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Effect of Continuous Glucose Monitoring on Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Treated With Basal Insulin: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Open accessAbstract
Importance: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has been shown to be beneficial for adults with type 2 diabetes using intensive insulin therapy, but its use in type 2 diabetes treated with basal insulin without prandial insulin has not been well studied. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of CGM in adults with type 2 diabetes treated with basal insulin without prandial insulin in primary care practices. Design, Setting, and Participants: This randomized clinical trial was conducted at 15 centers in the US (enrollment from July 30, 2018, to October 30, 2019; follow-up completed July 7, 2020) and included adults with type 2 diabetes receiving their diabetes care from a primary care clinician and treated with 1 or 2 daily injections of long- or intermediate-acting basal insulin without prandial insulin, with or without noninsulin glucose-lowering medications. Interventions: Random assignment 2:1 to CGM (n = 116) or traditional blood glucose meter (BGM) monitoring (n = 59). Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level at 8 months. Key secondary outcomes were CGM-measured time in target glucose range of 70 to 180 mg/dL, time with glucose level at greater than 250 mg/dL, and mean glucose level at 8 months. Results: Among 175 randomized participants (mean [SD] age, 57 [9] years; 88 women [50%]; 92 racial/ethnic minority individuals [53%]; mean [SD] baseline HbA1c level, 9.1% [0.9%]), 165 (94%) completed the trial. Mean HbA1c level decreased from 9.1% at baseline to 8.0% at 8 months in the CGM group and from 9.0% to 8.4% in the BGM group (adjusted difference, -0.4% [95% CI, -0.8% to -0.1%]; P = .02). In the CGM group, compared with the BGM group, the mean percentage of CGM-measured time in the target glucose range of 70 to 180 mg/dL was 59% vs 43% (adjusted difference, 15% [95% CI, 8% to 23%]; P < .001), the mean percentage of time at greater than 250 mg/dL was 11% vs 27% (adjusted difference, -16% [95% CI, -21% to -11%]; P < .001), and the means of the mean glucose values were 179 mg/dL vs 206 mg/dL (adjusted difference, -26 mg/dL [95% CI, -41 to -12]; P < .001). Severe hypoglycemic events occurred in 1 participant (1%) in the CGM group and in 1 (2%) in the BGM group. Conclusions and Relevance: Among adults with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes treated with basal insulin without prandial insulin, continuous glucose monitoring, as compared with blood glucose meter monitoring, resulted in significantly lower HbA1c levels at 8 months. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03566693.
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“Benefits of CGM in this population include reductions in A1C, fewer severe hypoglycemia events in children and adults, increased TIR, as well as significant reductions in hospitalizations for severe hypoglycemia and DKA.156,162–168”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [167]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Continuous glucose monitoring for adults with type 2 diabetes (both those using and not using insulin)24,25 also achieves improved glycated haemoglobin concentrations without impacting the rate of hypoglycaemia.”
From Blood glucose monitoring devices: current considerations (2023) · cites this paper as [24]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Randomized controlled trials of the use of rt-CGM, compared with standard blood glucose monitoring, in adults with type 2 diabetes have generally shown reductions in HbA 1c with no significant change in time in hypoglycemia (169-172).”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [172]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“RCT data on rtCGM use in individuals with type 2 diabetes on MDI (59), mixed therapies (10, 60), and basal insulin (61,62) have consistently shown reductions in A1C levels and increases in TIR (70-180 mg/dL [3.9-10 mmol/L]) but not a reduction in rates of hypoglycemia (63).”
From 7. Diabetes Technology: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [61]
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Beyond A1C: exploring continuous glucose monitoring metrics in managing diabetes
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Self-citationPerioperative use and accuracy of continuous glucose monitoring: A systematic review
Carlier, L., de Ponthaud, C., Jacqueminet, S., Phan, F., Gaujoux, S., & Amouyal, C. (2025) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.16583 · Cited by 25
“59 However, the ADA still recommends the use of capillary blood glucose as POC for blood glucose monitoring in hospitalized patients with diabetes, 60 unless CGM was used prior to hospitalization, in which case it may be continued.”
Kompala, T., Wong, J. C., & Neinstein, A. B. (2022) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/19322968221088267 · Cited by 21
Assessment of the Glucose Management Indicator Using Different Sampling Durations
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Self-citationThe Evolution of Diabetes Technology – Options Toward Personalized Care
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“Numerous studies have shed new light on its benefits for glycemic outcomes [10-14], including evidence that CGM could be useful in pregnancy, improving maternal glycemia and neonatal outcomes [8,15-17].”
BackgroundThe use of technology in type 2 diabetes and prediabetes: a narrative review
Liarakos, A. L., Lim, J. Z. M., Leelarathna, L., & Wilmot, E. G. (2024) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-024-06203-7 · Cited by 23
“CGM did not significantly impact glucose concentrations, glucose variability, measures of body composition, blood pressure or lipid levels [14, 15].”
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Self-citationContinuous glucose monitoring in primary care – are we there?
Martens, T. W. (2021) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0000000000000689 · Cited by 20
Self-citationGrady, M., Cameron, H., Bhatiker, A., Holt, E., & Schnell, O. (2022) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2022.0134 · Cited by 19
“4%.(8) Furthermore, PwT2D initiating structured testing with a variety of BGM devices had similar A1c and TIR improvements among subjects who started using CGM.”
BackgroundThe spectrum of diabetes in acute and chronic pancreatitis
Olesen, S. S., Toledo, F. G. S., & Hart, P. A. (2022) · Current Opinion in Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mog.0000000000000864 · Cited by 20
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“Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems offer valuable glucose data for patients with diabetes mellitus.(1,2) It is generally used in the outpatient setting.”
Evolving Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Beyond Intensive Insulin Treatment
Wright, E. E., & Subramanian, S. (2021) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2021.0191 · Cited by 19
“66,67 In their study of 175 T2D adults treated with one or two daily injections of long-or intermediate-acting basal insulin without prandial insulin, with or without oral glucose-lowering medications, Martens et al. reported a significantly greater reduction in HbA1c among individuals using CGM…”
InfluentialBroadening Access to Continuous Glucose Monitoring for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
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Nanosensor Technologies and the Digital Transformation of Healthcare
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Roadmap to the Effective Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Primary Care
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Insulin Pump Therapy and Continuous Glucose Monitoring
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“47,79,80 The use of CGM in children and young adults has become the standard of care treatment as stated in the diabetes treatment guidelines given the overwhelming evidence indicating favorable outcomes with CGM use.”
InfluentialSelf-citationVimalananda, V. G., Kragen, B., Leibowitz, A. J., Qian, S. X., Wormwood, J. B., Linsky, A. M., UNDERWOOD, P. C., Conlin, P. R., & Kim, B. H. (2025) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-025-02764-7 · Cited by 18
Narrative Review: Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) in Older Adults with Diabetes
Wilson, A., Morrison, D., Sainsbury, C. A. R., & Jones, G. C. (2025) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-025-01720-z · Cited by 18
“Furthermore, the MOBILE randomised controlled trials showed improved HbA1c and more importantly, time in range for adults using basal insulin [47].”
Continuous Glucose Monitoring Frequency and Glycemic Control in People With Type 2 Diabetes
Hirsch, I. B., Garg, S. K., Repetto, E., Snell‐Bergeon, J. K., Ulmer, B. J., Perkins, C., & Bergenstal, R. M. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.39278 · Cited by 18
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“Evidence has tied insufficient sleep duration, and fragmented and disrupted sleep to poor glycaemic control among patients with T2D.”
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The Performance of Continuous Glucose Monitoring During the Intraoperative Period: A Scoping Review
Lim, H. A., Kim, M.-J., Kim, N. J., Huh, J., Jeong, J.-O., Hwang, W., & Choi, H. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13206169 · Cited by 16
“CGM is widely recognized in outpatient settings because it improves glycemic control, reduces the frequency of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, and enhances patient satisfaction by minimizing the need for finger stick blood glucose tests [63–66].”
BackgroundSergel-Stringer, O. T., Wheeler, B. J., Styles, S. E., Boucsein, A., Lever, C. S., Paul, R. G., Sampson, R., Watson, A., & de Bock, M. I. (2024) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40200-024-01403-9 · Cited by 15
Agarwal, S., Varghese, R. T., SAVIAN, R. E. N. A. T. O. R. E. Z. E. N. D. E., Wang, C. C. L., & Galindo, R. J. (2025) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2025.05.749 · Cited by 15
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Self-citationKarter, A. J., Parker, M. M., Moffet, H. H., Gilliam, L. K., & Dlott, R. S. (2022) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2021.0450 · Cited by 15
Instituting a successful discharge plan for patients with type 2 diabetes: challenges and solutions
Demidowich, A. P., Batty, K., & Zilbermint, M. (2022) · Diabetes Spectrum · doi:10.2337/dsi22-0013 · Cited by 15
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“41,42 Based on current guidelines, people with diabetes with severe hypoglycemia, hypoglycemia unawareness, or any problematic hypoglycemia (ie, unex-plainable, recurrent, asymptomatic, or nocturnal) constitute another population who would benefit from CGM, especially if the system includes a…”
BackgroundSelf-citationPatient‐reported outcomes in studies of diabetes technology: What matters
Liarakos, A. L., Crabtree, T. S. J., & Wilmot, E. G. (2024) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.15858 · Cited by 16
Advances in diabetes technology within the digital diabetes ecosystem
Aktürk, H. K., & Bindal, A. (2024) · Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy · doi:10.18553/jmcp.2024.30.10-b.s7 · Cited by 15
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“trolled trial involving 175 T2D patients who were treated with basal insulin [62].”
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Continuous Glucose Monitoring for Hyperglycemia in Critically Ill Patients
Franck, A. J., Hendrickson, A. L., Telford, E. D., Davids, B. L., Casanova, I. M., Rosen, A. N., Hadigal, S., & Ross, R. C. (2025) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1016/j.chest.2025.02.006 · Cited by 15
Real-World Diabetes Technology: Overcoming Barriers and Disparities
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Accuracy and Safety of the 15-Day CareSens Air Continuous Glucose Monitoring System
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Lanzinger, S., Best, F., Bergmann, T., Laimer, M., Lipovsky, B., Danne, T., Zimny, S., Bramlage, P., Meyhöfer, S., & Holl, R. W. (2022) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2022.0063 · Cited by 13
“20 The clinical trial conducted by Martens et al. 9 recruited individuals with T2D on basal insulin without prandial insulin from primary care settings.”
Making sense of glucose sensors in end-stage kidney disease: A review
Williams, M. E., Steenkamp, D., & Wolpert, H. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Clinical Diabetes and Healthcare · doi:10.3389/fcdhc.2022.1025328 · Cited by 13
Diabetes Technology in People with Type 2 Diabetes: Novel Indications
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Blood-based biomemristor for hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia monitoring
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“There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating that use of CGM in individuals with T2D treated with basal insulin only or NIT is associated with improved glycemic benefits and outcomes similar to those treated with intensive insulin regimens [18-21].”
BackgroundAktürk, H. K., Snell‐Bergeon, J. K., & Shah, V. N. (2022) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/19322968221101629 · Cited by 12
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Cardio‐renal‐metabolic disease in primary care setting
Ibrahim, M. A., Ba-Essa, E. M., Baker, J. C., Cahn, A., Ceriello, A., Cosentino, F., Davies, M. J., Eckel, R. H., Gaal, L. V., Gæde, P., et al. (2023) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.3755 · Cited by 13
Self-citationAlshannaq, H. A., Pollock, R. F., Joubert, M., Ahmed, W., Norman, G. J., Lynch, P. M., & Roze, S. (2024) · Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research · doi:10.57264/cer-2023-0174 · Cited by 13
“Specifically, the use of rt-CGM was associated with improvements in both glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and time in range compared with usual care in the DIAMOND Type II diabetes study and the MOBILE study (conducted in people using basal insulin only) [9 , 10] .”
MethodYu, T. S., Song, S., Yea, J., & Jang, K. (2024) · Advanced Sensor Research · doi:10.1002/adsr.202400048 · Cited by 14
Accuracy of the 15.5-Day G7 iCGM in Adults with Diabetes
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Self-citationFarhan, H., Bukhari, K., Grewal, N., Devarasetty, S., & Munir, K. M. (2022) · BMJ Case Reports · doi:10.1136/bcr-2021-248579 · Cited by 14
Continuous Glucose Monitoring for Type 2 Diabetes: How Does It Compare with Type 1 Diabetes?
Beck, R. W., & Bergenstal, R. M. (2022) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2021.0374 · Cited by 12
Self-citationHeterogeneous temporal representation for diabetic blood glucose prediction
Huang, Y., Ni, Z., Lu, Z., He, X., Hu, J., Li, B., Ya, H., & Shi, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1225638 · Cited by 11
“2) BiLSTM Nemat et al. (2022) is a bi-directional recurrent neural network model that can capture both past and future temporal dynamics simultaneously.”
BackgroundSeidu, S., Avery, L., Bell, H., Brown, P., Diggle, J., Down, S., Dua, R., Holmes, P., Mohan, R. R., Milne, N., et al. (2024) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.15500 · Cited by 13
Fruit Carbohydrates and Their Impact on the Glycemic Index: A Study of Key Determinants
Singh, M. K., Han, S., Ju, S., Ranbhise, J. S., Akter, S., Kim, S. S., & Kang, I. (2025) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods14040646 · Cited by 11
Maida, E., Caruso, P., Bonavita, S., Abbadessa, G., Miele, G., Longo, M., Scappaticcio, L., Ruocco, E., Trojsi, F., Esposito, K., et al. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14124240 · Cited by 18
“The benefits were more significant in PwD who employed the sensor for an extended period [22–31].”
CVOT Summit 2022 Report: new cardiovascular, kidney, and glycemic outcomes
Schnell, O., Battelino, T., Bergenstal, R. M., Birkenfeld, A. L., Ceriello, A., CHENG, A. Y. Y., Davies, M. J., Edelman, S. V., Forst, T. M., Giorgino, F., et al. (2023) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-023-01788-6 · Cited by 11
Self-citationManagement of type 2 diabetes in the new era
Liakos, A., Karagiannis, T., Avgerinos, I., Malandris, K., Τσάπας, Α., & Bekiari, E. (2023) · HORMONES · doi:10.1007/s42000-023-00488-w · Cited by 11
Virtual visits and the use of continuous glucose monitoring for diabetes care in the era of COVID-19
UNDERWOOD, P. C., Hibben, J., Gibson, J. M., & DiNardo, M. M. (2021) · Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1097/jxx.0000000000000659 · Cited by 13
“…basal insulin, but not prandial insulin, demonstrated rtCGM use was associated with lower A1c (adjusted difference 2 0.4%, p = .02) and greater time in target glucose range 70–180 mg/dl (adjusted difference 15%, p .001) compared with using fingerstick glucose monitoring (Martens et al., 2021).”
MethodInfluentialBlood glucose monitoring devices: current considerations
Sly, B., & Taylor, J. (2023) · Australian Prescriber · doi:10.18773/austprescr.2023.013 · Cited by 11
“23 Continuous glucose monitoring for adults with type 2 diabetes (both those using and not using insulin) 24,25 also achieves improved glycated haemoglobin concentrations without impacting the rate of hypoglycaemia.”
BackgroundRama Chandran, S., Rahman, N., Gandhi, M., Tan, N. C., Phoon, I. K. Y., Seah, D. E. J., Cheah, M. H., Sek, K., & Gardner, D. S.-L. (2024) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111678 · Cited by 10
Di Molfetta, S., Bosi, E., Ceriello, A., Cucinotta, D., Tiengo, A., Scavini, M., Piccolo, C., Bonizzoni, E., Acmet, E., & Giorgino, F. (2021) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109070 · Cited by 10
“In recent years, the advent of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) technology has revolutionized the approach to diabetes care, with ever-growing evidence supporting its efficacy also in T2D patients on less intensive insulin regimens [21] or non-insulin-based therapies [22].”
Polonsky, W. H., Soriano, E. C., Levrat‐Guillen, F., CHICHMARENKO, M., Sandoval, H., BASTIAN, A., Fortmann, A. L., Kwist, A., & Vallis, M. (2025) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/19322968251361031 · Cited by 10
Self-citationLind, N., Christensen, M. B., & Nørgaard, K. (2024) · PEC Innovation · doi:10.1016/j.pecinn.2024.100324 · Cited by 10
Shin, J., Jo, E.-A., Woo, H. Y., Cho, A., Ko, M., Kim, S., Han, A., Ha, J., & Min, S. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-72025-7 · Cited by 10
Bergenstal, R. M., Martens, T. W., & Beck, R. W. (2025) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2025.19197 · Cited by 10
Self-citationIs Continuous Glucose Monitoring a Tool, an Intervention, or Both?
Wright, E. E., & Subramanian, S. (2023) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2023.0025 · Cited by 10
Pitocco, D., Laurenzi, A., Tomaselli, L. G., Assaloni, R., Consoli, A., Bartolo, P. D., Guardasole, V., Lombardo, F., Maffeis, C., Rossi, A., et al. (2022) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2022.07.003 · Cited by 11
Grady, M., Cameron, H., & Holt, E. (2023) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/19322968221148764 · Cited by 9
Kataoka, Y., Kitahara, S., Funabashi, S., Makino, H., Matsubara, M., Matsuo, M., Omura‐Ohata, Y., Koezuka, R., Tochiya, M., Tamanaha, T., et al. (2023) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2023.108592 · Cited by 9
Calibrating Glucose Sensors at the Edge: A Stress Generation Model for Tiny ML Drift Compensation
Sabatini, A., Cenerini, C., Vollero, L., & Pau, D. P. (2024) · BioMedInformatics · doi:10.3390/biomedinformatics4020083 · Cited by 9
“However, challenges such as potential inaccuracies, sensor drift, and susceptibility to environmental influences persist, underscoring the ongoing need for technological advancements [6,7].”
BackgroundHirsch, I. B., Burugapalli, B. S., Brandner, L., Poon, Y., Frazzitta, M. A., Godavarthi, L., & Virdi, N. S. (2024) · Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy · doi:10.18553/jmcp.2024.30.10-b.s21 · Cited by 9
Use of technology in prediabetes and precision prevention
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Pangrace, M., Dolan, S., Grace, T., Greene, E., Long, E., McClelland, S., Moore, J., Morgan, D. E., Mullins, H., & Wescott, S. (2024) · Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy · doi:10.18553/jmcp.2024.30.1-a.s1 · Cited by 9
Patient-centric care: Unveiling the potential of wearable electronics in clinical practice
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Fantasia, K. L., Demers, L., Steenkamp, D., & Modzelewski, K. L. (2022) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/19322968221077132 · Cited by 8
Mobile Health and Preventive Medicine
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Unleashing the Potential of Blood Glucose Monitoring Data With the Ambulatory Glucose Profile Report
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“CGM is a valuable tool for the diagnosis or treatment of hyperglycemia [117–120].”
MethodHigh-tech medical care in the practice of Russian healthcare
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Olsen, M. T., Hjejle, S., Rasmussen, L. M., Klarskov, C. K., Lindegaard, B., Andersen, J. A., Gottlieb, H., Lunding, S., Hansen, K. B., Pedersen‐Bjergaard, U., et al. (2025) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.16297 · Cited by 8
“27 However, the heterogeneity of treatment effect analyses on the glycaemic benefits from CGM over POC glucose testing remains scarce in an outpatient setting and, until now, non-existent for inpatients.”
Improvement of Non-Invasive Glucose Estimation Accuracy Through Multi-Wavelength PPG
Li, T., Wang, Q., Lei, L., An, Y., Guo, L., Ren, L., & Chen, X. (2025) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2025.3556666 · Cited by 10
“Effective management of diabetes is highly dependent on regular monitoring of blood glucose levels to guide treatment decisions, prevent complications, and manage general health [2], [3].”
Cichosz, S. L., Kronborg, T., Hangaard, S., Vestergaard, P., & Jensen, M. H. (2025) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2025.0102 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Martens, T., Beck, R. W., Bailey, R., Ruedy, K. J., Calhoun, P., Peters, A. L., Pop-Busui, R., Philis-Tsimikas, A., Bao, S., Umpierrez, G., Davis, G., Kruger, D., Bhargava, A., Young, L., McGill, J. B., Aleppo, G., Nguyen, Q. T., Orozco, I., Biggs, W., Lucas, K. J., Polonsky, W. H., Buse, J. B., Price, D., Bergenstal, R. M., MOBILE Study Group, Carlson, A., Chambers, S., Yang, S., Kirkman, M. S., Kass, A., Fraser, R., Cushman, T., Ramos, C., Magar, M., Walker, M., Serafin-Dokhan, S., Salam, M., Hurst, S., Clifton, M. J., Kravarusic, J., Bansal, A., Fulkerson, C., Ang, L., Richardson, C., Mizokami-Stout, K., Reiss, J., Leone, V., Stifel, K., Dailey, G., Change, A., McCallum, J., Garcia, M. I., Davis, D., Lovell, C., Root, C., Toler, F., Wilhelm, L., Eifert, R., Murguia, L., Cota, B., Nguyen, L., Lipski, R., Lawrence, M. K., Fournier, A., Carter, M., Hoover, S., Cohen, N., Mouse, T., Rusnak, J., Campos, T., Njeru, N., Arant, T., Beck, S. E., & Balo, A.
- Affiliations
- Park Nicollet Health Services (US)
- Jaeb Center for Health Research (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
- Scripps Whittier Diabetes Institute, San Diego, California
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center (US)
- Emory University (US)
- Henry Ford Health (US)
- Iowa Diabetes Research, West Des Moines
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Las Vegas Endocrinology, Henderson, Nevada
- Carteret General Hospital (US)
- Amarillo Medical Specialists, Amarillo, Texas
- Diabetes & Endocrinology Consultants PC, Morehead City, North Carolina
- Behavioral Diabetes Institute, San Diego, California
- Dexcom (United States) (US)
- HealthPartners (US)
- for the MOBILE Study Group
- Corresponding author
- Beck, Roy W.
- ORCID
- Martens, Thomas
- Beck, Roy W.
- Bailey, Ryan
- Calhoun, Peter
- Peters, Anne L.
- Bao, Shichun
- Umpierrez, Guillermo
- Davis, Georgia
- Kruger, Davida
- Bhargava, Anuj
- Young, Laura
- McGill, Janet B.
- Aleppo, Grazia
- Polonsky, William H.
- Buse, John B.
- Price, David
- Bergenstal, Richard M.
- Carlson, Anders
- Yang, Shoua
- Kirkman, Marian Sue
- Serafin-Dokhan, Sara
- Salam, Maamoun
- Ang, Lynn
- Richardson, Caroline
- Leone, Virginia
- Dailey, George
- Hoover, Stephanie
- Cohen, Nathan
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2021-06-08
- Volume
- 325
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- 2262
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- PMC
- PMC8173473
- OpenAlex
- W3164064295
- Cited by
- 543
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 116 · 2025: 132 · 2024: 107 · 2023: 98 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 24
- FWCI
- 54.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR001422)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK092926, P30DK020572, P30DK124723, P30DK111022)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Keywords
- continuous glucose monitoring, type 2 diabetes, basal insulin, glycemic control, HbA1c, blood glucose meters, time in target glucose range, primary care, intensive insulin therapy, glycemic variability, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, HbA1c reduction, HbA1c variability
- MeSH terms
- Glycemic Control, Aged, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin, Male, Middle Aged, Time Factors, Confidence Intervals, Treatment Outcome, Patient Satisfaction, Sample Size, Postprandial Period
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