CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 255Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsCancer-related cognitive impairment studies

Change in Cognitive Function by Glucose Tolerance Status in Older Adults: A 4-Year Prospective Study of the Rancho Bernardo Study Cohort

Kanaya, Alka M., Barrett-Connor, Elizabeth, Gildengorin, Ginny, Yaffe, Kristine·2004·Archives of Internal Medicine
DOI 10.1001/archinte.164.12.1327
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

BACKGROUND: A few studies have examined change in cognitive performance by diabetes status with disparate results. We examined the 4-year change in cognitive performance among older adults according to glucose tolerance status. METHODS: Three cognitive tests (Mini-Mental State Examination, Verbal Fluency [VF] test, and Trail-Making Test B) were measured 4 years apart in 999 white men and women aged 42 to 89 years, who were enrolled in the Rancho Bernardo Study. Participants were classified with normal (NGT), impaired (IGT) or diabetic glucose tolerance. Sex-specific linear regression models adjusted for age, education, depression score, apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele, and current estrogen use. We checked for mediation by further adjusting for total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels; blood pressure; glycohemoglobin level; and microalbuminuria, retinopathy, stroke, or coronary heart disease. RESULTS: At baseline, mean cognitive function scores did not differ between glucose tolerance groups. Women with diabetes mellitus had a 4-fold increased risk of a major cognitive decline on the VF test after 4 years compared with nondiabetic women. After multivariate adjustment, VF test scores at follow-up for women were 15.2 +/- 0.6 for those with diabetes, 16.7 +/- 0.4 for those with IGT, and 17.2 +/- 0.2 for those with NGT (P =.007). Glycohemoglobin attenuated this effect, but lipid levels, blood pressure, and microvascular or macrovascular disease did not. Performance on Mini-Mental State Examination and Trail-Making Test B did not differ by baseline glucose status. CONCLUSIONS: Elderly white women with diabetes had a more rapid decline in performance on the VF test compared with women with IGT or NGT. Better glucose control might ameliorate this decline.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1001/archinte.164.12.1327

Cites

32 of 32 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Six studies reported time-related changes as a continuous variable using either the MMSE or 3MS score in individuals with and without a history of diabetes.

    “Table 2 lists the six studies that reported time-related changes as a continuous variable using either the MMSE or 3MS score in individuals with and without a history of diabetes [49, 51, 52, 54, 65, 69].”

    From Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes—systematic overview of prospective observational studies (2005) · cites this paper as [69]

  • Two included studies reported that participants with impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance experience more cognitive decline than participants without.

    “Moreover, two of the studies included in this review reported that participants with impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance experience more cognitive decline than participants without, further supporting a link between cognitive decline and hyperglycaemia [51, 69, 70].”

    From Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes—systematic overview of prospective observational studies (2005) · cites this paper as [69]

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Kanaya, A. M., Barrett-Connor, E., Gildengorin, G., & Yaffe, K.
Affiliations
University of California, San Francisco (US)
Corresponding author
Kanaya, Alka M.
ORCID
Venue
Archives of Internal Medicine
Publisher
American Medical Association (AMA)
Published
2004-06-28
Volume
164
Issue
12
Pages
1327
ISSN
0003-9926 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1001/archinte.164.12.1327
OpenAlex
W1973403495
Cited by
255
References
32
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 14
FWCI
7.97
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Archives of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute on Aging (AG00888, R01AG007181, P30AG015272)
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK031801)
  • National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (K12AR047659)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Cancer-related cognitive impairment studies
Keywords
glucose tolerance, diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance, cognitive decline, verbal fluency, older women, glycohemoglobin, glycemic control, Rancho Bernardo Study, sex differences
MeSH terms
Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Blood Glucose, Blood Pressure, California, Cognition, Diabetes Mellitus, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Cholesterol, HDL, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Sex Factors, Statistics as Topic, Systole, Vascular Diseases, Cohort Studies, Biomarkers, Multivariate Analysis, Glucose Intolerance

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review