Magnitude of cognitive dysfunction in adults with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of six cognitive domains and the most frequently reported neuropsychological tests within domains
Open accessAbstract
The objectives were to conduct a meta-analysis in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) standards to determine effect sizes (Cohen's d) for cognitive dysfunction in adults with type 2 diabetes, relative to nondiabetic controls, and to obtain effect sizes for the most commonly reported neuropsychological tests within domains. Twenty-four studies, totaling 26,137 patients (n = 3351 with diabetes), met study inclusion criteria. Small to moderate effect sizes were obtained for five of six domains: motor function (3 studies, n = 2374; d = −0.36), executive function (12 studies, n = 1784; d = −0.33), processing speed (16 studies, n = 3076; d = −0.33), verbal memory (15 studies, n = 4,608; d = −0.28), and visual memory (6 studies, n = 1754; d = −0.26). Effect size was smallest for attention/concentration (14 studies, n = 23,143; d = −0.19). The following tests demonstrated the most notable performance decrements in diabetes samples: Grooved Pegboard (dominant hand) (d = −0.60), Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (immediate) (d = −0.40), Trails B (d = −0.39), Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure (delayed) (d = −0.38), Trails A (d = −0.34), and Stroop Part I (d = −0.28). This study provides effect sizes to power future epidemiological and clinical diabetes research studies examining cognitive function and to help inform the selection of neuropsychological tests. (JINS, 2014, 20, 1–14)
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Diabetes is associated with cognitive decrements, which can substantially impact management.
“Importantly, diabetes is associated with cognitive decrements, which can substantially impact management (308,309).”
From Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes, 2022. A Consensus Report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) (2022) · cites this paper as [309]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports small to moderate cognitive performance decrements in people with type 2 diabetes relative to controls. The Introduction (page unavailable) links cognitive assessment to poor diabetes self-management, but does not establish that the decrements substantially affect management. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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- Authors
- Palta, P., Schneider, A. L. C., Biessels, G. J., Touradji, P., & Hill-Briggs, F.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- Venue
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2014-02-20
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 278-291
- ISSN
- 1355-6177 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7661
- PMC
- PMC4132660
- OpenAlex
- W2144138308
- Cited by
- 364
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 2.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5p60dk079637-02)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32HL007055)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P60 DK-079637, T32DK062707)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Cancer-related cognitive impairment studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, cognitive impairment, executive function, processing speed, verbal memory, visual memory, attention and concentration, motor function, neuropsychological assessment, effect size, Grooved Pegboard, Stroop task, Trail Making Test, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test
- MeSH terms
- Cognition Disorders, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Neuropsychological Tests
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