Food Price and Diet and Health Outcomes: 20 Years of the CARDIA Study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Despite surging interest in taxation as a policy to address poor food choice, US research directly examining the association of food prices with individual intake is scarce. METHODS: This 20-year longitudinal study included 12 123 respondent days from 5115 participants in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. Associations between food price, dietary intake, overall energy intake, weight, and homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) scores were assessed using conditional log-log and linear regression models. RESULTS: The real price (inflated to 2006 US dollars) of soda and pizza decreased over time; the price of whole milk increased. A 10% increase in the price of soda or pizza was associated with a -7.12% (95% confidence interval [CI], -63.50 to -10.71) or -11.5% (95% CI, -17.50 to -5.50) change in energy from these foods, respectively. A $1.00 increase in soda price was also associated with lower daily energy intake (-124 [95% CI, -198 to -50] kcal), lower weight (-1.05 [95% CI, -1.80 to -0.31] kg), and lower HOMA-IR score (0.42 [95% CI, -0.60 to -0.23]); similar trends were observed for pizza. A $1.00 increase in the price of both soda and pizza was associated with greater changes in total energy intake (-181.49 [95% CI, -247.79 to -115.18] kcal), body weight (-1.65 [95% CI, -2.34 to 0.96] kg), and HOMA-IR (-0.45 [95% CI, -0.59 to -0.31]). CONCLUSION: Policies aimed at altering the price of soda or away-from-home pizza may be effective mechanisms to steer US adults toward a more healthful diet and help reduce long-term weight gain or insulin levels over time.
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In a longitudinal study among young adults, price increases and decreases and multiple cross-elasticities and their substitutions were evaluated over 20 years of follow-up.
“In a longitudinal study among young adults, price increases and decreases and multiple cross-elasticities and their substitutions were evaluated over 20 years of follow-up.168”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [168]
On the basis of this analysis, an 18% tax on sugar-sweetened beverages, as proposed by New York state, would be estimated to produce an average annual relative weight loss of 0.99 kg over 20 years.
“On the basis of this analysis, an 18% tax on sugar-sweetened beverages, as proposed by New York state, would be estimated to produce an average annual relative weight loss of 0.99 kg over 20 years.”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [168]
On the basis of longitudinal analyses evaluating price increases and decreases and dietary changes in a cohort of young adults >20 years of age, an 18% tax on sugar-sweetened beverages (the amount proposed in New York City) was estimated to significantly lower consumption and result in 0.99 kg less weight gained each year.
“Similarly, on the basis of longitudinal analyses evaluating price increases and decreases and dietary changes in a cohort of young adults >20 years of age, an 18% tax on sugar-sweetened beverages (the amount proposed in New York City) was estimated to significantly lower consumption and result in 0.99 kg less weight gained each year.168”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [168]
Increases in prices of sugar-sweetened beverages and foods consumed away from home were associated not only with decreases in consumption but also lower total energy intake, body weight, and insulin resistance.
“Increases in prices of sugar-sweetened beverages and foods consumed away from home were associated not only with decreases in consumption but also lower total energy intake, body weight, and insulin resistance.”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [168]
These findings suggest that price-related reductions in consumption of higher taxed items were not fully compensated for by increased consumption of other similar beverages or foods.
“These findings suggest that price-related reductions in consumption of higher taxed items were not fully compensated for by increased consumption of other similar beverages or foods.”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [168]
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- Authors
- Duffey, K. J.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Duffey, Kiyah J.
- Venue
- Archives of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2010-03-08
- Volume
- 170
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 420
- ISSN
- 0003-9926 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3154748
- OpenAlex
- W2028755683
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 54.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Archives of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (n01hc95095-66-0-1, 2r24hd050924-06, n01hc48050-59-0-1, n01hc48048-58-0-1, n01hc48047-55-0-1, n01hc48049-61-0-1)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (R136EH000308-01, R36EH000308)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01-AA12162, R01AA012162)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (N01HC48050, N01 HC 95095, N01 HC048048, N01-HC-048049, N01 HC095095, N01 HC048050, N01-HC48048, N01-HC-48-049, N01 HC048047, N01-HC-480-47)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA121152, R01CA109831)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK56350, DK-056350, P30DK056350)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P30ES10126), P30ES010126)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K01HD044263, R24 HD-050924)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economics of Agriculture and Food Markets
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- food prices, food taxation, soft drinks, pizza, energy intake, body weight, insulin resistance, dietary intake, food choice, CARDIA study, weight gain
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Body Weight, Energy Intake, Carbonated Beverages, Coronary Disease, Diet, Feeding Behavior, Female, Food, Health Policy, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Risk Factors, Time Factors, United States, Linear Models, Logistic Models, Risk Assessment, Resource Allocation, Young Adult
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