by AI and robotics, the World Economic Forum (WEF) forecasts a net increase of 12 million employment resulting from the use of this technology by the year 2025 [4].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4]

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Machine learning is a prominent method by which AI is employed in robotics.

    “Machine learning is a prominent method by which artificial intelligence (AI) is employed in the field of robotics.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The utilization of AI-powered chatbots in customer support applications is experiencing growing prevalence.

    “The utilization of AI-powered chatbots in customer support applications is experiencing a growing prevalence.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [27]

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    • cites [28]

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    AI systems have the capability to operate autonomously, without requiring continuous instructions, as they are designed to acquire knowledge and adjust their behavior independently.

    “These systems have the capability to operate autonomously, without requiring continuous instructions, as they are designed to acquire knowledge and adjust their behavior independently [15][16][17].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
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    • cites [16]

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    • cites [17]

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Although integration of AI into robotics has the potential to augment robot capabilities and optimize decision-making, such integration is not always indispensable.

    “Although the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into robotics has the potential to augment the capabilities of robots and optimize their decisionmaking processes, it is important to note that such integration is not always indispensable.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Certain applications in robotics necessitate robots to perform predetermined behaviors without supplementary cognitive functionalities.

    “Certain applications in the field of robotics necessitate robots to perform predetermined behaviors without the inclusion of supplementary cognitive functionalities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisenone given

    Automated service agents possess the capability to address uncomplicated and repetitive inquiries without human intervention.

    “Automated service agents possess the capability to address uncomplicated and repetitive inquiries devoid of human intervention.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    These sensors facilitate the acquisition and adjustment of knowledge by robots, thereby enhancing their cognitive capabilities and enabling them to effectively respond and adapt to various situations.

    “These sensors facilitate the acquisition and adjustment of knowledge by robots, thereby enhancing their cognitive capabilities and enabling them to effectively respond and adapt to various situations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Subsequent to Shakey, a substantial body of research in mobile robot platforms led to diverse methodologies tailored to a wide array of applications.

    “Subsequent to this, a substantial body of research has been conducted in the domain of mobile robot platforms, leading to the emergence of diverse methodologies tailored to a wide array of applications [66].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [66]

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The contemporary epoch of robotics and AI is distinguished by progressive reduction in size of electrical and mechatronic components and substantial augmentation in computational capabilities.

    “The contemporary epoch of robotics and artificial intelligence is distinguished by the progressive reduction in size of electrical and mechatronic components, as well as a substantial augmentation in computational capabilities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [35]

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    • cites [36]

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Although the prevalence of AI in robotics is not yet extensive, its adoption is swiftly accelerating due to the increasing sophistication of AI systems.

    “Although the prevalence of AI in robotics is not yet extensive, its adoption is swiftly accelerating due to the increasing sophistication of AI systems.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    AI and robotics are separate yet interconnected disciplines.

    “While AI and robotics are occasionally utilized synonymously, they are, in fact, separate yet interconnected disciplines.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [18]

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    • cites [19]

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    • cites [20]

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    The utilization of improved visual systems in conjunction with AI facilitates the ability to make immediate adjustments and corrections in real-time.

    “The utilization of improved visual systems in conjunction with artificial intelligence (AI) facilitates the ability to make immediate adjustments and corrections in real-time.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    AI and robots possess a synergistic relationship that enables them to collaborate effectively, resulting in diverse advantages and progress across numerous domains.

    “Although AI and robots are distinct concepts, they possess a synergistic relationship that enables them to collaborate effectively, resulting in a diverse array of advantages and progress across numerous domains [18][19][20][21].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [18]

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    • cites [19]

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    • cites [20]

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    AI facilitates the acquisition of task-specific skills by robots through the utilization of diverse sensory inputs.

    “Artificial intelligence (AI) also facilitates the acquisition of task-specific skills by robots through the utilization of diverse sensory inputs”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisereasoning

    It is customary to establish a physical barrier, such as a safety fence, to maintain separation between humans and position-controlled rigid robots.

    “Consequently, it is customary to establish a physical barrier, such as a safety fence, to maintain separation between humans and these robots [74][75][76].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [74]

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    • cites [75]

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    • cites [76]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The integration of artificial intelligence's computing capacity with the physical capabilities of robots has the potential to facilitate exploration and invention, thereby bringing us closer to achieving true artificial general intelligence (AGI).

    “The integration of artificial intelligence's computing capacity with the physical capabilities of robots has the potential to facilitate exploration and invention, thereby bringing us closer to achieving true artificial general intelligence (AGI).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is an achievable goal.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    The expansion of the robotics skills database is anticipated to give rise to a multitude of novel applications, thereby progressively integrating robotics into everyday existence.

    “The expansion of the robotics skills database is anticipated to give rise to a multitude of novel applications, thereby progressively integrating robotics into our everyday existence [83].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [83]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    The aforementioned rudimentary robotic applications will be distributed through a cloud-based platform dedicated to robotic applications, ensuring accessibility to a wide array of users.

    “The aforementioned rudimentary robotic applications will be distributed through a cloud-based platform dedicated to robotic applications, so ensuring accessibility to a wide array of users [82].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [82]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Systems such as the Barrett WAM arm and the DLR lightweight robot series have emerged, with their arm technology afterwards serving as the foundation for the development of the LWR iiwa robot by KUKA.

    “Systems like as the Barrett WAM arm and the DLR lightweight robot series have emerged as a result, with their arm technology afterwards serving as the foundation for the development of the LWR iiwa robot by KUKA [77].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [77]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The specialist offers fundamental robot functionalities, which are afterwards assembled and utilized by the user to execute intricate procedures and achieve solutions.

    “The specialist offers fundamental robot functionalities, which are afterwards assembled and utilized by the user to execute intricate procedures and achieve solutions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [81]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    By providing AI systems with the opportunity to engage in the exploration and experimentation of tangible items, it becomes feasible for them to attain a more profound level of comprehension, akin to that of a human child.

    “By providing AI systems with the opportunity to engage in the exploration and experimentation of tangible items, it becomes feasible for them to attain a more profound level of comprehension, akin to that of a human child.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
46 of 46

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is a significant disparity between the algorithmic realm and the physical realm that hinders current systems from achieving intelligent and user-friendly robots that can effectively engage with and manipulate the human-centric environment.

    “Nevertheless, the significant disparity between the algorithmic realm and the physical realm hinders current systems from achieving the desired outcome of creating intelligent and userfriendly robots that can effectively engage with and manipulate our human-centric environment.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The incorporation of AI and robotics into control, perception, and machine-learning systems is necessary for the realization of fully autonomous intelligent systems in everyday existence.

    “The incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics into control, perception, and machine-learning systems is necessary for the realization of fully autonomous intelligent systems in our everyday existence.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The development of sophisticated, intricate, and user-friendly robotic systems capable of effectively engaging with and controlling the human-centric environment is still a considerable distance away.

    “It is evident that the development of sophisticated, intricate, and user-friendly robotic systems capable of effectively engaging with and controlling our human-centric environment is still a considerable distance away.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    To address the disparity between the algorithmic and physical realms, it is imperative to establish a more efficient integration between the realms of algorithms and the physical world.

    “To address this disparity, it is imperative to establish a more efficient integration between the realms of algorithms and the physical world.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is an achievable goal.

    “hence advancing its progress towards attaining genuine Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) [84].”
5 of 5

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Hirzinger attribution points to unrelated authors

    Minor

    The Rotex account cites [48,49] and names Gerd Hirzinger as the research leader, but neither numbered reference lists him as an author.

  • Neville Hogan attribution points to a Guzman reference

    Minor

    The text names Neville Hogan alongside citation [45], but reference [45] is attributed to Guzman.

  • Oussama Khatib attribution points to different authors

    Minor

    The cited 1986 work is attributed to Oussama Khatib in the text, while reference [46] lists Henderson and Clark and is dated 1990.

  • Chris Watkin attribution points to different authors

    Minor

    The passage identifies Chris Watkin as the source of the cited work, but reference [44] lists Graetz and Michaels.

  • Burgard attribution points to a Klepper reference

    Minor

    The passage cites [53] for work by Wolfram Burgard and colleagues, but reference [53] lists Klepper as its author.

  • Khatib attribution points to a Hoffman reference

    Minor

    The passage cites [47] for work by Khatib, but reference [47] lists Hoffman, Kahn, and Li.

  • Smith and Cheeseman attribution points to different authors

    Minor

    The passage attributes the cited 1986 contributions to RC Smith and P Cheeseman; reference [52] instead lists Kirkman and Mathieu and is dated 2005.

  • Witten attribution points to different authors

    Minor

    The text cites [39,40] for Witten's work, but neither numbered reference lists Witten as an author.

  • Arthur Samuel attribution points to different authors

    Minor

    The passage attributes the cited work to Arthur Samuel, whereas reference [42] lists Goldfarb and Trefler.

  • Dickmanns attribution points to different authors

    Minor

    The text associates citation [50] with Ernst Dickmanns's autonomous-driving work, but reference [50] lists Katila and Ahuja.

10 of 10

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Ness, S., Shepherd, N. J., & Xuan, T. R.
Affiliations
  • Diplomatic Academy of Vienna (AT)
  • The University of Law (GB)
  • Tsinghua University (CN)
ORCID
Ness, Stephanie
Venue
Asian Journal of Research in Computer Science
Publisher
Sciencedomain International
Published
2023-09-29
Volume
16
Issue
4
Pages
80-94
ISSN
2581-8260 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.9734/ajrcos/2023/v16i4372
OpenAlex
W4387220539
Cited by
38
References
46
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 3
FWCI
4.08
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Asian Journal of Research in Computer Science (publishedVersion)
  • Asian Journal of Research in Computer Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • HAL (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Robotics and Automated Systems
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Artificial Intelligence Applications
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Robot Manipulation and Learning
Keywords
machine intelligence, human-machine interaction, autonomous robots, mobile robots, unmanned aerial vehicles, semi-autonomous vehicles, robot perception, robot control, future of robotics

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-11-03.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-11-03.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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