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Peripheral Arterial Disease Detection, Awareness, and Treatment in Primary Care
Abstract
Context Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis that is common and is associated with an increased risk of death and ischemic events, yet may be underdiagnosed in primary care practice. Objective To assess the feasibility of detecting PAD in primary care clinics, patient and physician awareness of PAD, and intensity of risk factor treatment and use of antiplatelet therapies in primary care clinics. Design and setting The PAD Awareness, Risk, and Treatment: New Resources for Survival (PARTNERS) program, a multicenter, cross-sectional study conducted at 27 sites in 25 cities and 350 primary care practices throughout the United States in June-October 1999. Patients A total of 6979 patients aged 70 years or older or aged 50 through 69 years with history of cigarette smoking or diabetes were evaluated by history and by measurement of the ankle-brachial index (ABI). PAD was considered present if the ABI was 0.90 or less, if it was documented in the medical record, or if there was a history of limb revascularization. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) was defined as a history of atherosclerotic coronary, cerebral, or abdominal aortic aneurysmal disease. Main outcome measures Frequency of detection of PAD; physician and patient awareness of PAD diagnosis; treatment intensity in PAD patients compared with treatment of other forms of CVD and with patients without clinical evidence of atherosclerosis. Results PAD was detected in 1865 patients (29%); 82…
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“In the PAD Awareness, Risk, and Treatment: New Resources for Survival (PARTNERS) program, 30% of people aged 50-69 years with a history of cigarette smoking or diabetes, or aged $70 years regardless of risk factors, had PAD (233).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [233]
In the citing paper
“Notably, classical symptoms of claudication are uncommon, and almost half of people with newly diagnosed PAD were asymptomatic (233).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [233]
In the citing paper
“Notably, classical symptoms of claudication are uncommon, and almost half of people with newly diagnosed PAD were asymptomatic (223).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 (2026) · cites this paper as [223]
In the citing paper
“In the PAD Awareness, Risk, and Treatment: New Resources for Survival (PARTNERS) program, 30% of people aged 50–69 years with a history of cigarette smoking or diabetes, or aged ≥70 years regardless of risk factors, had PAD (223).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 (2026) · cites this paper as [223]
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“Duplex ultrasound is often recommended as the first modality to investigate peripheral vascular structures because it is cost effective and noninvasive.(4,8,10) This method uses traditional ultrasonography to image blood vessels in conjunction with Doppler ultrasound to measure aspects of blood flow, such as blood flo…”
MethodACC/AHA Versus ESC Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Peripheral Artery Disease
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Readmissions After Revascularization Procedures for Peripheral Arterial Disease
Secemsky, E., Schermerhorn, M., Carroll, B. J., Kennedy, K., Shen, C.-Y., Valsdottir, L. R., Landon, B., & Yeh, R. (2018) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m17-1058 · Cited by 61
Is Heart Failure More Prevalent in Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease? A Meta‐Analysis
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Rajagopalan, S., Mckay, I., Ford, I., Bachoo, P., Greaves, M., & Brittenden, J. (2007) · Journal of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2007.05.039 · Cited by 60
Epidemiology and Burden of Diabetic Foot Ulcer and Peripheral Arterial Disease in Korea
Chun, D.-I., Kim, S., Kim, J., Yang, H., Kim, J. H., Cho, J.-H., Yi, Y., Kim, W., & Won, S. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8050748 · Cited by 59
Zhang, X.-M., Ran, X., Xu, Z.-R., Cheng, Z.-F., Shen, F.-X., Yu, Y.-M., Gao, L.-F., Chai, S., Wang, C., Liu, J.-Y., et al. (2018) · Journal of diabetes and its complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2017.10.003 · Cited by 59
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“Peripheral artery disease (PAD), a common manifestation of atherosclerosis in the lower limbs, causes significant morbidity and mortality in the United States [1-4].”
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“[4] Hirsch AT, Criqui MH, Treat-Jacobson D, et al.”
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“patients with diabetes N50 years of age showed a prevalence of PAD of 29% [2].”
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Obesity and Peripheral Artery Disease: Current Evidence and Controversies
Lempesis, I. G., Varrias, D., Sagris, Μ., Attaran, R., Altin, E. S., Bakoyiannis, C., Palaiodimos, L., Dalamaga, Μ., & Kokkinidis, D. G. (2023) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-023-00510-7 · Cited by 65
Akalu, Y., & Birhan, A. (2020) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2020/9419413 · Cited by 66
“study done in the United States (29%) [42], Korea (28.”
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“three- to six-fold increase in the risk of CVD mortality [16].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Hirsch, A. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hirsch, Alan T.
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2001-09-19
- Volume
- 286
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1317
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W2140136269
- Cited by
- 2,835
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 59 · 2025: 77 · 2024: 89 · 2023: 102 · 2022: 113 · 2021: 127 · 2020: 100 · 2019: 105 · 2018: 147 · 2017: 105 · 2016: 135 · 2015: 122 · 2014: 160 · 2013: 145 · 2012: 166
- FWCI
- 62.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k07hl003435-05)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (1-K07-HL03435-01)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Peripheral Artery Disease Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetic Foot Ulcer Assessment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Vascular Procedures and Complications
- Keywords
- peripheral arterial disease, ankle-brachial index, underdiagnosis, patient awareness, physician awareness, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, antiplatelet therapy, smoking cessation, diabetes mellitus, intermittent claudication, primary care, older adults, limb revascularization, cardiovascular risk stratification, diabetes self-management education
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Arteriosclerosis, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cross-Sectional Studies, Family Practice, Female, Humans, Intermittent Claudication, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Middle Aged, Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors, Risk Factors, Ultrasonography, Doppler
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