Smoking and Age-related Macular Degeneration: The POLA Study
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess the associations between age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) and smoking. METHODS: The POLA study is a population-based study taking place in the town of Sète, located on the French Mediterranean Sea border. The presence of early and late ARMD was assessed in 2196 participants on the basis of 50 degrees color fundus photographs using an international classification system. RESULTS: After adjustment for age and sex, current and former smokers showed an increased prevalence of late ARMD (odds ratio [OR] = 3.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-12.4; OR = 3.2, 95% CI = 1.3-7.7, respectively). An increased risk was present in participants who smoked more than 20 pack-years (OR = 3.0, 95% CI = 0.9-9.5 for 20-39 pack-years; OR = 5.2, 95% CI = 2.0-13.6 for 40 pack-years and more). In addition, the risk of late ARMD remained increased until 20 years after cessation of smoking (OR = 9.0, 95% CI = 3.0-27.0 for 1-9 years; OR = 4.0, 95% CI = 1.3-12.0 for 10-19 years; OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 0.4-4.3 for 20 years and more). Smoking was not significantly associated with early signs of ARMD. CONCLUSIONS: This study further confirms the adverse effect of tobacco on late ARMD. Former smokers seem to remain at high risk for ARMD.
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There is a direct association between the risk of developing advanced age-related macular degeneration and the number of cigarettes smoked.
“There exists a direct association between the risk of developing advanced age-related macular degeneration with the number of cigarettes smoked.29,39”
From Age-related macular degeneration (2008) · cites this paper as [29]
Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for age-related macular degeneration, confirmed by case-control, population-based, and prospective studies.
“Results from a number of case-control studies,28–33 population-based studies,34–36 and prospective studies of both physicians37 and nurses38 strongly confirm cigarette smoking as a risk factor for age-related macular degeneration.”
From Age-related macular degeneration (2008) · cites this paper as [29]
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- Authors
- Delcourt, C.
- Affiliations
- Inserm (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Delcourt, Cécile
- ORCID
- Delcourt, Cécile
- Venue
- Archives of Ophthalmology
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1998-08-01
- Volume
- 116
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1031
- ISSN
- 0003-9950 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2062577694
- Cited by
- 201
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 6.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Ophthalmology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
- Keywords
- age-related macular degeneration, smoking, tobacco use, pack-years, smoking cessation, risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, France, Fundus Oculi, Humans, Macular Degeneration, Male, Middle Aged, Photography, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Smoking, Prevalence, Smoking Cessation
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