Incidence of Adverse Drug Reactions in Hospitalized Patients: A Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incidence of serious and fatal adverse drug reactions (ADR) in hospital patients. DATA SOURCES: Four electronic databases were searched from 1966 to 1996. STUDY SELECTION: Of 153, we selected 39 prospective studies from US hospitals. DATA EXTRACTION: Data extracted independently by 2 investigators were analyzed by a random-effects model. To obtain the overall incidence of ADRs in hospitalized patients, we combined the incidence of ADRs occurring while in the hospital plus the incidence of ADRs causing admission to hospital. We excluded errors in drug administration, noncompliance, overdose, drug abuse, therapeutic failures, and possible ADRs. Serious ADRs were defined as those that required hospitalization, were permanently disabling, or resulted in death. DATA SYNTHESIS: The overall incidence of serious ADRs was 6.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.2%-8.2%) and of fatal ADRs was 0.32% (95% CI, 0.23%-0.41%) of hospitalized patients. We estimated that in 1994 overall 2216000 (1721000-2711000) hospitalized patients had serious ADRs and 106000 (76000-137000) had fatal ADRs, making these reactions between the fourth and sixth leading cause of death. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of serious and fatal ADRs in US hospitals was found to be extremely high. While our results must be viewed with circumspection because of heterogeneity among studies and small biases in the samples, these data nevertheless suggest that ADRs represent an important clinical issue.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Persistent post-withdrawal tardive dyskinesia and persistent post-withdrawal supersensitivity psychosis may be associated with loss of clinical effects, modifications of illness course, and refractoriness to treatment.
“They include loss of clinical effects, modifications of the illness course, and refractoriness to treatment [169, 170].”
From Acute and Persistent Withdrawal Syndromes Following Discontinuation of Psychotropic Medications (2020) · cites this paper as [169]
Cites
Meta-analysis in clinical trials
DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. (1986) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2 · Cited by 39,552 · see citing works
Fundamentals of Biostatistics.
(1969) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-70-4-873 · Cited by 4,573 · see citing works
Incidence of Adverse Drug Events and Potential Adverse Drug Events: Implications for Prevention
Bates, D. W. (1995) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03530010043033 · Cited by 2,127 · see citing works
Classen, D. C. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.277.4.301 · Cited by 1,781 · see citing works
Bates, D. W. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.277.4.307 · Cited by 1,678 · see citing works
A method for assessing the quality of a randomized control trial
Chalmers, T. C., Smith, H., Blackburn, B., Silverman, B., Schroeder, B., Reitman, D., & Ambroz, A. (1981) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(81)90056-8 · Cited by 1,349 · see citing works
Fundamentals of Biostatistics.
Barath, E., & ROSNER, B. A. (1992) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2532371 · Cited by 1,184 · see citing works
Relationship between medication errors and adverse drug events
Bates, D. W., Boyle, D. L., Vliet, M. B. V., Schneider, J., & Leape, L. (1995) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02600255 · Cited by 981 · see citing works
A random‐effects regression model for meta‐analysis
Berkey, C. S., Hoaglin, D. C., Mosteller, F. C., & Colditz, G. A. (1995) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4780140406 · Cited by 882 · see citing works
The Role of Medication Noncompliance and Adverse Drug Reactions in Hospitalizations of the Elderly
Col, N. F. (1990) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1990.00390160093019 · Cited by 765 · see citing works
Iatrogenic Illness on a General Medical Service at a University Hospital
Steel, K., Gertman, P. M., Crescenzi, C., & Anderson, J. (1981) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198103123041104 · Cited by 568 · see citing works
Drug-Related Hospital Admissions
Einarson, T. R. (1993) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1177/106002809302700702 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Adverse drug reactions. A critical review
Karch, F. E. (1975) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.234.12.1236 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Predisposing Factors in Adverse Reactions to Drugs
Hurwitz, N. (1969) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5643.536 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
The Hazards of Hospitalization
Schimmel, E. M. (1964) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-60-1-100 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Incidence and preventability of adverse drug events in hospitalized adults
Bates, D. W., Leape, L. L., & Petrycki, S. (1993) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02600138 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Drug-Induced Illness Leading to Hospitalization
Caranasos, G. J. (1974) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1974.03230310023021 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Studies on the Epidemiology of Adverse Drug Reactions
Smith, J. W., SEIDL, L. G., & CLUFF, L. E. (1966) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-65-4-629 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Intensive Hospital Monitoring of Adverse Reactions to Drugs
Hurwitz, N., & Wade, O. L. (1969) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5643.531 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Is Age an Independent Risk Factor of Adverse Drug Reactions in Hospitalized Medical Patients?*
Carbonin, P., Bernabei, R., & Sgadari, A. (1991) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1991.tb02875.x · Cited by 294 · see citing works
National hospital discharge survey: annual summary, 1994.
Graves, E., & Gillum, B. S. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Heterogeneity in Meta-analysis of Data from Epidemiologic Studies: A Commentary
Colditz, G. A., Burdick, E., & Mosteller, F. (1995) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117644 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Miller, R. R. (1974) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.134.2.219 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Preventing Adverse Drug Events in Hospitalized Patients
Evans, R. S., Pestotnik, S. L., Classen, D. C., Horn, S. D., Bass, S. B., & Burke, J. P. (1994) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1177/106002809402800417 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Drug‐Related Hospital Admissions
Nelson, K. M., & Talbert, R. L. (1996) · Pharmacotherapy The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy · doi:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1996.tb03658.x · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Adverse drug reactions during hospitalization.
OGILVIE, R. I., & Ruedy, J. (1967) · PubMed · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Adverse Drug Reactions
Pirmohamed, M. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118820186.ch30 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Adverse drug reactions—a matter of opinion
Karch, F. E., Smith, C. L., Kerzner, B., et al. (1976) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt1976195part1489 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Assessment of Adverse Reactions Within a Drug Surveillance Program
Borda, I. T. (1968) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1968.03140350055016 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Adverse Drug Reactions in Children Leading to Hospital Admission
Mitchell, A. A., Lacouture, P. G., Sheehan, J. E., et al. (1988) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.82.1.24 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Drug-related hospital admissions
McKenney, J. M., & Harrison, W. L. (1976) · American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy · doi:10.1093/ajhp/33.8.792 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Hospital Admissions Caused by Iatrogenic Disease
Lakshmanan, M. C. (1986) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1986.00360220075016 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Studies on the Epidemiology of Adverse Drug Reactions
Cluff, L. E., Thornton, G. F., & Seidl, L. G. (1964) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1964.03060370032007 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Assessing the preventability of emergency hospital admissions
Bigby, J., Dunn, J. J., Goldman, L., Adams, J., Jen, P., Landefeld, C. S., & Komaroff, A. L. (1987) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(87)90938-7 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Sex-related variations in the frequency and characteristics of adverse drug reactions.
Domecq, C., Ca, N., Ruiz, I. C., & Busto, U. (1980) · PubMed · Cited by 63 · see citing works
COMPLICATIONS IN THE CARE OF FIVE HUNDRED ELDERLY HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS*
Reichel, W. (1965) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1965.tb02784.x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
DRUG UTILIZATION AND REPORTED ADVERSE REACTIONS IN HOSPITALIZED CHILDREN
Mitchell, A. A., Goldman, P., Shapiro, S., et al. (1979) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112804 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Bennett, B. S., & Lipman, A. G. (1977) · American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy · doi:10.1093/ajhp/34.9.931 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
McGuire, T. G., & Kahn, K. L. (1994) · Journal of Risk & Insurance · doi:10.2307/253439 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
McKenzie, M. W., Stewart, R. B., Weiss, C. F., et al. (1973) · American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy · doi:10.1093/ajhp/30.10.898 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Adverse drug reactions: A pharmacist‐based monitoring system
Gardner, P., & Watson, L. J. (1970) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt1970116802 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
National Hospital Discharge Survey: annual summary, 1992.
Graves, E. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Adverse reactions to drugs: a comprehensive hospital inpatient survey.
Smidt, N. A., & McQueen, E. G. (1972) · PubMed · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Adverse drug reactions leading to hospitalization in children
McKenzie, M. W., Marchall, G. L., Netzloff, M. L., et al. (1976) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(76)80560-4 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Reporting of adverse events in hospitals in Victoria, 1994‐1995
O'Hara, D. A., & Carson, N. J. (1997) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1997.tb123216.x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Incidence of adverse drug reactions in adult medical inpatients.
Bowman, L., Carlstedt, B. C., & Black, C. D. (1994) · The Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Drug-related admissions to an inpatient psychiatric unit
Stewart, R. B., Springer, P. K., & Adams, J. E. (1980) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.137.9.1093 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Drug utilization and adverse reactions in a general hospital.
Sidel, V. W., Koch‐Weser, J., Go, B., et al. (1967) · PubMed · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Frisk, P. A., Cooper, J. W., & Campbell, N. A. (1977) · American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy · doi:10.1093/ajhp/34.7.738 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Adverse Drug Reactions in a Veterans Administration Hospital
Wang, R. I. H., & Terry, L. C. (1971) · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1177/009127007101100102 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Drug-Related Admissions to a Veterans' Administration Psychiatric Unit
Salem, R. B., Keane, T. M., & Williams, J. G. (1984) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1177/106002808401800117 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Influence of the assessment of the severity on the frequency of adverse drug reactions (ADRs).
Zilleruelo, I., Espinoza, E., & Ruiz, I. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Drug Use and Adverse Drug Reactions Prior to and During Hospitalization
May, F. E., Fuller, S., & Stewart, R. B. (1977) · Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (1961) · doi:10.1016/s0003-0465(16)34453-6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Adverse drug reactions in a general hospital.
Smidt, N. A., & McQueen, E. G. (1973) · PubMed · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data
Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529310 · Cited by 81,148 · see citing works
External validity of randomised controlled trials: “To whom do the results of this trial apply?”
Rothwell, P. M. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17670-8 · Cited by 2,544 · see citing works
Medication Errors and Adverse Drug Events in Pediatric Inpatients
Kaushal, R. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.285.16.2114 · Cited by 1,917 · see citing works
Kaufman, D. W., Kelly, J. P., Rosenberg, L., Anderson, T. E., & Mitchell, A. A. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.287.3.337 · Cited by 1,845 · see citing works
Lee, W. M. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra021844 · Cited by 1,594 · see citing works
Timing of new black box warnings and withdrawals for prescription medications
Lasser, K. E. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.287.17.2215 · Cited by 1,005 · see citing works
Subgroup analysis in randomised controlled trials: importance, indications, and interpretation
Rothwell, P. M. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)17709-5 · Cited by 942 · see citing works
Resisting medicines: a synthesis of qualitative studies of medicine taking
Pound, P., Britten, N., Morgan, M., Yardley, L., Pope, C., Daker-White, G., & Campbell, R. (2005) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.11.063 · Cited by 868 · see citing works
Lonjou, C., Borot, N., Sekula, P., Ledger, N., Thomas, L., Halevy, S., Naldi, L., Bouwes-Bavinck, J.-N., Sidoroff, A., de Toma, C., et al. (2008) · Pharmacogenetics and Genomics · doi:10.1097/fpc.0b013e3282f3ef9c · Cited by 624 · see citing works
Polypharmacy in the elderly: A literature review
Fulton, M. M., & Riley Allen, E. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1111/j.1041-2972.2005.0020.x · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Predicting risk of adverse drug reactions in older adults
Lavan, A. H., & Gallagher, P. (2016) · Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety · doi:10.1177/2042098615615472 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Szebeni, J. (2014) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2014.06.038 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Methods for Causality Assessment of Adverse Drug Reactions: A Systematic Review
Agbabiaka, T. B., Savović, J., & Ernst, E. (2008) · Drug Safety · doi:10.2165/00002018-200831010-00003 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
An agenda for personalized medicine
Ng, P. C., Murray, S. S., Levy, S., & Venter, J. C. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/461724a · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Genetic susceptibility to adverse drug reactions
Pirmohamed, M., & Park, B. K. (2001) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0165-6147(00)01717-x · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Adverse childhood experiences and prescribed psychotropic medications in adults
Anda, R. F., Brown, D. W., Felitti, V. J., Bremner, J. D., Dube, S. R., & Giles, W. H. (2007) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2007.01.005 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Doing no harm in mindfulness-based programs: Conceptual issues and empirical findings
Baer, R., Crane, C., Miller, E., & Kuyken, W. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2019.01.001 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Nuclear receptors CAR and PXR: Molecular, functional, and biomedical aspects
di Masi, A., Marinis, E. D., Ascenzi, P., & Marino, M. (2009) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2009.04.002 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Alomar, M., Tawfiq, A. M., Hassan, N., & Palaian, S. (2020) · Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety · doi:10.1177/2042098620938595 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Acute and Persistent Withdrawal Syndromes Following Discontinuation of Psychotropic Medications
Cosci, F., & Chouinard, G. (2020) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000506868 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Health information exchange and patient safety
Kaelber, D. C., & Bates, D. W. (2007) · Journal of Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2007.08.011 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Evaluation of Outpatient Computerized Physician Medication Order Entry Systems: A Systematic Review
Eslami, S., Abu-Hanna, A., & de Keizer, N. F. (2007) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1197/jamia.m2238 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Bain, K. T., Holmes, H. M., Beers, M. H., Maio, V., Handler, S. M., & Pauker, S. G. (2008) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.01916.x · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Impact of emerging technologies on medication errors and adverse drug events
Oren, E., Shaffer, E. R., & Guglielmo, B. J. (2003) · American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy · doi:10.1093/ajhp/60.14.1447 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
An analysis of the use of animal models in predicting human toxicology and drug safety
Bailey, J., Thew, M., & Balls, M. (2014) · Alternatives to Laboratory Animals · doi:10.1177/026119291404200306 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Brown, A. C. (2017) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2016.11.001 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Medication-related clinical decision support alert overrides in inpatients
Nanji, K. C., Seger, D. L., Slight, S. P., Amato, M. G., Beeler, P. E., Her, Q. L., Dalleur, O., Eguale, T., Wong, A., Silvers, E. R., et al. (2018) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocx115 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Lake, A. D., Novak, P., Fisher, C. D., Jackson, J. P., Hardwick, R. N., Billheimer, D. D., Klimecki, W. T., & Cherrington, N. J. (2011) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.111.040592 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Linking laboratory and medication data: new opportunities for pharmacoepidemiological research
ten Berg, M. J., Huisman, A., van den Bemt, P. M. L. A., Schobben, A. F. A. M., Egberts, A. C. G., & van Solinge, W. W. (2007) · Clinical Chemical Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1515/cclm.2007.009 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Medications as Social Phenomena
Cohen, D., McCubbin, M., Collin, J., & Pérodeau, G. (2001) · Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine · doi:10.1177/136345930100500403 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Impact of genetic variation in OATP transporters to drug disposition and response
Gong, I. Y., & Kim, R. B. (2013) · Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-12-rv-099 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Tamblyn, R., Huang, A., Kawasumi, Y., Bartlett, G., Grad, R., Jacques, A., Dawes, M., Abrahamowicz, M., Perreault, R., Taylor, L., et al. (2006) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1197/jamia.m1887 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Bean, D. M., Wu, H., Iqbal, E., Dzahini, O., Ibrahim, Z. M., Broadbent, M., Stewart, R., & Dobson, R. J. B. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-16674-x · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Adverse drug events: database construction and in silico prediction
Cheng, F., Li, W., Wang, X., Zhou, Y., Wu, Z., Shen, J., & Tang, Y. (2013) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/ci4000079 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Fraczek, J., Bolleyn, J., Vanhaecke, T., Rogiers, V., & Vinken, M. (2013) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-012-0983-3 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Systematic reviews of animal experiments demonstrate poor human clinical and toxicological utility
Knight, A. (2007) · Alternatives to Laboratory Animals · doi:10.1177/026119290703500610 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Liu, R., Yu, X., & Wallqvist, A. (2015) · Journal of Cheminformatics · doi:10.1186/s13321-015-0053-y · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Myopathy with statin–fibrate combination therapy: clinical considerations
Jacobson, T. A. (2009) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2009.151 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Study of serious adverse drug reactions using FDA-approved drug labeling and MedDRA
Wu, L., Ingle, T., Liu, Z., Zhao-Wong, A., Harris, S., Thakkar, S., Zhou, G., Yang, J., Xu, J., Mehta, D., et al. (2019) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/s12859-019-2628-5 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
An analysis of the use of dogs in predicting human toxicology and drug safety
Bailey, J., Thew, M., & Balls, M. (2013) · Alternatives to Laboratory Animals · doi:10.1177/026119291304100504 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Utilization of pharmacogenomics and therapeutic drug monitoring for opioid pain management
Jannetto, P. J., & Bratanow, N. C. (2009) · Pharmacogenomics · doi:10.2217/pgs.09.64 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
<i>In vitro</i> Tests for Predicting Drug‐Drug Interactions: The Need for Validated Procedures
Kremers, P. (2002) · Pharmacology & Toxicology · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0773.2002.910501.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Kwak, H., Lee, M., Yoon, S., Chang, J., Park, S., & Jung, K. (2020) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-47436-2_48 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Predicting adverse drug reactions of combined medication from heterogeneous pharmacologic databases
Zheng, Y., Peng, H., Zhang, X., Zhao, Z., Yin, J., & Li, J. (2018) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/s12859-018-2520-8 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Yusuff, K. B., & Tayo, F. (2011) · International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy · doi:10.1007/s11096-011-9508-z · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Wu, L., Fang, H., Qu, Y., Xu, J., & Tong, W. (2025) · Drug Safety · doi:10.1007/s40264-025-01520-1 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Drug adverse events (AEs) are a major cause of death in the United States (US) [1].”
Kitchen, S. A., McGrail, K., Wickham, M. E., Law, M. R., & Hohl, C. M. (2020) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-020-05108-6 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
KAWASUMI, Y., TAMBLYN, R., PLATT, R., ERNST, P., ABRAHAMOWICZ, M., & TAYLOR, L. (2008) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2006.12.004 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Wasted Money in United States Biomedical and Agricultural Animal Research
Keen, J. (2019) · Animal Experimentation: Working Towards a Paradigm Change · doi:10.1163/9789004391192_011 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Kenna, J. G. (2017) · Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology · doi:10.1080/17425255.2017.1290082 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Frey, L. C., Strom, L. A., Shrestha, A., & Spitz, M. C. (2009) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.05.008 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Yeboah-Korang, A., Memon, A., Patel, N., Portocarrero-Castillo, A., Osman, A., Kleesattel, D., Lopez, C., Louissaint, J., Sherman, K., & Fontana, R. (2022) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-022-07403-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Huang, L., Shi, Z., Tang, F., & Wang, H. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2025.3590149 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lazarou, J., Pomeranz, B. H., & Corey, P. N.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1998-04-15
- Volume
- 279
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 1200
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W1969879564
- Cited by
- 4,807
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 57 · 2025: 92 · 2024: 108 · 2023: 119 · 2022: 128 · 2021: 183 · 2020: 152 · 2019: 141 · 2018: 172 · 2017: 182 · 2016: 215 · 2015: 214 · 2014: 246 · 2013: 225 · 2012: 258
- FWCI
- 171.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reactions
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Emergency Medical Services › Patient Safety and Medication Errors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
- Keywords
- adverse drug reactions, hospitalized patients, incidence, serious adverse drug reactions, fatal adverse drug reaction, hospitalization, drug safety, causes of death
- MeSH terms
- Data Collection, Hospitals, Humans, Iatrogenic Disease, Inpatients, Prospective Studies, United States, Incidence, Linear Models, Health Care Surveys, Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review