Cited by 255Retinal Diseases and TreatmentsRetinal Imaging and AnalysisSmoking Behavior and Cessation

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Smoking and Age-Related Maculopathy: The Blue Mountains Eye Study

Smith, Wayne·1996·Archives of Ophthalmology

DOI 10.1001/archopht.1996.01100140716016

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To assess the associations between stage of age-related maculopathy (ARM) and current, past, and passive smoking. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 3654 subjects from a defined geographic area west of Sydney, Australia, identified subjects with late age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and early ARM by ocular examination and detailed grading of retinal photographs. Interviewer-administered questionnaires provided data about smoking history for subjects and spouses. Logistic regression, adjusting for age and sex, and 2-way analysis of variance were used to assess associations. RESULTS: Current tobacco smoking was significantly associated with late AMD (odds ratio [OR], 3.92), including neovascular AMD (OR, 3.20) and geographic atrophy (OR, 4.54), and early ARM (OR, 1.75). Having ever smoked was significantly associated with late AMD (OR, 1.83) but not early ARM. Passive smoking was associated with increased but insignificant odds for late AMD. The risk was slightly higher among women compared with men for most exposure categories. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide convincing evidence that smoking may be causally associated with ARM. The strongest risk was found for current smokers, suggesting potential benefits of targeting education to older people who are current smokers and have signs of early ARM.

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Authors: Smith, W.
Affiliations: Australian National University (AU)
Corresponding author: Smith, Wayne
ORCID: Smith, Wayne
Venue: Archives of Ophthalmology
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 1996-12-01
Volume: 114
Issue: 12
Pages: 1518
ISSN: 0003-9950 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1996.01100140716016
OpenAlex: W2075115814
Cited by: 255
References: 19
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 8.50
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Archives of Ophthalmology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Keywords: smoking, age-related maculopathy, age-related macular degeneration, neovascular AMD, geographic atrophy, passive smoking, tobacco use, fundus images, sex differences, risk factors
MeSH terms: Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Analysis of Variance, Australia, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Macular Degeneration, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Smoking, Odds Ratio

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Smoking and Age-Related Maculopathy: The Blue Mountains Eye Study

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