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Cited by 238Influenza Virus Research StudiesPneumonia and Respiratory InfectionsRespiratory viral infections research

Bacterial Pneumonia During the Hong Kong Influenza Epidemic of 1968-1969: Experience in a City-County Hospital

Schwarzmann, Stephen W.·1971·Archives of Internal Medicine
DOI 10.1001/archinte.1971.00310180053006
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Abstract

Bacteriological, serological, and clinical findings in 128 patients with pneumonia admitted to the medical service of Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, during the 1968-1969 Hong Kong influenza epidemic were compared with the findings in patients with pneumonia admitted during a one-year period beginning July 1, 1967. During the influenza epidemic a threefold increase in the incidence of staphylococcal pneumonia occurred, which accounted for 25.9% of the bacteriologically proved cases. A high correlation between pneumonia, especially staphylococcal pneumonia, and influenza infection was documented. Comparison of preexisting disease in patients with pneumonia during the two time periods failed to reveal any major differences, which suggests similar host susceptibility during epidemic and nonepidemic periods. With no change in the case fatality rate, the excess influenza and pneumonia mortality during the Hong Kong epidemic was primarily due to the increased incidence of bacterial pneumonia.

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Crossref · 10.1001/archinte.1971.00310180053006

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  • In the 1968 H3N2 Hong Kong pandemic, a three-fold increase in the incidence of staphylococcal pneumonia was found in one hospital study compared with the previous year.

    “In the 1968 H3N2 Hong Kong pandemic, a three‐fold increase in the incidence of staphylococcal pneumonia was found in one hospital study compared with the number of pneumonic cases in the previous year.”

    From Bacterial and viral infections associated with influenza (2013) · cites this paper as [27]

  • A hospital in Atlanta suffered a threefold increase in cases of Staphylococcal pneumonia during the 1968-1969 pandemic, and Staphylococcal infection caused 26% of pneumonia cases.

    “A hospital in Atlanta suffered a threefold increase in cases of Staphylococcal pneumonia during this pandemic. Staphylococcal infection caused 26% of pneumonia cases during this period, and a high correlation was recognized between influenza infection and bacterial pneumonia (Schwarzmann et al., 1971).”

    From Secondary bacterial infections associated with influenza pandemics (2017) · cites this paper as Schwarzmann et al., 1971

  • Out of 79 cases of fatal influenza with pneumonia complications during the 1968-1969 pandemic, 16% had bacterial co-infection, with S. pneumoniae (6%), S. pyogenes (5%), and S. aureus (1%) as main causes; more than one bacterium was present in 4% of cases.

    “out of 79 cases of fatal influenza with pneumonia complications, 16% had bacterial co-infection with S. pneumoniae (6%), S. pyogenes (5%), and S. aureus (1%) being the main causes. More than one of these bacteria were present in 4% of cases (Schwarzmann et al., 1971; Metersky et al., 2012).”

    From Secondary bacterial infections associated with influenza pandemics (2017) · cites this paper as Schwarzmann et al., 1971

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Authors
Schwarzmann, S. W.
Corresponding author
Schwarzmann, Stephen W.
Venue
Archives of Internal Medicine
Publisher
American Medical Association (AMA)
Published
1971-06-01
Volume
127
Issue
6
Pages
1037
ISSN
0003-9926 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1001/archinte.1971.00310180053006
OpenAlex
W2051279180
Cited by
238
References
14
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 10
FWCI
3.71
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Archives of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Influenza Virus Research Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Pneumonia and Respiratory Infections
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Respiratory viral infections research
Keywords
bacterial pneumonia, staphylococcal pneumonia, Hong Kong influenza, case fatality rate, host susceptibility, pre-existing disease, Grady Memorial Hospital

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