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Cited by 100Vitamin D Research StudiesAutism Spectrum Disorder ResearchSexual Differentiation and Disorders

Maternal vitamin D levels and the autism phenotype among offspring

Whitehouse, Andrew J. O., Holt, Barbara J., Serralha, Michael, Holt, Patrick G., Hart, Prue H., Kusel, Merci M. H.·2013·Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
DOI 10.1007/s10803-012-1676-8
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Abstract

We tested whether maternal vitamin D insufficiency during pregnancy is related to the autism phenotype. Serum 25(OH)-vitamin D concentrations of 929 women were measured at 18 weeks' pregnancy. The mothers of the three children with a clinical diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder had 25(OH)-vitamin D concentrations above the population mean. The offspring of 406 women completed the Autism-Spectrum Quotient in early adulthood. Maternal 25(OH)-vitamin D concentrations were unrelated to offspring scores on the majority of scales. However, offspring of mothers with low 25(OH)-vitamin D concentrations (<49 nmol/L) were at increased risk for 'high' scores (≥2SD above mean) on the Attention Switching subscale (odds ratio: 5.46, 95% confidence interval: 1.29, 23.05). The involvement of maternal vitamin D during pregnancy in autism requires continued investigation.

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Crossref · 10.1007/s10803-012-1676-8

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  • Whitehouse et al. (2013) had only 14% of offspring from the original cohort complete the study, and the high attrition rate was biased toward the loss of mothers with lower socioeconomic status.

    “A limitation of this study is that only 14% of offspring from the original cohort completed the study. The high attrition rate was biased toward the loss of mothers with lower socioeconomic status.”

    From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [100]

  • Only three males were clinically diagnosed with ASD at follow up in Whitehouse et al. (2013), and extrapolating these results to the broader ASD population should be done with caution.

    “It should be noted that only three males were clinically diagnosed with ASD at follow up and extrapolating these results to the broader ASD population should be done with caution.”

    From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [100]

  • Compared to children of mothers in the higher tertiles, children of mothers in the lower tertile (25(OH)D <45 nmol/L) had higher scores on the attention switching subscale (OR 5.46, 95% CI 1.29-23.05, p < 0.05) while controlling for several potential confounders, including season of blood collection.

    “However, compared to children of mothers in the higher tertiles, children of mothers in the lower tertile (25(OH)D <45 nmol/L) had higher scores on attention switching subscale (OR 5.46, 95% CI, 1.29–23.05, p < 0.05) while controlling for several potential confounders, including season of blood collection.”

    From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [100]

  • Whitehouse et al. (2013) did not find any difference in 25(OH)D concentrations among mothers of children with and without clinical ASD (n = 929) while controlling for several variables.

    “The authors did not find any difference in 25(OH)D concentrations among mothers of children with and without clinical ASD (n = 929) while controlling for several variables (maternal education, socioeconomic status, maternal race, age at conception, maternal smoking, alcohol intake during pregnancy, parity, infant health and sex).”

    From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [100]

  • Maternal 25(OH)D concentrations were not associated with the total score and four out of five subscales of Autism Like Quotient among 406 offspring.

    “Maternal 25(OH)D concentrations were not associated with the total score and four out of five subscales of Autism Like Quotient (autistic-like traits) among 406 offspring.”

    From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [100]

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Authors
Whitehouse, A. J. O., Holt, B. J., Serralha, M., Holt, P. G., Hart, P. H., & Kusel, M. M. H.
Affiliations
The Kids Research Institute Australia (AU)
Corresponding author
Whitehouse, Andrew J. O.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2012-10-16
Volume
43
Issue
7
Pages
1495-1504
ISSN
  • 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
  • 1573-3432
DOI
10.1007/s10803-012-1676-8
OpenAlex
W2073480924
Cited by
100
References
37
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 4
FWCI
5.30
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Raine Medical Research Foundation
  • Women and Infants Research Foundation
  • National Health and Medical Research Council
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
Keywords
maternal vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, autism spectrum disorder, autism phenotype, offspring, attentional shift, Autism Spectrum Quotient, pregnancy
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Risk Factors, Vitamin D, Vitamin D Deficiency, Western Australia, Cohort Studies

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