Autism: Metabolism, Mitochondria, and the Microbiome
Open accessAbstract
New approaches are needed to examine the diverse symptoms and comorbidities of the growing family of neurodevelopmental disorders known as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). ASD originally was thought to be a static, inheritable neurodevelopmental disorder, and our understanding of it is undergoing a major shift. It is emerging as a dynamic system of metabolic and immune anomalies involving many organ systems, including the brain, and environmental exposure. The initial detailed observation and inquiry of patients with ASD and related conditions and the histories of their care-givers and families have been invaluable. How gastrointestinal (GI) factors are related to ASD is not yet clear. Nevertheless, many patients with ASD have a history of previous antibiotic exposure or hospitalization, GI symptoms, abnormal food cravings, and unique intestinal bacterial populations, which have been proposed to relate to variable symptom severity. In addition to traditional scientific inquiry, detailed clinical observation and recording of exacerbations, remissions, and comorbidities are needed. This article reviews the role that enteric short-chain fatty acids, particularly propionic (also called propanoic) acid, produced from ASD-associated GI bacteria, may play in the etiology of some forms of ASD. Human populations that are partial metabolizers of propionic acid are more common than previously thought. The results from pre-clinical laboratory studies show that propionic acid-treated rats display ASD-like repetitive, perseverative, and antisocial behaviors and seizure. Neurochemical changes, consistent and predictive with findings in ASD patients, including neuroinflammation, increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, glutathione depletion, and altered phospholipid/acylcarnitine profiles, have been observed. Propionic acid has bioactive effects on (1) neurotransmitter systems, (2) intracellular acidification and calcium release, (3) fatty acid metabolism, (4) gap junction gating, (5) immune function, and (6) alteration of gene expression that warrant further exploration. Traditional scientific experimentation is needed to verify the hypothesis that enteric short-chain fatty acids may be a potential environmental trigger in some forms of ASD. Novel collaborative developments in systems biology, particularly examining the role of the micro-biome and its effects on host metabolism, immune and mitochondrial function, and gene expression, hold great promise in ASD.
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Even beneficial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids may exert neurotoxicity.
“Even beneficial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids may exert neurotoxicity.”
From The Gut Microbiome and the Brain (2014) · cites this paper as [100]
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The Gut Microbiome and the Brain
Galland, L. (2014) · Journal of Medicinal Food · doi:10.1089/jmf.2014.7000 · Cited by 648 · see citing works
The Gut-Brain Axis: Influence of Microbiota on Mood and Mental Health.
Appleton, J. (2018) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Palmnäs, M. S. A., Cowan, T., Bomhof, M. R., Su, J., Reimer, R. A., Vogel, H. J., Hittel, D. S., & Shearer, J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109841 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Nankova, B. B., Agarwal, R., MacFabe, D. F., & La Gamma, E. F. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103740 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Self-citationMacFabe, D. F. (2015) · Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease · doi:10.3402/mehd.v26.28177 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Self-citationClinical and Molecular Characteristics of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Rose, S., Niyazov, D. M., Rossignol, D. A., Goldenthal, M. J., Kahler, S. G., & Frye, R. E. (2018) · Molecular Diagnosis & Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40291-018-0352-x · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Microbiome disturbances and autism spectrum disorders
Rosenfeld, C. S. (2015) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.115.063826 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Butyrate enhances mitochondrial function during oxidative stress in cell lines from boys with autism
Rose, S., Bennuri, S. C., Davis, J. E., Wynne, R., Slattery, J. C., Tippett, M., Delhey, L., Melnyk, S., Kahler, S. G., MacFabe, D. F., et al. (2018) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-017-0089-z · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Self-citationGut Dysbiosis in Animals Due to Environmental Chemical Exposures
Rosenfeld, C. S. (2017) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2017.00396 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Kovàcs, T., Mikó, E., Vida, A., Sebő, É., Tóth, J., Csonka, T., Boratkó, A., Ujlaki, G., Lente, G., Kovács, P., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-37664-7 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Microbiota and Neurological Disorders: A Gut Feeling
Moos, W. H., Faller, D. V., Harpp, D. N., Kanara, I., Pernokas, J., Powers, W. R., & Steliou, K. (2016) · BioResearch open access · doi:10.1089/biores.2016.0010 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Frye, R. E., Rose, S., Slattery, J. M., & MacFabe, D. F. (2015) · Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease · doi:10.3402/mehd.v26.27458 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationFrye, R. E., Rose, S., Chacko, J., Wynne, R., Bennuri, S. C., Slattery, J. C., Tippett, M., Delhey, L., Melnyk, S., Kahler, S. G., et al. (2016) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2016.189 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Microbiome as a Component of the Tumor Microenvironment
Kovàcs, T., Mikó, E., Ujlaki, G., Sári, Z., & Bai, P. (2020) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35727-6_10 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Thioredoxin reductase as a pharmacological target
Bjørklund, G., Zou, L., Wang, J., Chasapis, C. T., & Peana, M. (2021) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105854 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Fatty acids and their therapeutic potential in neurological disorders
Lei, E., Vacy, K., & Boon, W. C. (2016) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2016.02.014 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Frye, R. E. (2015) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.08.134 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Foley, K. A., MacFabe, D. F., Vaz, A., Ossenkopp, K., & Kavaliers, M. (2014) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.04.001 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationMontagnani, M., Bottalico, L., Potenza, M. A., Charitos, I. A., Topi, S., Colella, M., & Santacroce, L. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241210322 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Mitochondrial function and abnormalities implicated in the pathogenesis of ASD
Castora, F. J. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.12.015 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Frye, R. E., & Rossignol, D. A. (2016) · Clinical Medicine Insights Pediatrics · doi:10.4137/cmped.s38337 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
How important are fatty acids in human health and can they be used in treating diseases?
Dicks, L. M. T. (2024) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2024.2420765 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Rose, S., Bennuri, S. C., Murray, K. F., Buie, T., Winter, H., & Frye, R. E. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0186377 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Approaches to studying and manipulating the enteric microbiome to improve autism symptoms
Frye, R. E., Slattery, J. M., MacFabe, D. F., Allen‐Vercoe, E., Parker, W., Rodakis, J., Adams, J. B., Krajmalnik‐Brown, R., Bolte, E. R., Kahler, S. G., et al. (2015) · Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease · doi:10.3402/mehd.v26.26878 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationMehan, S., Rahi, S., Tiwari, A., Kapoor, T., Rajdev, K., Sharma, R., Khera, H., Kosey, S., Kukkar, U., & Dudi, R. (2019) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.270316 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Oral microbiota and autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Olsen, I., & Hicks, S. D. (2019) · Journal of Oral Microbiology · doi:10.1080/20002297.2019.1702806 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Slattery, J. M., MacFabe, D. F., & Frye, R. E. (2016) · Clinical Medicine Insights Pediatrics · doi:10.4137/cmped.s38338 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationGastrointestinal alterations in autism spectrum disorder: What do we know?
Bjørklund, G., Pivina, L. M., Dadar, M., Meguid, N. A., Semenova, Y. M., Anwar, M., & Chirumbolo, S. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.06.033 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Metabolite Biomarkers in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Wang, L., Conlon, M. A., Christophersen, C. T., Sorich, M. J., & Angley, M. T. (2014) · Biomarkers in Medicine · doi:10.2217/bmm.14.12 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Shultz, S. R., aziz, N. A., Yang, L., Sun, M., MacFabe, D. F., & O'Brien, T. J. (2014) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.10.050 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Microbiome and Sustainable Healthcare
Dietert, R. R., & Dietert, J. M. (2015) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare3010100 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Gautam, A., Kumar, R., Chakraborty, N., Muhie, S. Y., Hoke, A. V., Hammamieh, R., & Jett, M. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24229 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Zou, Y., Lu, Q., Zheng, D., Chu, Z., Liu, Z., Chen, H., Ruan, Q., Ge, X., Zhang, Z., Wang, X., et al. (2017) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-017-0159-3 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Gut Bacteria and Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Dicks, L. M. T., Hurn, D., & Hermanus, D. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9122583 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Epigenomic programing: a future way to health?
Ba, S., & Midtvedt, T. (2014) · Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease · doi:10.3402/mehd.v25.24145 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The microbiota: a key regulator of health, productivity, and reproductive success in mammals
Khan, I. M., Nassar, N., Chang, H., Khan, S., Cheng, M., Wang, Z., & Xiang, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1480811 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Mostafa, G. A., & AL-Ayadhi, L. Y. (2015) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/s12993-014-0048-2 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Relationships between Brain Activity, Tryptophan-Related Gut Metabolites, and Autism Symptomatology
Aziz-Zadeh, L., Ringold, S. M., Jayashankar, A., Kilroy, E., Butera, C., Jacobs, J. P., Tanartkit, S., Mahurkar-Joshi, S., Bhatt, R. R., Dapretto, M., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-58459-1 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Frye, R. E., Nankova, B., Bhattacharyya, S., Rose, S., Bennuri, S. C., & MacFabe, D. F. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01670 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationValidation of a Salivary RNA Test for Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorder
Hicks, S. D., Rajan, A. T., Wagner, K. E., Barns, S., Carpenter, R. L., & Middleton, F. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2018.00534 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Towards evidence-based medicine for paediatricians
Phillips, B. (2018) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2018-315014 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Citrigno, L., Muglia, M., Qualtieri, A., Spadafora, P., Cavalcanti, F., Pioggia, G., & Cerasa, A. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21165785 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
A systematic review of gut‐immune‐brain mechanisms in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Azhari, A., Azizan, F., & Esposito, G. (2018) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21803 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Rianda, D., Agustina, R., Setiawan, E. A., & Manikam, N. R. M. (2019) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.3920/bm2019.0068 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Integrative Approaches to Caring for Children with Autism
Klein, N., & Kemper, K. J. (2016) · Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care · doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2015.12.004 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Lobzhanidze, G., Lordkipanidze, T. G., Zhvania, M. G., Japaridze, N. J., MacFabe, D. F., Pochkidze, N., Gasimov, E. K., & Rzayev, F. (2019) · Micron · doi:10.1016/j.micron.2019.102732 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationWilczyńska, P., Skarżyńska, E., & Lisowska‐Myjak, B. (2017) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2017.1387888 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Epigenetic Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Autism and Schizophrenia
Moos, W. H., Maneta, E., Pinkert, C. A., Irwin, M. H., Hoffman, M. E., Faller, D. V., & Steliou, K. (2016) · Drug Development Research · doi:10.1002/ddr.21295 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Messina, A., Monda, V., Sessa, F., Valenzano, A. A., Salerno, M., Bitetti, I., Precenzano, F., Marotta, R., Lavano, F., Lavano, S. M., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00261 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Mitochondria May Mediate Prenatal Environmental Influences in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Frye, R. E., Cakir, J., Rose, S., Palmer, R. F., Austin, C. E., Curtin, P. C. P., & Arora, M. (2021) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm11030218 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Troisi, J., Autio, R., Beopoulos, T., Bravaccio, C., Carraturo, F., Corrivetti, G., Cunningham, S., Devane, S., Fallin, M. D., Fetissov, S. O., et al. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10100743 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Autism spectrum disorders in propionic acidemia patients
de la Bâtie, C. D., Barbier, V., Roda, C., Brassier, A., Arnoux, J., Valayannopoulos, V., Guémann, A., Pontoizeau, C., Gobin, S., Habarou, F., et al. (2017) · Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease · doi:10.1007/s10545-017-0070-2 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Heilbrun, L. P., Palmer, R. F., Jaén, C. R., Svoboda, M., Perkins, J., & Miller, C. S. (2015) · The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine · doi:10.3122/jabfm.2015.04.140192 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
McCue, L. M., Flick, L. H., Twyman, K. A., & Xian, H. (2017) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361316667061 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Góra, B., Gofron, Z., Grosiak, M., Aptekorz, M., Kazek, B., Kocełak, P., Radosz-Komoniewska, H., Chudek, J. T., & Martirosian, G. (2018) · Anaerobe · doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.03.005 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The evolution of a series of behavioral traits is associated with autism-risk genes in cavefish
Yoshizawa, M., Settle, A. H., Hermosura, M. C., Tuttle, L. J., Cetraro, N., Passow, C. N., & McGaugh, S. E. (2018) · BMC Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1186/s12862-018-1199-9 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
David, M. M., Tataru, C. A., Daniels, J., Schwartz, J. N., Keating, J., Hampton‐Marcell, J., Gottel, N., Gilbert, J. A., & Wall, D. P. (2021) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.00193-20 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Mafra, D., Borges, N. A., Lindholm, B., & Stenvinkel, P. (2019) · Mitochondrion · doi:10.1016/j.mito.2018.11.006 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Microbiome in Early Life: Self‐Completion and Microbiota Protection as Health Priorities
Dietert, R. R. (2014) · Birth Defects Research Part B Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1002/bdrb.21116 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Erten, F. (2021) · Journal of Food Biochemistry · doi:10.1111/jfbc.13922 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Translational aspects of the microbiome—to be exploited
Mikó, E., Vida, A., & Bai, P. (2016) · Cell Biology and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s10565-016-9320-6 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Mehta, R., Bhandari, R., & Kuhad, A. (2021) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-021-05941-5 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Carrasco, M., Salazar, C., Tiznado, W., & Ruíz, L. M. (2019) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells8040367 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Choi, H., Kim, I. S., & Mun, J. Y. (2020) · Molecular Brain · doi:10.1186/s13041-020-00626-0 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Fasano, A., & Hill, I. D. (2017) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.05.038 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Yang, X., Li, J., Zhou, Y., Zhang, N., & Liu, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.1009502 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Jyonouchi, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1333717 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Nitric oxide pathway as a plausible therapeutic target in autism spectrum disorders
Mehta, R., Kuhad, A., & Bhandari, R. (2022) · Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets · doi:10.1080/14728222.2022.2100252 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Roles of Epigenetics and Glial Cells in Drug-Induced Autism Spectrum Disorder
Csoka, A. B., Kouhen, N. E., Bennani, S., Getachew, B., Aschner, M., & Tizabi, Y. (2024) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom14040437 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Kim, S. A., Jang, E. H., Mun, J. Y., & Choi, H. (2019) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2019.09.009 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Gupta, S., Dinesh, S., & Sharma, S. (2024) · Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0118715249271548231115071021 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Probiotic supplementation in children with autism spectrum disorder
Srinivasjois, R. M., Rao, S. C., & Patole, S. (2015) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2014-308002 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Erdoğan, M. A., Nesil, P., Altuntas, I., Şirin, C., Uyanıkgil, Y., & Erbaş, O. (2024) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.07.013 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Frame, N. W., Allas, M. J., Pequegnat, B., Vinogradov, E., Liao, V. C.-H., Al-Abdul-Wahid, S., Arroyo, L. G., Allen‐Vercoe, E., Lowary, T. L., & Monteiro, M. A. (2023) · Carbohydrate Research · doi:10.1016/j.carres.2023.108805 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Rodakis, J. (2015) · Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease · doi:10.3402/mehd.v26.26382 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Alfawaz, H., El-Ansary, A. K., AL-Ayadhi, L. Y., Bhat, R. S., & Hassan, W. M. (2022) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo12070571 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Healthy gut microbiota and long term health
Vandenplas, Y. (2014) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.3920/bm2014.0072 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Nutrition and the gut-brain axis in neonatal brain injury and development
Perez, K., Strobel, K. M., Hendrixson, D. T., Brandon, O. C., Hair, A. B., Workneh, R., Abayneh, M., Nangia, S., Hoban, R. A., Kolnik, S. E., et al. (2024) · Seminars in Perinatology · doi:10.1016/j.semperi.2024.151927 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Cornish, M., Mouritsen, O. G., & Critchley, A. (2019) · Journal of Oceanology and Limnology · doi:10.1007/s00343-019-8104-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lombardi, M., & Troisi, J. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13103492 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Gato, W. E., Posick, C., Williams, A. A., & Mays, C. A. (2017) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2017.1410373 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Mehan, S., Khera, H., & Sharma, R. (2019) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.80046 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Yadav, A., Tadas, M., Kale, M. B., Wankhede, N. L., Umekar, M. J., Kotagale, N. R., & Taksande, B. G. (2025) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114989 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Yao, Y., Uddin, M. N., MANLEY, K. M., & Lawrence, D. A. (2022) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577893 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Гуревич, К. Г., Nikityuk, D. B., Никонов, Е. Л., Zaborova, V., Veselova, L. V., & Zolnikova, O. Y. (2018) · Russian Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.17116/profmed201821345 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Zhu, C.-H., Gong, H., Luo, P., Li, D., Zhang, G., Shi, X., & Rong, W. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.605982 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Fasano, A., & Flaherty, S. (2021) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/11291.001.0001 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Bacha, A. G. B., Al-Orf, N., Alonazi, M. A., Bhat, R. S., & El-Ansary, A. K. (2021) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.2435 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Kim, A. J. H., Zisman, C. R., & Holingue, C. (2022) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2022_371 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Role of Fatty Acid Binding Proteins in Neuropsychiatric Diseases: A Narrative Review
Powell, A., Yamaguchi, N., Lu, H., Pareek, O., Elman, I., Gold, M. S., Pinhasov, A., Blum, K., & Thanos, P. K. (2025) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark · doi:10.31083/fbl26812 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Genetic and Epigenetic Basis Involved in the Pathophysiology of ASD: Therapeutic Implications
Carrascosa-Romero, M. C., & de Cabo, C. (2017) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/66854 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Gastrointestinal, nutritional, endocrine, and microbiota conditions in autism spectrum disorder
Loyacono, N., Sanz, M. L., Gerbi, M. D., Martínez, L. M., Ferreira, M. L., & Iermoli, R. H. (2020) · Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria · doi:10.5546/aap.2020.eng.e271 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Quiñones‐Medina, E., Galleguillos, F., Parra, V., Arriagada, G., & Bustos, F. J. (2026) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.70186 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Rojas, V., Carrasco‐Gallardo, C., Tenorio, L., Olesen, M. A., Tapia, V., Carrasco, M., Araos, P. A., Quintanilla, R. A., & Ruíz, L. M. (2024) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3277 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Is Propionic acid a suitable model for autism?
E.Elmalahy, H., Ali, E. H. A., Almaaty, A. A., & Abbas, O. (2021) · Alfarama Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences · doi:10.21608/ajbas.2021.82905.1058 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Examining the Effects of 4He Exposure on the Gut-Brain Axis
Jones, C. B., Peiffer, L. B., Davis, C. M., & Sfanos, K. S. (2021) · Radiation Research · doi:10.1667/rade-20-00285.1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Baker, S. M. (2013) · Global Advances in Health and Medicine · doi:10.7453/gahmj.2013.068 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Wu, X., Shan, L., Wang, T., & Jin, F. (2018) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/n972017-01186 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Nodding Syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorder
Kitara, D. L., Anywar, D. A., & Gazda, S. K. (2019) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.83530 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mehan, S. (2017) · Virology & Immunology Journal · doi:10.23880/vij-16000125 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Macfabe, D.
- Affiliations
- Western University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Macfabe, Derrick
- Venue
- Global Advances in Health and Medicine
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2013-11
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 52-66
- ISSN
- 2164-9561 (ISSN-L)
- 2164-957X
- PMC
- PMC3865378
- OpenAlex
- W1970972871
- Cited by
- 131
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 5.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Global Advances in Health and Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Autism Research Institute
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, gut microbiota, propionic acid, short-chain fatty acids, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, glutathione depletion, acylcarnitines, phospholipids, neurodevelopmental disorders, environmental triggers, antibiotic exposure, gastrointestinal symptoms, neurobehavioral phenotype, systems biology
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