The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Mapping Auditory Hallucinations in Schizophrenia Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Perceptions of speech in the absence of an auditory stimulus (auditory verbal hallucinations) are a cardinal feature of schizophrenia. Functional neuroimaging provides a powerful means of measuring neural activity during auditory hallucinations, but the results from previous studies have been inconsistent. This may reflect the acquisition of small numbers of images in each subject and the confounding effects of patients actively signaling when hallucinations occur. METHODS: We examined 6 patients with schizophrenia who were experiencing frequent auditory hallucinations, using a novel functional magnetic resonance imaging method that permitted the measurement of spontaneous neural activity without requiring subjects to signal when hallucinations occurred. Approximately 50 individual scans were acquired at unpredictable intervals in each subject while they were intermittently hallucinating. Immediately after each scan, subjects reported whether they had been hallucinating at that instant. Neural activity when patients were and were not experiencing hallucinations was compared in each subject and the group as a whole. RESULTS: Auditory hallucinations were associated with activation in the inferior frontal/insular, anterior cingulate, and temporal cortex bilaterally (with greater responses on the right), the right thalamus and inferior colliculus, and the left hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex (P<.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Auditory hallucinations may be mediated by a distributed network of cortical and subcortical areas. Previous neuroimaging studies of auditory hallucinations may have identified different components of this network.
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“Wernicke’s-seeded FC was computed for subregions of the left IFG based on studies highlighting the critical involvement of the latter during self-generated auditory imagery of spoken speech (22,23), perception of external speech (24,25), and AVHs themselves (26,27).”
From Elevated functional connectivity along a corticostriatal loop and the mechanism of auditory/verbal hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia (2011) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Although BA46 is typically viewed as a middle frontal region, its ventral aspect lies in IFG and participates in language processes (51–53) and has been implicated in the genesis of AVHs (26,54).”
From Elevated functional connectivity along a corticostriatal loop and the mechanism of auditory/verbal hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia (2011) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“The first two were in the putamen and thalamus, which are involved in initiating and organizing language representations ordinarily (56–58), and have been shown to be activated coincident with AVH occurrences in two reports (26,59).”
From Elevated functional connectivity along a corticostriatal loop and the mechanism of auditory/verbal hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia (2011) · cites this paper as [26]
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Cerebellar and Cortical Correlates of Internal and External Speech Error Monitoring
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BackgroundTranscranial direct current stimulation as a treatment for auditory hallucinations
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“The selected areas are commonly associated with AVH (Shergill et al., 2000; Sommer et al., 2008; Diederen et al., 2013).”
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BackgroundDe Novo Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation: Pink Floyd's Song “Brick in the Wall” as a Warning Sign
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“Evidence linking AVH to alterations in the neural substrates of vocal affective processing in schizophrenia comes from studies showing functional and structural abnormalities in brain structures recruited during both vocal affective comprehension(117,118) and the experience of AVH.(73,74) For example, the neural mecha…”
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“Pleasingly, there is already evidence that sparse temporal sampling has been applied to the study of a range of clinical conditions including schizophrenia (Allen et al., 2007; Fu et al., 2005; Mechelli et al., 2007; Shergill et al., 2000), vegetative state (Owen et al.”
Impaired Subcortical Detection of Auditory Changes in Schizophrenia but Not in Major Depression
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“(35) proposed a neuroanatomical model founded upon a network of brain areas involved in both cognitive and perceptual processing; suggesting that hyperactivation of perceptual regions, including the primary and secondary auditory cortices evident during AVHs (38, 49, 58, 59), and in related speech and language areas (…”
BackgroundTherapeutic and neurophysiologic aspects of transcranial magnetic stimulation in schizophrenia
Saba, G., Schürhoff, F., & Leboyer, M. (2006) · Neurophysiologie Clinique · doi:10.1016/j.neucli.2006.08.008 · Cited by 23
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“In addition, Shergill et al. (2000) reported that auditory verbal hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia may be mediated by a distributed network of cortical and subcortical areas including the right IC.”
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“and there is widespread involvement of frontal gyrus/insula and middle temporal gyri bilaterally and on the right hemisphere, additional involvement of the superior temporal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, posterior parietal cortex, thalamus, inferior colliculus, anterior cingulated gyrus, and also of left hippocampus an…”
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“This region has been found to be activated during the experience of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia (McGuire et al., 1993; Silbersweig et al., 1995; Shergill et al., 2000).”
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“, 2009), reinforcing the idea that MIN could be useful for alleviating the auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia (Shergill et al., 2000).”
BackgroundThe Etiology of Auditory Hallucinations in Schizophrenia: From Multidimensional Levels
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“[38] S.”
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“In contrast, increased neuronal activity is related with positive symptoms, as reported in several imaging studies [35, 65, 169, 232, 235, 246, 256], suggesting that expression of positive symptoms are associated with hyperactivity in the PFC, whereas negative symptoms/ cognitive deficits are associated instead with r…”
BackgroundCommand Hallucinations: Who Obeys and Who Resists When?
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“, 2008) and functional (Crespo-Facorro et al., 2001a,b; Curtis et al., 1998; Shergill et al., 2000) and structural imaging (Crespo-Facorro”
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“Taken together, our findings suggest the presence of a reversible " dysfunctional network " in AIPD rather than a " single aberrant centre " , as also postulated in schizophrenia (Friston 1998; Shergill et al. 2000; David 2004; Stephan et al. 2006).”
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Measurement of Sylvian Fissure asymmetry and occipital bending in humans and Pan troglodytes
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“, 2009), Heschl's Gyrus (Shergill et al., 2000; Dorsaint-Pierre, 2006), and underlying Arcuate Fasciculus white matter tract (Takao et al.”
BackgroundCorticothalamic gating of population auditory thalamocortical transmission in mouse
Ibrahim, B. A., Murphy, C. A., Muscioni, G., Taheri, A., Yudintsev, G., Kenyon, R. V., Berger-Wolf, T. Y., Banks, M. I., & Llano, D. A. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.56645 · Cited by 21
Neurobiology of the early course of schizophrenia
Jindal, R. D., & Keshavan, M. S. (2008) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.8.7.1093 · Cited by 20
Brain Imaging in Schizophrenia
Liddle, P. F., & Pantelis, C. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470987353.ch22 · Cited by 20
Imaging auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia
Tracy, D. K., & Shergill, S. S. (2006) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1601-5215.2006.00129.x · Cited by 20
“(23) utilized two paradigms: a novel random ‘sampling’ method, which sampled resting patients at random intervals, prompting them to describe recent thoughts and experiences and a more conventional ‘button-pressing’ approach with continuous scanning, during which time subjects signalled the onset and end of discrete A…”
MethodVisual Hallucinations in Psychosis: The Curious Absence of the Primary Visual Cortex
van Ommen, M. M., van Laar, T., Renken, R. J., Cornelissen, F. W., & Bruggeman, R. (2023) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbac140 · Cited by 18
Association between CCK-AR gene and schizophrenia with auditory hallucinations
Toirac, I., Sanjuán, J., Aguilar, E. J., González, J. C., Artigas, F., Rivero, O., Nájera, C., Moltó, M. D., & de Frutos, R. (2007) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/ypg.0b013e3280298292 · Cited by 18
“AH are associated with increased metabolic activity in several cortical areas, such as inferior frontal/insular, anterior cingulate and temporal cortex, as well as the right thalamus and several hippocampal areas (Shergill et al., 2000).”
BackgroundHearing and speech impairment at age 4 and risk of later non-affective psychosis
Fors, A., Abel, K. M., Wicks, S., Magnusson, C., & Dalman, C. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712002644 · Cited by 18
“The classical core symptoms of psychosis are auditory hallucinations and speech deviations, whose activation patterns map onto brain areas corresponding to ‘ inner speech’ (Shergill et al. 2000a, b).”
BackgroundA Brain Centred View of Psychiatric Comorbidity in Tinnitus: From Otology to Hodology
Salviati, M., Bersani, F. S., Valeriani, G., Minichino, A., Panico, R., Romano, G. F., Mazzei, F., Testugini, V., ALTISSIMI, G., & Cianfrone, G. (2014) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2014/817852 · Cited by 17
“This idea is supported by the socalled “symptom capture” studies, which attempt to measure brain activity while subjects are experiencing AVHs [99–101].”
ResultDorsomedial prefontal cortex supports spontaneous thinking per se
Raij, T. T., & Riekki, T. J. J. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23589 · Cited by 18
“001 (see Table I), the threshold applied in some earlier experience-sampling fMRI studies [Christoff et al., 2009; Shergill et al., 2000].”
ResultInfluentialIntegrating Imaging Genomic Data in the Quest for Biomarkers of Schizophrenia Disease
Deng, S.-P., Hu, W., Calhoun, V. D., & Wang, Y. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics · doi:10.1109/tcbb.2017.2748944 · Cited by 18
“On the other hand, genetic factors are believed to have influence on the SCZ in that the SCZ is high heritable (concordance rates in monozygotic twins reach approximately 50 percent [9]).”
Swerdlow, N. R., Pitcher, L., Noh, H. R., & Shoemaker, J. M. (2002) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03298-5 · Cited by 18
The Schizophrenia Construct: Symptomatic Presentation
Arango, C., & Carpenter, W. T. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9781444327298.ch2 · Cited by 18
Neuromodulation and neural networks in psychiatric disorders: current status and emerging prospects
Michalopoulou, P. G., Meshreky, K. M., Hommerich, Z., & Shergill, S. S. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329172510158x · Cited by 18
“AVHs correlate with hyper-connectivity in the left auditory cortex and increased activity within the left temporoparietal cortex alongside reduced prefrontal top-down control (Shao, Liao, Gu, Chen, & Tang, 2021; Shergill, Brammer, Williams, Murray, & McGuire, 2000).”
Cortico-Cerebellar Monitoring of Speech Sequence Production
Todorović, S., Anton, J., Sein, J., Nazarian, B., Chanoine, V., Rauchbauer, B., Kotz, S. A., & Runnqvist, E. (2023) · Neurobiology of Language · doi:10.1162/nol_a_00113 · Cited by 18
“Note that some studies manipulating auditory feedback (e.g., Hirano et al., 1997) or looking into auditory hallucinations (e.g., Shergill et al., 2000) also link pSTG to internal monitoring (e.g., Indefrey & Levelt, 2004).”
BackgroundEffects of Hallucinogens on Neuronal Activity
Lladó-Pelfort, L., Celada, P., Riga, M. S., Troyano‐Rodriguez, E., Santana, N., & Artigas, F. (2017) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2017_473 · Cited by 17
Cordes, J., Arends, M., Mobascher, A., Brinkmeyer, J., Kornischka, J., Eichhammer, P., Klimke, A., Winterer, G., & Agelink, M. W. (2006) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000096990 · Cited by 17
Bhattacharyya, S., Sainsbury, T. T. J., Allen, P., Nosarti, C., Atakan, Z., Giampietro, V., Brammer, M. J., & McGuire, P. K. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718000387 · Cited by 17
“2000) and role of altered lateral prefrontal activity in the pathophysiology of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia (Shergill et al. 2000).”
BackgroundSimper, R. C., Walker, M. A., Black, G. B., Rosa, E. D., Crow, T. J., & Chance, S. A. (2011) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2011.08.007 · Cited by 16
“The PT supports auditory language processing, is active during auditory hallucinations (Shergill et al., 2000) and reduced volume in schizophrenia has been shown to correlate with the degree of thought disorder (Shenton et al., 1992).”
BackgroundNeuroimaging Effects of 1 Hz Right Temporoparietal rTMS on Normal Auditory Processing
Tracy, D. K., de Abreu, M. D. S., Orlov, N. D., Mao, L., Lage, C., & Shergill, S. S. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1097/wnp.0000000000000098 · Cited by 16
“Our choice of the right hemisphere rather than the more commonly used left side follows on our previous work (Shergill et al., 2000; Tracy et al., 2010) and other neuroimaging data (Sommer et al.”
BackgroundMethodLi, S., Ma, L., Wang, Y., Wang, X., Li, Y., & Qin, L. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192103 · Cited by 16
FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING RESEARCH IN PSYCHIATRY
Meisenzahl, E., & Schlösser, R. G. M. (2001) · Neuroimaging Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s1052-5149(25)00711-7 · Cited by 16
Pharmacotherapy of Paraphilias With Luteinizing Hormone–Releasing Hormone Agonists
Briken, P. (2002) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.5.469 · Cited by 16
Bramon, E., & Murray, R. M. (2001) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2001.3.4/ebramon · Cited by 15
“Much research indicates that auditory hallucinations are disorders of inner language.(22,23) Perhaps it is not surprising that children who have impaired language perception are more prone to misperceive their own inner speech as voices in adult life.”
BackgroundThe Auditory Cortex in Schizophrenia
Shi, W. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.02.007 · Cited by 15
“However, since several other brain areas including the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus also show increased activity during hallucinations (e.g. Shergill et al 2000), it is uncertain whether the role of the auditory cortex is primary or secondary.”
Background18FDG PET in hallucinating and non-hallucinating patients.
Kopeček, M., Španiel, F., Novák, T., Tislerova, B., Bělohlávek, O., & Horáček, J. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 15
Morrison, P. D., & Murray, R. M. (2005) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.11.059 · Cited by 15
Takahashi, T., Suzuki, M., Hagino, H., Zhou, S.-Y., Kawasaki, Y., Nohara, S., Nakamura, K., Yamashita, I., Seto, H., & Kurachi, M. (2004) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2004.11.002 · Cited by 15
“have also suggested insular cortex abnormalities to be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (Curtis et al., 1998; Shergill et al., 2000; CrespoFacorro et al., 2001a,b; Desco et al., 2003).”
BackgroundInsights and treatment options for psychiatric disorders guided by functional MRI
Sharma, T. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci19166 · Cited by 15
“In 2000, Shergill and colleagues described a novel fMRI method permitting the measurement of spontaneous neural activity without the need for subjects to signal when hallucinations occurred (45).”
BackgroundIs there an association between the use of heeled footwear and schizophrenia?
Flensmark, J. (2004) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2004.05.014 · Cited by 15
“[61] Shergill SS, Brammer MJ, Williams SCR, Murray RM, McGuire”
BackgroundAn Update on the Use of Neuromodulation Strategies in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
Neufeld, N. H., & Blumberger, D. M. (2025) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20250068 · Cited by 14
Openshaw, R. L., Thomson, D. M., Thompson, R., Penninger, J. M., Pratt, J. A., MORRIS, B. J., & Dawson, N. (2019) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbz044 · Cited by 15
An fMRI study of prefrontal dysfunction and symptomatic recovery in schizophrenia
Smee, C., A, L. K. M., O’Daly, O., Prins, A.-M., Orlov, N. D., Morley, L. A., Samson, G., & Shergill, S. S. (2010) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01632.x · Cited by 14
“0068 )51 )7 31 Hard letters Anterior cingulate (9) 141 0.”
Hallucinatory disorder, an original clinical picture? Clinical and imaging data
Mauri, M. C., Gaietta, M., Dragogna, F., Valli, I., Cerveri, G., & Marotta, G. (2007) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.10.010 · Cited by 14
Narayanaswamy, J. C., Kalmady, S. V., Venkatasubramanian, G., & Gangadhar, B. N. (2014) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.14030049 · Cited by 14
Metadata
- Authors
- Shergill, S. S., Brammer, M. J., Williams, S. C. R., Murray, R. M., & McGuire, P. K.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2000-11-01
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1033
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2022503841
- Cited by
- 666
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 43
- FWCI
- 11.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- auditory verbal hallucinations, schizophrenia, spontaneous neuronal activity, inferior frontal cortex, insula, anterior cingulate cortex, thalamus, inferior colliculus, hippocampus, parahippocampal cortex, temporal cortex, distributed neural networks
- MeSH terms
- Auditory Perception, Brain Mapping, Hallucinations, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology
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