The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Mapping Auditory Hallucinations in Schizophrenia Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Perceptions of speech in the absence of an auditory stimulus (auditory verbal hallucinations) are a cardinal feature of schizophrenia. Functional neuroimaging provides a powerful means of measuring neural activity during auditory hallucinations, but the results from previous studies have been inconsistent. This may reflect the acquisition of small numbers of images in each subject and the confounding effects of patients actively signaling when hallucinations occur. METHODS: We examined 6 patients with schizophrenia who were experiencing frequent auditory hallucinations, using a novel functional magnetic resonance imaging method that permitted the measurement of spontaneous neural activity without requiring subjects to signal when hallucinations occurred. Approximately 50 individual scans were acquired at unpredictable intervals in each subject while they were intermittently hallucinating. Immediately after each scan, subjects reported whether they had been hallucinating at that instant. Neural activity when patients were and were not experiencing hallucinations was compared in each subject and the group as a whole. RESULTS: Auditory hallucinations were associated with activation in the inferior frontal/insular, anterior cingulate, and temporal cortex bilaterally (with greater responses on the right), the right thalamus and inferior colliculus, and the left hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex (P<.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Auditory hallucinations may be mediated by a distributed network of cortical and subcortical areas. Previous neuroimaging studies of auditory hallucinations may have identified different components of this network.
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“Wernicke’s-seeded FC was computed for subregions of the left IFG based on studies highlighting the critical involvement of the latter during self-generated auditory imagery of spoken speech (22,23), perception of external speech (24,25), and AVHs themselves (26,27).”
From Elevated functional connectivity along a corticostriatal loop and the mechanism of auditory/verbal hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia (2011) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Although BA46 is typically viewed as a middle frontal region, its ventral aspect lies in IFG and participates in language processes (51–53) and has been implicated in the genesis of AVHs (26,54).”
From Elevated functional connectivity along a corticostriatal loop and the mechanism of auditory/verbal hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia (2011) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“The first two were in the putamen and thalamus, which are involved in initiating and organizing language representations ordinarily (56–58), and have been shown to be activated coincident with AVH occurrences in two reports (26,59).”
From Elevated functional connectivity along a corticostriatal loop and the mechanism of auditory/verbal hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia (2011) · cites this paper as [26]
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“Given these findings, it is possible to hypothesize that self/non-self attribution is related to a threshold phenomenon: the anterior insula response observed in hallucinations (Shergill et al., 2000; Sommer et al., 2008) is too weak to identify the sensory information as having an internal source and results in it be…”
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A functional study of auditory verbal imagery
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“Similarly, a functional neuroimaging study of auditory imagery in patients with schizophrenia, in remission, demonstrated hypoactivity within the cerebellum, as well as other regions (Shergill et al. 2000b).”
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Interaction of language, auditory and memory brain networks in auditory verbal hallucinations
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“, 1999) and secondary cortices (STG; MTG) as well as other regions such as anterior cingulate, SMA, insula, precentral gyrus, frontal operculum, inferior parietal lobule, hippocampus, and parahippocampal region (Shergill et al., 2000; Raij et al., 2009).”
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“However, during the experience of hearing voices when none are spoken (auditory verbal hallucinations), temporal lobe structures are activated, not deactivated in schizophrenics (Dierks et al., 1999, Shergill et al., 2000).”
BackgroundThe cognitive neuropsychiatry of auditory verbal hallucinations: An overview
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Deactivation of the Parahippocampal Gyrus Preceding Auditory Hallucinations in Schizophrenia
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The hodology of hallucinations
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“…(ffytche et al., 1998; Oertel et al., 2007), auditory and motor language areas are activated during auditory-verbal hallucinations (Lennox et al., 2000; Dierks et al., 1999; Shergill et al., 2000) and somatosensory areas are activated during somatic hallucinations (Shergill et al., 2001).”
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“In a similar study using fMRI Shergill et al. (2000) investigated the functional anatomy of auditory verbal imagery in patients with auditory hallucinations.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationModulation of activity in temporal cortex during generation of inner speech
Shergill, S. S., Brammer, M. J., Fukuda, R., Bullmore, E., Amaro, E., Murray, R. M., & McGuire, P. K. (2002) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.10046 · Cited by 182
“Many of these areas are activated during relatively demanding tasks that entail covert articulation e.g., imagining a sentence being spoken in someone else’s voice [Shergill et al., 2000a].”
BackgroundCortical folding abnormalities in schizophrenia patients with resistant auditory hallucinations
Cachia, A., Martinot, M. P., Galinowski, A., Januel, D., de Beaurepaire, R., Bellivier, F., Artiges, É., Andoh, J., Bartrés‐Faz, D., Duchesnay, É., et al. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.08.049 · Cited by 192
“, 2005), the left sylvius diagonal branch adjacent to Broca’s area (Cleghorn et al., 1990; Dierks et al., 1999; McGuire et al., 1993; Sanjuan et al., 2007; Shergill et al., 2000; Stephane et al., 2000) and the left middle frontal sulcus (Lennox et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialCerebral cortex : principles of operation
Rolls, E. T. (2016) · doi:10.82444/warw.33712699 · Cited by 187
Poulet, E., Brunelin, J., Bediou, B., Bation, R., Forgeard, L., Jean Dalery, A., d’Amato, T., & Saoud, M. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.007 · Cited by 180
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The Neurodynamic Organization of Modality-Dependent Hallucinations
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“…Cortex May 2013, V 23 N 5 1113 D ow nloaded from https://academ ic.oup.com /cercor/article-abstract/23/5/1108/801449 by guest on 04 D ecem ber 2018 (Shergill et al. 2000; Sommer et al. 2008), others have reported its activation (Dierks et al. 1999; van de Ven et al. 2005), which calls into…”
BackgroundAcoustic noise and functional magnetic resonance imaging: Current strategies and future prospects
Amaro, E., Williams, S., Shergill, S. S., Fu, C. H. Y., MacSweeney, M., Picchioni, M., Brammer, M. J., & McGuire, P. K. (2002) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.10186 · Cited by 176
“C: fMRI activations from an SER design (one time-point) in a “free-running” paradigm, showing the network related to auditory hallucinations in a group of schizophrenic subjects (115).”
MethodScanning silence: Mental imagery of complex sounds
Bunzeck, N., Wüstenberg, T., Lutz, K., Heinze, H., & Jäncke, L. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.03.013 · Cited by 171
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“On the background of this diminished activity, hallucinations (McGuire et al, 1993; Silbersweig et al, 1995; Shergill et al, 2000) or other positive symptoms (Sabri et al, 1997) in schizophrenic patients or exposure to drugs (Volkow et al, 2005) or drug-related cues (Grant et al, 1996; Wang et al,…”
Insular cortex gray matter changes in individuals at ultra-high-risk of developing psychosis
Takahashi, T., Wood, S. J., Yung, A. R., Phillips, L., Soulsby, B., McGorry, P. D., Tanino, R., Zhou, S.-Y., Suzuki, M., Velakoulis, D., et al. (2009) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.03.024 · Cited by 168
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“…in diverse brain regions involved in speech generation , speech perception, and verbal memory (Suzuki et al. 1993; Woodruff et al. 1994; Silbersweig et al. 1995; Dierks et al. 1999; Lennox et al. 1999, 2000; Shergill et al. 2000; Copolov et al. 2003; Shergill et al. 2004; van de Van et al. 2005).”
BackgroundResultReview of the efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation for auditory verbal hallucinations.
Slotema, C., Blom, J., van Lutterveld, R., Hoek, H., & Sommer, I. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.09.038 · Cited by 172
“038 Because AVH may co-occur with activity in the left temporoparietal area (7,8), this area was stimulated with a frequency of 1 Hz and showed that repeated stimulation induced a longerlasting decrease of the frequency and severity of medicationresistant AVH (9).”
BackgroundMapping auditory core, lateral belt, and parabelt cortices in the human superior temporal gyrus
Sweet, R. A., Dorph‐Petersen, K., & Lewis, D. A. (2005) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.20702 · Cited by 168
“…auditory cortex in humans is also located on the STG (Kaas and Hackett, 2000), where it serves to process auditory sensory input and phonemic elements underlying language perception, inner speech, and auditory imagery (Shergill et al., 2000; Wessinger et al., 2001; Liegeois-Chauvel et al., 2004).”
BackgroundParadiso, S., Andreasen, N. C., Crespo‐Facorro, B., OʼLeary, D. S., Watkins, G. L., Ponto, L. L. B., & Hichwa, R. D. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.10.1775 · Cited by 167
Functional magnetic resonance imaging of impaired sensory prediction in schizophrenia
Shergill, S. S., White, T. P., Joyce, D. W., Bays, P. M., Wolpert, D. M., & Frith, C. D. (2014) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.2974 · Cited by 163
A Dynamical Systems Hypothesis of Schizophrenia
Loh, M., Rolls, E. T., & Deco, G. (2007) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030228 · Cited by 164
“Consistent with this, neuroimaging studies suggest higher activation, especially in areas of the temporal lobe [17,18,35].”
BackgroundResultSun, J., Maller, J. J., Guo, L., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2009) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.03.004 · Cited by 166
Laviolette, S. (2007) · Schizophrenia bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm048 · Cited by 177
Cognitive neuropsychiatry: towards a scientific psychopathology
Halligan, P. W., & David, A. S. (2001) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/35058586 · Cited by 158
Lee, S., Kim, W. B., Chung, Y.-C., Jung, K.-H., Bahk, W., Jun, T.-Y., Kim, K., George, M. S., & Chae, J. (2004) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2004.11.048 · Cited by 157
“Shergill et al.[17] reported the resence of active areas in the anterior cingulate cortex, halamus, left hippocampus, and parahippocampal c hen subjects were experiencing AHs.”
BackgroundHoffman, R. E., Fernandez, T., Pittman, B., & Hampson, M. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.050 · Cited by 156
“Wernicke’s-seeded FC was computed for subregions of the left IFG based on studies highlighting the critical involvement of the latter during selfgenerated auditory imagery of spoken speech (22,23), perception of external speech (24,25), and AVHs themselves (26,27).”
BackgroundMethodFunctional neuroimaging in schizophrenia: diagnosis and drug discovery
McGuire, P. K., Howes, O. D., Stone, J. M., & Fusar‐Poli, P. (2008) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2007.11.005 · Cited by 157
Whitford, T. J., Grieve, S. M., Farrow, T. F. D., Gomes, L. J., Brennan, J., Harris, A. W. F., Gordon, E., & Williams, L. M. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.03.041 · Cited by 156
“The role of the parietal cortices in the development of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia has been established previously, particularly in regards to the development of symptoms of reality distortion (Shergill et al., 2000; Spence et al., 1997; Whitford et al., 2005), with an emphasis being placed on its role in the…”
BackgroundThe spatiotemporal pattern of auditory cortical responses during verbal hallucinations
van de Ven, V. G., Formisano, E., Röder, C. H., Prvulovic, D., Bittner, R. A., Dietz, M. G., Hubl, D., Dierks, T., Federspiel, A., Esposito, F., et al. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.04.041 · Cited by 159
“The finding of PAC activity during AVH, however, has remained controversial (Shergill et al., 2000), with only few replications (Bentaleb et al., 2002; Lennox et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialFanous, A. H., van den Oord, E. J. C. G., Riley, B. P., Aggen, S. H., Neale, M. C., O’Neill, F. A., Walsh, D., & Kendler, K. S. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.10.1824 · Cited by 153
“to temporally correlate with activation of discrete neural structures, such as Heschl’s gyrus and the temporal cortex (32, 33).”
BackgroundSharp, F. R., Tomitaka, M., Bernaudin, M., & Tomitaka, S. (2001) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01817-8 · Cited by 151
Kuhn, S., & Gallinat, J. (2012) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbq152 · Cited by 245
Modality specific neural correlates of auditory and somatic hallucinations
Shergill, S. S. (2001) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.71.5.688 · Cited by 153
Afif, A., Minotti, L., Kahane, P., & Hoffmann, D. (2010) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02755.x · Cited by 156
“…visceral sensory processing (Ostrowsky et al., 2000; Dupont et al., 2003; Isnard et al., 2004), bradycardia (Volkow et al., 2000; Seeck et al., 2003), dysphagia (Daniel & Foundas, 1997), and auditory processing (Manes et al., 1999; Lewis et al., 2000; Shergill et al., 2000; Bamiou et al., 2003).”
BackgroundNeural correlates of the misattribution of speech in schizophrenia
Allen, P., Amaro, E., Fu, C. H. Y., Williams, S. C. R., Brammer, M. J., Johns, L. C., & McGuire, P. K. (2007) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.025700 · Cited by 147
“These findings are consistent with our hypothesis and with data from previous studies that have implicated these regions in schizophrenia (Shapleske et al, 1999; Carter et al, 2001) and the pathophysiology of auditory verbal hallucinations (Suzuki et al, 1993; Shergill et al, 2000a).”
BackgroundResultShergill, S. S., Brammer, M. J., Fukuda, R., Williams, S., Murray, R. M., & McGuire, P. K. (2003) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.182.6.525 · Cited by 152
The associations between multisensory temporal processing and symptoms of schizophrenia
Stevenson, R. A., Park, S., Cochran, C., McIntosh, L. G., Noel, J., Barense, M. D., Ferber, S., & Wallace, M. T. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.09.035 · Cited by 155
“, 2014), and during hallucinations in individuals with SCZ, there are changes in the neural activation patterns in STS (Jardri et al., 2011; Shergill et al., 2000).”
InfluentialFitzgerald, P. B., Mendieta, J. B., Daskalakis, J. Z., Brown, T. L., Marston, N., de Castella, A. R., & Kulkarni, J. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/01.jcp.0000168487.22140.7f · Cited by 144
“11), other studies have implicated the right temporal cortex(12) as well as other brain regions.(12,13) This potential heterogeneity strongly suggests the need for the study of treatment approaches based on an individual assessment of the functional anatomy of hallucinations for each patient.”
BackgroundCopolov, D., Seal, M. L., Maruff, P. T., Ulusoy, R., Wong, M. T. H., Tochon‐Danguy, H., & Egan, G. F. (2003) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/s0925-4927(02)00121-x · Cited by 143
Auditory hallucinations elicit similar brain activation in psychotic and nonpsychotic individuals
Diederen, K. M. J., Daalman, K., de Weijer, A. D., Neggers, S. F. W., van Gastel, W., Blom, J. D., Kahn, R. S., & Sommer, I. E. C. (2012) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr033 · Cited by 138
Hurlburt, R. T., Alderson-Day, B., Kühn, S., & Fernyhough, C. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147932 · Cited by 131
“Others [16, 17] have used the sound of the intermittent onset of the scanner itself as a cue to signal the reporting of ongoing experience, particularly auditory hallucinations, and used a subtractive method to compare brain activation during hallucinations to non-hallucination activation.”
BackgroundMethodWolf, N. D., Sambataro, F., Vasić, N., Frasch, K., Schmid, M., Schönfeldt‐Lecuona, C., Thomann, P. A., & Wolf, R. C. (2011) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.110008 · Cited by 145
Liu, H., Kaneko, Y. A., Ouyang, X., Li, L., Hao, Y., Chen, E. Y. H., Jiang, T., Zhou, Y., & Liu, Z. (2010) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbq074 · Cited by 138
Hallucinations in schizophrenia, sensory impairment, and brain disease: A unifying model
Behrendt, R., & Young, C. (2004) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x04000184 · Cited by 137
“& Petersen, S. E. (1997) Top-down modulation of early sensory cortex.”
BackgroundInfluentialLahti, A. C., Weiler, M. A., Holcomb, H. H., Tamminga, C. A., Carpenter, W. T., & McMahon, R. P. (2005) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300837 · Cited by 134
“Specifically, studies attempted to image, in the same person, periods when they were actively hallucinating and when they were not (McGuire et al, 1993; Silbersweig et al, 1995; Shergill et al, 2000; Woodruff et al, 1995).”
BackgroundNeural activity in speech-sensitive auditory cortex during silence
Hunter, M. D., Eickhoff, S. B., Miller, T. W. R., Farrow, T. F. D., Wilkinson, I. D., & Woodruff, P. W. R. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0506268103 · Cited by 135
Catani, M., Craig, M., Forkel, S. J., Kanaan, R., Picchioni, M., Toulopoulou, T., Shergill, S. S., Williams, S., Murphy, D., & McGuire, P. K. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.06.013 · Cited by 133
Shinn, A. K., Baker, J. T., Cohen, B. M., & Öngür, D. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.11.037 · Cited by 136
“…2009), and previous AH-related studies found increased activation in both OFC (Silbersweig et al., 1995; Parellada et al., 2008) and ACC (McGuire et al., 1993; Suzuki et al., 1993; Silbersweig et al., 1995; Szechtman et al., 1998; Shergill et al., 2000; Allen et al., 2007; Parellada et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialVercammen, A., Knegtering, H., Bruggeman, R., Westenbroek, H. M., Jenner, J. A., Slooff, C. J., Wunderink, L., & Aleman, A. (2009) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.07.013 · Cited by 126
“Functional neuroimaging studies furthermore suggest that in addition to secondary, and occasionally primary sensory cortices, abnormal activation in a distributed network of prefrontal, cingulate, limbic, subcortical and cerebellar regions appears to contribute to the experience of AVH(Shergill et al., 2000; Lennoxet…”
BackgroundTranscranial magnetic stimulation for auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia
McIntosh, A. M., Semple, D. M., Tasker, K., Harrison, L. K., Owens, D. G. C., Johnstone, E. C., & Ebmeier, K. P. (2004) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.03.005 · Cited by 125
Are Anticorrelated Networks in the Brain Relevant to Schizophrenia?
Williamson, P. (2007) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm043 · Cited by 125
Moritz, S., & Larøi, F. (2008) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.04.007 · Cited by 128
“…hallucinations to be associated with brain activation in language production areas, and disturbances in the auditory cortex are only observed in a subgroup of patients (Copolov et al., 2003; Lennox et al., 1999, 2000; Shergill et al., 2000, 2001; Silbersweig et al., 1995; van de Ven et al., 2005).”
Jones, S. R., & Fernyhough, C. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.10.001 · Cited by 142
The brain’s voices: comparing nonclinical auditory hallucinations and imagery
Linden, D. E. J., Thornton, K., Kuswanto, C. N., Johnston, S. J., van de Ven, V., & Jackson, M. C. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq097 · Cited by 117
“The activation of fronto temporal and thalamic networks during nonclinical hallucinations coincides with previous reports of brain activity during periods of AVH in schizophrenia patients (Silbersweig et al. 1995; Dierks et al. 1999; Shergill et al. 2000).”
ResultAuditory cortex asymmetry, altered minicolumn spacing and absence of ageing effects in schizophrenia
Chance, S. A., Casanova, M. F., Switala, A. E., & Crow, T. J. (2008) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awn211 · Cited by 119
Metadata
- Authors
- Shergill, S. S., Brammer, M. J., Williams, S. C. R., Murray, R. M., & McGuire, P. K.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2000-11-01
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1033
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2022503841
- Cited by
- 666
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 43
- FWCI
- 11.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- auditory verbal hallucinations, schizophrenia, spontaneous neuronal activity, inferior frontal cortex, insula, anterior cingulate cortex, thalamus, inferior colliculus, hippocampus, parahippocampal cortex, temporal cortex, distributed neural networks
- MeSH terms
- Auditory Perception, Brain Mapping, Hallucinations, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology
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