The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Association of Hospitalization for Infection in Childhood With Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Danish Cohort Study
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between hospitalization for infection in the perinatal/neonatal period or childhood and the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). DESIGN: A population-based cohort study. SETTING: Denmark. PARTICIPANTS: All children born in Denmark from January 1, 1980, through December 31, 2002, comprising a total of 1 418 152 children. EXPOSURE: Infection requiring hospitalization. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for ASDs among children hospitalized for infection compared with other children. RESULTS: A total of 7379 children were diagnosed as having ASDs. Children admitted to the hospital for any infectious disease displayed an increased rate of ASD diagnoses (HR, 1.38 [95% confidence interval, 1.31-1.45]). This association was found to be similar for infectious diseases of bacterial and viral origin. Furthermore, children admitted to the hospital for noninfectious disease also displayed an increased rate of ASD diagnoses (HR, 1.76 [95% confidence interval, 1.68-1.86]), and admissions for infection increased the rate of mental retardation (2.18 [2.06-2.31]). CONCLUSIONS: The association between hospitalization for infection and ASDs observed in this study does not suggest causality because a general association is observed across different infection groups. Also, the association is not specific for infection or for ASDs. We discuss a number of noncausal explanatory models.
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“The link between MIA and enhanced risk for ASD is bolstered by large-scale population-based studies showing small but significantly increased risk due to maternal prenatal infections [117–122].”
From The ASD Living Biology: from cell proliferation to clinical phenotype (2019) · cites this paper as [118]
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InfluentialSelf-citationAltered T cell responses in children with autism
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Self-citationAutism Spectrum Disorder as a Brain-Gut-Microbiome Axis Disorder
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BackgroundMicrobiota, immunoregulatory old friends and psychiatric disorders
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“…ASD. e Infectious disorders diagnoses in the DNHR were indentified based on Atladottir et al. (2010a) for infections during pregnancy and based on Atladottir et al. (2010b) for Infections during first month of life. for any of the analytes levels were found in the adjusted estimates for the…”
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“The notion of a frank association between early childhood inflammation and diagnosis of ASD has been discredited (Halsey et al., 2001; Atladóttir et al., 2010).”
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the SAWANTI Working Group, Łukasik, J., Patro-Gołąb, B., Horvath, A., Baron, R., & Szajewska, H. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04093-y · Cited by 51
Merging Data from Genetic and Epigenetic Approaches to Better Understand Autistic Spectrum Disorder
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The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Psychiatric Disorders
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“Maternal influenza infection during the first trimester has also been associated with an increased risk of ASDs in the offspring in a study by Atladottir et al. (2010a).”
BackgroundThe maternal autoimmune environment affects the social behavior of offspring
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“…MET, PLAUR and SHANK3 have been reported (Eagleson et al., 2011; Peca et al., 2011), and infection and exposure to pesticides (organochlorides), PCBs, and air pollutants have been linked to ASD (Roberts et al., 2007; Atladottir et al., 2010; Jolous-Jamshidi et al., 2010; Kalkbrenner et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMedical Conditions in the First Years of Life Associated with Future Diagnosis of ASD in Children
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Thimerosal Exposure and the Role of Sulfation Chemistry and Thiol Availability in Autism
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“For example, children diagnosed with an ASD were found to be more likely to have headaches/migraines, respiratory and food allergies [2], and infections [3] than typically developing children.”
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Otitis media, antibiotics, and risk of autism spectrum disorder
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Infections in children with autism spectrum disorder: Study to Explore Early Development (SEED)
Sabourin, K. R., Reynolds, A., Schendel, D., Rosenberg, S. A., Croen, L., Pinto‐Martin, J. A., Schieve, L. A., Newschaffer, C. J., Lee, L., & DiGuiseppi, C. G. (2018) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2012 · Cited by 40
Self-citationMatrix metalloproteinases in autism spectrum disorders
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“Both Congenital infections [42-44] and postnatal childhood infections [45,46] were associated with high rate of ASD.”
BackgroundNielsen, T. C., Nassar, N., Boulton, K., Guastella, A. J., & Lain, S. J. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05887-3 · Cited by 40
“…expected, given that, while children with ASD are more likely to have comorbidities and to be admitted to hospital in early childhood (Alexeeff et al., 2017; Atladóttir et al., 2010; Brooks et al., 2021), the inpatient environment is not a primary site of treatment for neurodevelopmental disorders.”
BackgroundRole of environmental factors and epigenetics in autism spectrum disorders
Saxena, R., Babadi, M., Namvarhaghighi, H., & Roullet, F. (2020) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.05.002 · Cited by 40
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Neonatally measured immunoglobulins and risk of autism
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Risk of Cerebral Palsy and Childhood Epilepsy Related to Infections before or during Pregnancy
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“[2,28–30] Furthermore, maternal infection during pregnancy has been associated with an increased risk of epilepsy, [4–6,31] schizophrenia, [32,33] autism, [34,35] and even multiple sclerosis, [36] but the causal mechanism(s) still remain undetermined.”
Karlsson, H., Sjöqvist, H., Brynge, M., Gardner, R. M., & Dalman, C. (2022) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-022-09422-4 · Cited by 36
“reported an association between infections during childhood and later ID [27] of a magnitude similar to that observed here.”
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Atladóttir, H. Ó., Schendel, D., Lauritsen, M. B., Henriksen, T. B., & Parner, E. T. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1416-5 · Cited by 27
Self-citationPrenatal, perinatal and neonatal risk factors for autism - study in Poland
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Association Between Exposure of Children to General Anesthesia and Autism Spectrum Disorder
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“Concern over this immune response is borne of previous ecological studies, birth cohort studies, and animal models that have established key links between the activation of pro-in fl ammatory pathways in the mother with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in the infant [2, 4, 10 – 13].”
InfluentialEvaluation of regression in autism spectrum disorder based on parental reports
Kern, J. K., Geier, D. A., & Geier, M. R. (2014) · North American Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.4103/1947-2714.125867 · Cited by 26
“For example, children with ASD are more likely to have headaches/migraines, respiratory and food allergies,[2] gastrointestinal (GI) problems,[3,4] and infections[5] than typically developing children.”
BackgroundSalia, S., Burke, F. F., Hinks, M., Randell, A. M., Matheson, M. A., Walling, S. G., & Swift‐Gallant, A. (2024) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2024.10.030 · Cited by 26
Autism Spectrum Disorder Secondary to Enterovirus Encephalitis
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Role of Gut-Brain Axis in the Aetiology of Neurodevelopmental Disorders with Reference to Autism
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“An association between long-term antibiotic use, hospitalization, abdominal discomfort and the onset of ASD symptoms after normal or near-normal development has also been reported [82-84].”
BackgroundAbdallah, M. W., HOUGAARD, D. M., N�rgaard-Pedersen, B., Grove, J., Bonefeld‐Jørgensen, E. C., & Mortensen, E. L. (2012) · Turkish Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5080/u6847 · Cited by 22
“(2007) reported a slightly lower frequency of infections in children with subsequent diagnoses of ASD than in frequency-matched controls during the first 2 years of life, a large population-based study by Atladottir et al. (2010a) reported a high rate of ASD diagnoses in children admitted to hospital due to infectious…”
BackgroundResultBailey, A. R., Hou, H., Obregon, D. F., Tian, J., Zhu, Y., Zou, Q., Nikolic, W. V., Bengtson, M. A., Mori, T., Murphy, T. K., et al. (2011) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.11-195438 · Cited by 22
“Our findings of impairment in the T-cell memory function as a result of high levels of sAPP- may explain why children with autism are more susceptible to infection (57, 58).”
BackgroundIntracellular Pathogen Infections and Immune Response in Autism
Abib, R. T., Gaman, A., Dargél, A., Tamouza, R., Kapczinski, F. P., Gottfried, C., & Leboyer, M. (2018) · NeuroImmunoModulation · doi:10.1159/000491821 · Cited by 20
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Immune synaptopathies: how maternal immune activation impacts synaptic function during development
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“The association was even stronger in those women who required hospitalization, suggesting a positive correlation with the severity of the infection (Atladottir et al , 2010; Lee et al , 2015).”
Kariuki, M., Raudino, A., Green, M. J., Laurens, K. R., Dean, K., Brinkman, S. A., Lenroot, R., Liu, E., Harris, F., Luo, L., et al. (2016) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/jpc.13239 · Cited by 18
Nielsen, T. C., Nassar, N., Shand, A., Jones, H. F., Han, V. X., Patel, S., Guastella, A. J., Dale, R. C., & Lain, S. J. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2824 · Cited by 15
“Models were also adjusted for the child’s total length of stay in hospital before age 2 to control for the effect of hospitalization (Atlad ottir et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMaternal Immunity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Questions of Causality, Validity, and Specificity
Ji‐Xu, A., & Vincent, A. C. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9082590 · Cited by 14
“Although several epidemiological studies support an association between prenatal stressors during mid- and late gestational periods and ASD, others have found associations with early gestation or no association [2,3,7,8].”
BackgroundInfluentialSmith, M. R., Burman, P., Sadahiro, M., Kidd, B. A., Dudley, J. T., & Morishita, H. (2016) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0240-16.2016 · Cited by 15
Lan, X.-Y., Gu, Y., Li, M., Song, T.-J., Zhai, F.-J., Zhang, Y., Zhan, J., Böckers, T. M., Yue, X.-N., Wang, J., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2023.1054381 · Cited by 16
Maternal SARS-CoV-2 exposure alters infant DNA methylation
Hill, R., Gibbons, A. S., Han, U., Suwakulsiri, W., Taseska, A., Hammet, F., Southey, M. C., Malhotra, A. K., Fahey, M. C., Palmer, K. R., et al. (2022) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100572 · Cited by 13
“Concern over this immune response is borne from previous ecological studies, birth cohort studies and animal models that have established key links between the activation of pro-inflammatory pathways in the mother with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in the infant (Atladottir et al., 2010; Brown, 2012; Meyer et al…”
Increased incidence of childhood mental disorders following exposure to early life infection
Green, M. J., Watkeys, O. J., Whitten, T., Thomas, C., Kariuki, M., Dean, K., Laurens, K. R., Harris, F., & Carr, V. J. (2021) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2021.08.009 · Cited by 14
Epigenetic, ribosomal, and immune dysregulation in paediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome
Han, V. X., Alshammery, S., Keating, B. A., Gloss, B., Hofer, M. J., Graham, M. E., Aryamanesh, N., Marshall, L. L., Yuan, S., Maple-Brown, E., et al. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03127-5 · Cited by 12
Atladóttir, H. Ó., Henriksen, T. B., Schendel, D., & Parner, E. T. (2012) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3016.2012.01296.x · Cited by 13
Self-citationGleason, G., Zupan, B., & Tóth, M. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00025 · Cited by 12
“A Danish registry study recently showed that maternal hospital admission due to either viral infection in the first trimester or bacterial infection in the second trimester was significantly associated with the diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder in offspring (Atladottir et al., 2010).”
BackgroundShorter, J. R., Meijsen, J. J., Nudel, R., Krebs, M. D., Gådin, J. R., Mikkelsen, D. H., Silva, R. N. A. E., Benros, M. E., Thompson, W. K., Ingason, A., et al. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.01.007 · Cited by 11
“When examining specific mental disorders, the PRS for infection significantly increased the risk of ADHD (HR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.07–1.10, p , 2 3 10216), ASD (HR = 1.02, 95% CI = 1.00–1.04, p = .02), MDD (HR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.03–1.06, p = 1.2 3 1027), and SCZ (HR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.04–1.13, p = 4.02 3 1025), but not o…”
InfluentialDevelopmental exposure to mercury chloride does not impair social behavior of C57BL/6 × BTBR F1mice
Zhang, Y., Bolivar, V. J., & Lawrence, D. A. (2012) · Journal of Immunotoxicology · doi:10.3109/1547691x.2012.682663 · Cited by 11
“Epidemiology studies have associated ASD with infection and exposure to air pollutants or pesticides (Roberts et al., 2007; Atladottir et al., 2010; Kalkbrenner et al., 2010).”
BackgroundLombardi, L., Clerc, S. L., Wu, C., Bouassida, J., Boukouaci, W., Sugusabesan, S., Richard, J., Lajnef, M., Tison, M., Corvoisier, P. L., et al. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02550-y · Cited by 11
Gestational thyroid hormones and autism‐related traits in the EARLI and HOME studies
Zhong, C., Rando, J., Patti, M. A., Braun, J. M., Chen, A., Xu, Y. Y., Lanphear, B. P., Yolton, K. A., Croen, L., Fallin, M. D., et al. (2024) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3115 · Cited by 10
“Both genetic factors and environmental factors have been shown to play a major role in the development of ASD (Atlad (cid:2) ottir et al., 2010; Braunschweig & Van de Water, 2012; Croen et al., 2011; Hallmayer et al., 2011; Hamlyn et al., 2013; Newschaffer et al., 2007; Patterson, 2011; Persico &…”
BackgroundLin, M., Pan, Y., Wu, C., Liu, C., Chen, P., Thompson, W. K., Fan, C. C., & Wang, S. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02787-z · Cited by 10
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Boller, A.-L., Ruland, T., Dantas, R. L., Michels, S., Dannlowski, U., Scheu, S., Baune, B. T., Culmsee, C., & Alferink, J. (2025) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2025.07.004 · Cited by 10
Hill, R., Malhotra, A. K., Sackett, V., Williams, K. J., Fahey, M. C., Palmer, K. R., Hunt, R. W., Darke, H., Lim, I., Newman‐Morris, V., et al. (2023) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-023-03858-w · Cited by 9
Srajer, A., Roychoudhury, S., Tang, S., Hasan, S. U., Momin, S., Hendson, L., Alshaikh, B. N., & Yusuf, K. (2023) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-023-02901-x · Cited by 9
Боднар, І., & Hamade, A. (2019) · Pedagogics psychology medical-biological problems of physical training and sports · doi:10.15561/18189172.2019.0302 · Cited by 14
“These children often suffer from allergies, are vulnerable to a common cold, weather changes [5, 6].”
BackgroundPatel, S., Han, V. X., Keating, B. A., Nishida, H., Mohammad, S. S., Jones, H. F., & Dale, R. C. (2025) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101011 · Cited by 6
He, W., Moore, H. C., Miller, J. E., Burgner, D. P., Swann, O. V., Lain, S. J., & Nassar, N. (2024) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2024-222040 · Cited by 6
Infection during childhood and the risk of violent criminal behavior in adulthood
Blomström, Å., Kosidou, K., Kristiansson, M., & Masterman, T. (2019) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.02.026 · Cited by 6
Epigenomic convergence of genetic and immune risk factors in neurodevelopmental disorder cortexPreprint
Vogel Ciernia, A., Laufer, B. I., Dunaway, K. W., Hwang, H., Mordaunt, C. E., Coulson, R. L., Yasui, D. H., & LaSalle, J. M. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/270827 · Cited by 6
Fang, L., Wang, Z., Zhao, J., Wu, X., Wang, S., Gao, H., & Wu, D. (2024) · The Italian Journal of Pediatrics/Italian journal of pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s13052-024-01820-9 · Cited by 4
Sanchez-Martin, I., Kukreja, B., Henderson, P., Lin, Q., DiMartino, D., Bagan, V., Park, J., Kalish, B. T., & Cheadle, L. (2026) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aeg0779 · Cited by 3
“Yet, while the impact of prenatal inflammation on the adult offspring of MIA poly(I:C) mice has been broadly assessed at the behavioral level, the initial mechanisms by which maternal inflammation triggers life-long deficits in brain function in the fetus remain largely unknown.”
Yanai, T., Yoshida, S., & Kawakami, K. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06327-0 · Cited by 3
“For instance, a 2010 Danish study using a national database comprising 1.41 million individuals found a high occurrence of ASD diagnosis in patients hospitalized for any infectious disease (Atladóttir et al., 2010).”
InfluentialSalia, S., Burke, F. F., Hinks, M., Randell, A. M., Matheson, M. A., Walling, S. G., & Swift‐Gallant, A. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.06.18.599415 · Cited by 3
Santana‐Coelho, D., Bessa, R. D. S., Romcy-Pereira, R. N., de la Flor, M. A., & O'Connor, J. C. (2026) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2026.107282 · Cited by 2
Brennan, C., Weintraub, H., Tennant, S., & Meyers, C. (2021) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2021_ajslp-20-00395 · Cited by 2
Autism Spectrum Disorders and Circulating Chemokines
Abdallah, M. W., Michel, T. M., & Kőhidai, L. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4788-7_92 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Atladóttir, H. Ó., Thorsen, P., Schendel, D. E., Østergaard, L., Lemcke, S., & Parner, E. T.
- Affiliations
- Aarhus University (DK)
- Venue
- Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2010-05-01
- Volume
- 164
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 470-7
- ISSN
- 1072-4710 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1986945466
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 7.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, infection hospitalization, infectious diseases, pediatric infection, intellectual disability, bacterial infection, viral infection
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Birth Weight, Child, Child, Hospitalized, Child, Preschool, Denmark, Female, Gestational Age, Hospitalization, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Premature, Infections, Male, Registries, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Incidence, Proportional Hazards Models
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