Updating the Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults: Results of a US Consensus Panel of Experts
Abstract
Background Medication toxic effects and drug-related problems can have profound medical and safety consequences for older adults and economically affect the health care system. The purpose of this initiative was to revise and update the Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in adults 65 years and older in the United States. Methods This study used a modified Delphi method, a set of procedures and methods for formulating a group judgment for a subject matter in which precise information is lacking. The criteria reviewed covered 2 types of statements: (1) medications or medication classes that should generally be avoided in persons 65 years or older because they are either ineffective or they pose unnecessarily high risk for older persons and a safer alternative is available and (2) medications that should not be used in older persons known to have specific medical conditions. Results This study identified 48 individual medications or classes of medications to avoid in older adults and their potential concerns and 20 diseases/conditions and medications to be avoided in older adults with these conditions. Of these potentially inappropriate drugs, 66 were considered by the panel to have adverse outcomes of high severity. Conclusions This study is an important update of previously established criteria that have been widely used and cited. The application of the Beers criteria and other tools for identifying potentially inappropriate medication use will contin…
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Use of anticholinergic drugs among people with dementia is recognised as inappropriate by both the Beers and the Screening Tool of Older Persons' potentially inappropriate Prescriptions (STOPP) criteria.
“Use of anticholinergic drugs among people with dementia is recognised as inappropriate by both the Beers and the Screening Tool of Older Persons' potentially inappropriate Prescriptions (STOPP) criteria.10 11”
From Anticholinergic drugs and risk of dementia: case-control study (2018) · cites this paper as [10]
Cites
Inflammatory markers in major depression and melancholia.
Rothermundt, M., Arolt, V., Peters, M., Gutbrodt, H., Fenker, J., Kersting, A., & Kirchner, H. (2001) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00157-9 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Diamond, I. R., Grant, R. C., Feldman, B. M., Pencharz, P. B., Ling, S. C., Moore, A. M., & Wales, P. W. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.12.002 · Cited by 3,740 · see citing works
By the 2019 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria® Update Expert Panel (2019) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.15767 · Cited by 3,163 · see citing works
By the American Geriatrics Society 2015 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel (2015) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.13702 · Cited by 2,609 · see citing works
The American Geriatrics Society 2012 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel (2012) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.03923.x · Cited by 2,578 · see citing works
Cumulative Use of Strong Anticholinergics and Incident Dementia: A Prospective Cohort Study
Gray, S. L., Anderson, M. L., Dublin, S., Hanlon, J. T., Hubbard, R., Walker, R., Yu, O., Crane, P. K., & Larson, E. B. (2015) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.7663 · Cited by 1,111 · see citing works
The anticholinergic risk scale and anticholinergic adverse effects in older persons
Rudolph, J. L. (2008) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2007.106 · Cited by 835 · see citing works
Benzodiazepine Use in the United States
Olfson, M., King, M., & Schoenbaum, M. (2015) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1763 · Cited by 786 · see citing works
Polypharmacy Among Adults Aged 65 Years and Older in the United States: 1988–2010
Charlesworth, C. J., Smit, E., Lee, D. S. H., Alramadhan, F., & Odden, M. C. (2015) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/glv013 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Effros, R. B., Fletcher, C. V., Gebo, K., Halter, J. B., Hazzard, W. R., Horne, F. M., Huebner, R. E., Janoff, E. N., Justice, A. C., Kuritzkes, D., et al. (2008) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/590150 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Anticholinergic drugs and risk of dementia: case-control study
Richardson, K., Fox, C., Maidment, I., Steel, N., Loke, Y. K., Arthur, A., Myint, P. K., Grossi, C. M., Mattishent, K., Bennett, K., et al. (2018) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.k1315 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Risks of Self-Medication Practices
Ruiz, M. (2010) · Current Drug Safety · doi:10.2174/157488610792245966 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Predicting risk of adverse drug reactions in older adults
Lavan, A. H., & Gallagher, P. (2016) · Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety · doi:10.1177/2042098615615472 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Reynolds, C. F., Jeste, D. V., Sachdev, P. S., & Blazer, D. G. (2022) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20996 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Slee, A., Nazareth, I., Bondaronek, P., Liu, Y., Cheng, Z., & Freemantle, N. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31793-8 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Polypharmacy as a risk factor for adverse drug reactions in geriatric nursing home residents
Nguyen, J. K., Fouts, M. M., Kotabe, S. E., & Lo, E. (2006) · The American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.amjopharm.2006.03.002 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Gitlin, L. N., Winter, L., Dennis, M. P., Hodgson, N., & Hauck, W. W. (2010) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.02971.x · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Comparative Effectiveness of Pain Management Interventions for Hip Fracture: A Systematic Review
Abou-Setta, A. M., Beaupre, L. A., Rashiq, S., Dryden, D. M., Hamm, M. P., Sadowski, C. A., Menon, M. R. G., Majumdar, S. R., Wilson, D. M., Karkhaneh, M., et al. (2011) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-155-4-201108160-00346 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
The clinical implications of ageing for rational drug therapy
Shi, S., Mörike, K., & Klotz, U. (2008) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-007-0422-1 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Gould, R. L., Coulson, M. C., Patel, N., Highton-Williamson, E., & Howard, R. J. (2014) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.126003 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Loya, A. M., González-Stuart, A., & Rivera, J. O. (2009) · Drugs & Aging · doi:10.2165/00002512-200926050-00006 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Morandi, A., Vasilevskis, E., Pandharipande, P. P., Girard, T. D., Solberg, L. M., Neal, E. B., Koestner, T., Torres, R. E., Thompson, J. L., Shintani, A. K., et al. (2013) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.12329 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citationIdentifying potentially inappropriate prescribing in older people with dementia: a systematic review
Hukins, D., Macleod, U., & Boland, J. W. (2019) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-018-02612-x · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Banerjee, A., Mbamalu, D., Ebrahimi, S., Khan, A. A., & Chan, T. F. (2011) · International Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1186/1865-1380-4-22 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Medication Adherence Among Geriatric Outpatients Prescribed Multiple Medications
Tsai, K.-T., Chen, J.-H., Wen, C.-J., Kuo, H.-K., Lu, I.-S., Chiu, L.-S., Wu, S.-C., & Chan, D.-C. (2012) · The American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.amjopharm.2011.11.005 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Clyne, B., Bradley, M. C., Hughes, C. M., Clear, D., McDonnell, R., Williams, D., Fahey, T., & Smith, S. M. (2013) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-13-307 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Use of CNS medications and cognitive decline in the aged: a longitudinal population-based study
Puustinen, J., Nurminen, J., Löppönen, M., Vahlberg, T., Isoaho, R., Räihä, I., & Kivelä, S.-L. (2011) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2318-11-70 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Benzodiazepine use and quality of sleep in the community-dwelling elderly population
Béland, S.-G., Préville, M., Dubois, M.-F., Lorrain, D., Grenier, S., Voyer, P., Pérodeau, G., & Moride, Y. (2010) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607861003781833 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Grant, A. M., Guthrie, B., & Dreischulte, T. (2014) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004153 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Tsunoda, K., Uchida, H., Suzuki, T., Watanabe, K., Yamashima, T., & Kashima, H. (2010) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.2465 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Bourgeois, J., Elseviers, M. M., Azermai, M., Van Bortel, L., Petrovic, M., & Vander Stichele, R. R. (2014) · European Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eurger.2013.11.005 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Ten ways to improve the care of elderly patients in the hospital
Labella, A. M., Merel, S. E., & Phelan, E. A. (2011) · Journal of Hospital Medicine · doi:10.1002/jhm.900 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Bali, V., Chatterjee, S., Carnahan, R. M., Chen, H., Johnson, M. L., & Aparasu, R. R. (2015) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201500011 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
- Authors
- Fick, D. M., Cooper, J. W., Wade, W. E., Waller, J. L., Maclean, J. R., & Beers, M. H.
- Affiliations
- Augusta University (US)
- University of Georgia (US)
- Venue
- Archives of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2003-12-08
- Volume
- 163
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- 2716
- ISSN
- 0003-9926 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2158087005
- Cited by
- 2,389
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 81 · 2016: 129 · 2015: 109 · 2014: 143 · 2013: 163 · 2012: 254
- FWCI
- 86.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pharmaceutical studies and practices
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Pharmacy and Medical Practices
- Keywords
- Beers criteria, potentially inappropriate medications, older adults, drug-related problems, drug safety, adverse drug reactions, medication avoidance, Delphi method, geriatric pharmacotherapy
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Delphi Technique, Drug Therapy, Humans, Medication Errors, Practice Patterns, Physicians', Drug Prescriptions, United States, Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
