Understanding and Addressing Sources of Anxiety Among Health Care Professionals During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
Howard Bauchner, MD; Thomas J. Easley; on behalf of the entire editorial and publishing staff of JAMA and the JAMA Network
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Essential workers during the COVID-19 pandemic experience heightened anxiety and depression because of increased work demands, inadequate personal protective equipment, fear of infection, and fear of transmitting the virus to loved ones.
“Essential workers during the COVID-19 pandemic face heightened levels of anxiety and depression due to increased work demands, lack of adequate personal protective equipment, fear of contracting the virus, and fear of spreading it to loved ones.”
From CBT-Informed Interventions for Essential Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic (2020) · cites this paper as Shanafelt et al. 2020
Frontline professionals are most commonly concerned with overwork, changing work demands, infection and infecting others, inadequate PPE, lack of testing, and family concerns.
“In a recent survey conducted by Shanafelt et al. (2020), frontline professionals are most commonly concerned with becoming overworked, the rapidly changing demands placed on their work roles, becoming infected and infecting others, inadequate personal protective equipment (PPE) in the workplace, lack of access to testing, and concerns about family members.”
From CBT-Informed Interventions for Essential Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic (2020) · cites this paper as Shanafelt et al. 2020
Cites
Lai, J., Ma, S., Wang, Y., Cai, Z., Hu, J., Wei, N., Wu, J., Du, H., Chen, T., Li, R., et al. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976 · Cited by 8,015 · see citing works
Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak
Chen, Q., Liang, M., Li, Y., Guo, J., Fei, D., Wang, L., He, L., Sheng, C., Cai, Y., Li, X., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30078-x · Cited by 2,233 · see citing works
Supporting the health care workforce during the COVID-19 global epidemic
Adams, J. G., & Walls, R. M. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.3972 · Cited by 1,498 · see citing works
Singer, T., & Klimecki, O. M. (2014) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.06.054 · Cited by 1,254 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Shechter, A., Diaz, F., Moise, N., Anstey, D. E., Ye, S., Agarwal, S., Birk, J. L., Brodie, D., Cannone, D. E., Chang, B., et al. (2020) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.06.007 · Cited by 1,008 · see citing works
Clinical sequelae of COVID-19 survivors in Wuhan, China: a single-centre longitudinal study
Xiong, Q., Xu, M., Li, J., Liu, Y., Zhang, J., Xu, Y., & Dong, W. (2021) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.023 · Cited by 751 · see citing works
Mitigating the psychological impact of covid-19 on healthcare workers: a digital learning package
Blake, H., Bermingham, F., Johnson, G., & Tabner, A. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17092997 · Cited by 656 · see citing works
Salazar de Pablo, G., Vaquerizo-Serrano, J., Catalan, A., Arango, C., Moreno, C., Ferre, F., Shin, J. I., Sullivan, S., Brondino, N., Solmi, M., et al. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.022 · Cited by 631 · see citing works
Pollock, A., Campbell, P., Cheyne, J., Cowie, J., Davis, B., McCallum, J., McGill, K., Elders, A., Hagen, S., McClurg, D., et al. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013779 · Cited by 631 · see citing works
Shanafelt, T. D., West, C. P., Dyrbye, L. N., Trockel, M., Tutty, M., Wang, H., Carlasare, L. E., & Sinsky, C. (2022) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2022.09.002 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
Self-citationRuiz‐Fernández, M. D., Ramos‐Pichardo, J. D., Ibáñez‐Masero, O., Cabrera‐Troya, J., Carmona‐Rega, M. I., & Ortega‐Galán, Á. M. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.15469 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
El-Hage, W., Hingray, C., Lemogne, C., Yrondi, A., Brunault, P., Bienvenu, T., Etain, B., Paquet, C., Gohier, B., Bennabi, D., et al. (2020) · L'Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2020.04.008 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Mental health of healthcare workers during the <scp>COVID</scp>‐19 pandemic in Italy
Di Tella, M., Romeo, A., Benfante, A., & Castelli, L. (2020) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.13444 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Exposure to COVID-19 patients increases physician trainee stress and burnout
Kannampallil, T. G., Goss, C. W., Evanoff, B. A., Strickland, J. R., McAlister, R. P., & Duncan, J. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0237301 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
“, telemedicine replacing face-toface encounters, change of evidence-base for care) [4].”
BackgroundGender and Fear of COVID-19 in a Cuban Population Sample
Broche-Pérez, Y., Fernández-Fleites, Z., Jiménez-Puig, E., Fernández-Castillo, E., & Rodríguez-Martin, B. C. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00343-8 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
The impact of COVID-19 on physician burnout globally: a review
Amanullah, S., & Ramesh Shankar, R. (2020) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare8040421 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Faisal, R. A., Jobe, M. C., Ahmed, O., & Sharker, T. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00458-y · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Traumatic Stress in Healthcare Workers during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review of the Immediate Impact
Benfante, A., Di Tella, M., Romeo, A., & Castelli, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.569935 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
COVID-19 and healthcare system in China: challenges and progression for a sustainable future
Sun, S., Xie, Z., Yu, K., Jiang, B., Zheng, S., & Pan, X. (2021) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-021-00665-9 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Soklaridis, S., Lin, E., Lalani, Y., Rodak, T., & Sockalingam, S. (2020) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.08.007 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Alenazi, T. H., BinDhim, N. F., Alenazi, M. H., Tamim, H., Almagrabi, R. S., Aljohani, S. M., H Basyouni, M., Almubark, R. A., Althumiri, N. A., & Alqahtani, S. A. (2020) · Journal of Infection and Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2020.09.001 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Jiang, X., Ni, P., Li, H., Li, C., Zhou, Q., Ou, Z., Guo, Y., & Cao, J. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12847 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Sklar, M., Ehrhart, M. G., & Aarons, G. A. (2021) · Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.1037/prj0000480 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Mellins, C. A., Mayer, L. E. S., Glasofer, D. R., Devlin, M. J., Albano, A. M., Nash, S. S., Engle, E., Cullen, C., Ng, W. Y. K., Allmann, A. E., et al. (2020) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.08.013 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“With the increased focus on HCW mental health [48,49], the team believes this pandemic has highlighted an ongoing need.”
Huang, L., Wang, Y., Liu, J., Ye, P., Chen, X., Xu, H., Qu, H., & Ning, G. (2020) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.926008 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Mercado, M., Wachter, K., Schuster, R. C., Mathis, C. M., Johnson, E., Davis, O. I., & Johnson‐Agbakwu, C. E. (2022) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13712 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Lam, S. C., Arora, T., Grey, I., Suen, L. K. P., Huang, E. Y.-Z., Li, D., & Lam, K. B. H. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00686 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Xue, Y., Lopes, J., Ritchie, K., D’Alessandro, A. M., Banfield, L., McCabe, R. E., Heber, A., Lanius, R. A., & McKinnon, M. C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.863232 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Dillon, E. C., Stults, C. D., Deng, S., Martinez, M., Szwerinski, N., Koenig, P. T., Gregg, L., Cobb, J. K., Mahler, E., Frosch, D. L., et al. (2022) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-021-07134-4 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
McGlinchey, E., Hitch, C., Butter, S., McCaughey, L., Berry, E., & Armour, C. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1904700 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Burnout among neurology residents during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional study
Turalde, C. W. R., Espiritu, A. I., Macinas, I. D. N., & Jamora, R. D. G. (2022) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-021-05675-4 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
CBT-Informed Interventions for Essential Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Benhamou, K., & Piedra, A. (2020) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-020-09467-3 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Beck, E., & Daniels, J. (2023) · Psychology, Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2022.2092762 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Briciu, V., Leucuta, D.-C., Tőkés, G. E., & Colcear, D. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20054118 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers’ anxiety levels
Karasu, F., Öztürk Çopur, E., & Ayar, D. (2022) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-020-01466-x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Experiences of healthcare providers of older adults with cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic
Krok-Schoen, J. L., Pisegna, J. L., BrintzenhofeSzoc, K., MacKenzie, A. R., Canin, B., Plotkin, E., Boehmer, L. M., & Shahrokni, A. (2021) · Journal of Geriatric Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.jgo.2020.09.021 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Heber, A., Testa, V., Smith-MacDonald, L., Brémault-Phillips, S., & Carleton, R. N. (2020) · Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada · doi:10.24095/hpcdp.40.11/12.04 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Battling Burnout at the Frontlines of Health Care Amid COVID-19
Howell, B. A. M. (2021) · AACN Advanced Critical Care · doi:10.4037/aacnacc2021454 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
COVID-19, anxiety, and hopelessness: quality of life among healthcare workers in Turkey
Mert, S., Peker Karatoprak, A., Demirhan, Y., Baydemir, C., Çetinarslan, B., Cantürk, Z., Selek, A., Aydin, L., Sözen, M., & Gezer, E. (2022) · Evaluation & the Health Professions · doi:10.1177/01632787211067530 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Santamaría-Peláez, M., González-Bernal, J. J., Verdes-Montenegro-Atalaya, J. C., Pérula-de Torres, L. Á., Roldán-Villalobos, A., Romero-Rodríguez, E., Hachem Salas, N., Magallón Botaya, R., González-Navarro, T. D. J., Arias-Vega, R., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10245941 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Caldichoury, N., García-Roncallo, P., Saldías, C., Zurita, B., Castellanos, C., Herrera-Pino, J., Soto-Añari, M., Porto, M. F., Quispe-Rodríguez, I., Florez, Y., et al. (2025) · Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría · doi:10.1016/j.rcp.2023.04.010 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Shanafelt, T., Ripp, J., & Trockel, M.
- Affiliations
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shanafelt, Tait
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2020-06-02
- Volume
- 323
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 2133
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W3014937314
- Cited by
- 1,956
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 87 · 2025: 103 · 2024: 135 · 2023: 242 · 2022: 420 · 2021: 591 · 2020: 374 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 162.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Keywords
- anxiety, healthcare workers, COVID-19 pandemic, occupational stress, mental health, physician well-being
- MeSH terms
- Personal Protective Equipment, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Anxiety, Child, Child Care, Delivery of Health Care, Health Workforce, Health Personnel, Humans, Leadership, Occupational Diseases, Pneumonia, Viral, Coronavirus Infections, Needs Assessment, Access to Information, Uncertainty, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
