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Effectiveness of Long-term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy: A Meta-analysis
Abstract
THE PLACE OF PSYCHOANALYTIC and psychodynamic treatments within psychiatry is controversial. Although some evidence supports the efficacy of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy (STPP) for specific disorders, convincing research on the outcome of long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy (LTPP) has been lacking. Evidence suggests that short-term psychotherapy is sufficiently effective for most individuals experiencing acute distress. Evidence, however, also indicates that short-term treatments are insufficient for a considerable proportion of patients with complex mental disorders, ie, patients with multiple or chronic mental disorders or personality disorders. Some studies suggest that long-term psychotherapy may be helpful for these groups of patients. This is true not only of psychodynamic therapy but also of psychotherapeutic approaches that are usually short-term, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Evidence-based treatments for these patient groups are particularly important. Personality disorders, for example, are quite common in both general and clinical populations. They show a high comorbidity with a wide range of Axis I psychiatric disorders and are significantly associated with functional impairments. Furthermore, a high proportion of patients in clinical populations expeFor editorial comment see p 1587. Author Affiliations: Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Giessen, Giessen (Dr Leichsenring); and Department of Medical Psychology, Univers i ty Medica l Center HamburgEppendorf, Hamburg (Dr Rabung), Germany. Corresponding Author: Falk Leichsenring, DSc, Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Giessen, Ludwigstrasse 76, 35392 Giessen Germany (falk.leichsenring@psycho.med .uni-giessen.de). Context The place of long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy (LTPP) within psychiatry is controversial. Convincing outcome research for LTPP has been lacking.
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“In addition, they also seem to have found lower ESs for personality functioning (0.78) than for symptoms (target problems, 1.54; psychiatric symptoms, 0.91).”
From The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies (2009) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“As a result of the different inclusion criteria, Leichsenring and Rabung 22 considered 13 studies not included in our review.”
From The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies (2009) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“However, it is noteworthy that the ESs for psychotherapy found by Leichsenring and Rabung (0.78 to 1.98) were similar to the ESs that we found (0.78 to 0.94).”
From The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies (2009) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Finally, Leichsenring and Rabung confirmed our cautious findings that results of psychotherapy were stable at follow-up.”
From The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies (2009) · cites this paper as [22]
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ResultThe efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy
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“A meta-analysis reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association (Leichsenring & Rabung, 2008) compared longterm psychodynamic therapy (" 1 year or 50 sessions) with shorter term therapies for the treatment of complex mental disorders (defined as multiple or chronic mental disorders, or personality disorder…”
BackgroundInfluentialIs cognitive–behavioral therapy more effective than other therapies?
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“…approaches (Butler, Chapman, Forman, & Beck, 2006; de Mello, de Jesus Mari, Bacaltchuk, Verdeli, & Neugebauer, 2005; Dobson, 1989; Driessen et al., 2010; Hofmann & Smits, 2008; Leichsenring & Rabung, 2008), unavoidably leads to controversy regarding which form of psychotherapy is most effective.”
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“As a result, the lack of evidence does not allow for recommendation of the value of psychodynamic psychotherapy for prevention of relapse of MDD (Leichsenring and Rabung, 2008).”
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“…reexperiencing and resolving core emotional conflicts in the transference relationship has a reality and authenticity that cannot be surpassed by other means (Luborsky 1984), and evidence for the effectiveness of psychodynamic psychotherapy is emerging (Leichsenring & Rabung 2008; Shedler 2010).”
BackgroundPre-post effect sizes should be avoided in meta-analyses
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“Another example is a meta-analysis in the Journal of the American Medical Association, showing that long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy is effective in the treatment of mental disorders (Leichsenring & Rabung, 2008).”
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“This finding is consistent with research indicating that treatment effects are amplified over longer duration (Leichsenring & Rabung, 2008).”
ResultThe Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies
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“As a result, the lack of evidence does not allow for recommendation of the value of psychodynamic psychotherapy for prevention of relapse of MDD (Leichsenring and Rabung, 2008).”
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“Even with respect to strategy, 3As this paper was being prepared for publication, a metaanalysis by Leichsenring and Rabung (2008) of outcome studies of long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy showed significantly greater benefits for certain groups of seriously disturbed patients from long-term…”
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“The therapies that have been wellexamined include cognitive behavior therapy [1,2], interpersonal psychotherapy [3,4], behavioral activation [5,6], brief psychodynamic therapy [7,8] and non-directive counseling [9].”
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“That this question is considered relevant is reflected by several reactions on the first meta-analysis on LTPP by Leichsenring and Rabung (2008), which used similarly broad criteria (Beck, 2009; Kriston et al., 2009; Bhar et al., 2010).”
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“…of long-term psychotherapy for general mental disorders has been demonstrated in one review (DeMaat et al. 2009), and two meta-analyses (Leichsenring & Rabung 2008, 2011), studies of long-term treatment with long-term follow-ups for depressed patients as a diagnostic homogeneous group…”
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“These symptoms can be mitigated with a number of behavioral and pharmacological interventions (1,2).”
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“…fact, at least one recent meta-analysis compared long-term, psychodynamic therapies with cognitive therapy and concluded that, at least among patients with personality disorder and other chronic problems, dynamic insight-oriented therapies may be treatments of choice (Leichsenring & Rabung, 2008).”
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“In the cardiovascular field, some authors have worked on the link between randomized controlled trials and observational studies [11]; in psychiatry this has been applied to psychotherapy [12], but, to our knowledge, nobody has explored this issue for antidepressants.”
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“Accordingly, the eventual impact of dynamic techniques may be best assessed by defining outcome in a multidimensional manner to properly assess theoretically relevant effects, a finding that also has previous empirical support (Diener et al., 2007; Leichsenring and Rabung, 2008).”
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“Two recent meta-analyses have previously evaluated the accumulated evidence on LTPP (De Maat, De Jonghe, Schoevers, & Dekker, 2009; Leichsenring & Rabung, 2008; Leichsenring & Rabung, 2011).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialPsychotherapy research: do we know what works for whom?
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“This finding comes at a time when the movement behind gathering evidence for psychodynamic psychotherapy is gathering momentum to the point where it is hard to doubt the value of these methods when administered under reasonably controlled conditions [5, 6].”
Zimmermann, J., Löffler‐Stastka, H., Huber, D., Klug, G., Alhabbo, S., Bock, A., & Benecke, C. (2014) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1917 · Cited by 74
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“In support of this, a recent meta-analysis found large effect sizes on both symptom-oriented measures and psychosocial functioning for long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy for patients with chronic anxiety and depression and high levels of comorbidity (Leichsenring and Rabung 2008).”
ResultToews, I., Anglemyer, A., Nyirenda, J. L., Alsaid, D., Balduzzi, S., Grummich, K., Schwingshackl, L., & Bero, L. (2024) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.mr000034.pub3 · Cited by 60
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“Meta-analytic evidence demonstrates that, in general, principal interventions are pharmaceutical treatment and various forms of psychotherapy, such as cognitive behavioral, interpersonal, and psychodynamic psychotherapy (Leichsenring and Rabung, 2008; Cuijpers et al., 2011; Hoffman et al., 2012; Cipriani et al., 2018).”
BackgroundManagement and treatment of stalkers: problems, options, and solutions.
Mackenzie, R., & James, D. (2011) · Behavioral sciences & the law · doi:10.1002/bsl.980 · Cited by 59
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Psychoanalytic Versus Psychodynamic Therapy for Depression: A Three-Year Follow-Up Study
Huber, D., Henrich, G., Clarkin, J. C., & Klug, G. (2013) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/psyc.2013.76.2.132 · Cited by 62
“So our results are consistent with Leichsenring and Rabung’s (2008) conclusion that long-term psychotherapies are associated with improvements in social functioning and with the findings of Grande and colleagues (2006) and Sandell and colleagues (2000) who found no significant differences between psychoanalysis and ps…”
ResultLong‐term outcome and post‐treatment effects of psychoanalytic psychotherapy with young adults
Lindgren, A., Werbart, A., & Philips, B. (2010) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1348/147608309x464422 · Cited by 56
The Mental Health Needs of Military Service Members and Veterans
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The Practice of Functional Analytic Psychotherapy
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“Furthermore, the average patient receiving LTPP was better off than 96% of the average patients receiving short-term treatments (Leichsenring & Rabung, 2008).”
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“As seem, most studies about psychodynamic psychotherapy and depression, however, deal with clinical efficacy, and do not address neurocognitive improvement (Berghout and Zevalkink, 2009; Leichsenring and Rabung, 2008; Wampold et al., 2002).”
BackgroundQing, W., Zhang, W., & An, S. (2023) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2023.100690 · Cited by 78
Boldrini, T., Tanzilli, A., Pontillo, M., Chirumbolo, A., Vicari, S., & Lingiardi, V. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00429 · Cited by 57
Lindfors, O., Knekt, P., Heinonen, E., Härkänen, T., & Virtala, E. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.039 · Cited by 50
Bhar, S., Thombs, B., Pignotti, M., Bassel, M., Jewett, L., Coyne, J., & Beck, A. (2010) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000313689 · Cited by 49
“p. 103]. Yet, a recent meta-analysis by Leichsenring and Rabung [”
BackgroundWiswede, D., Taubner, S., Buchheim, A., Münte, T. F., Stasch, M., Cierpka, M., Kächele, H. U., Roth, G., Erhard, P., & Kessler, H. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109037 · Cited by 50
“Arguing in favor of specific effects of our study intervention, the efficacy and effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy, which can best be compared to our approach and its superiority over waiting-list controls has been reported in two meta-analyses [41,42] (But see [43] for a critical discussion).”
ResultThe State of the Evidence Base for Psychodynamic Psychotherapy for Children and Adolescents
Palmer, R., Niro, L., & Fonagy, P. (2013) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2012.12.001 · Cited by 62
Moldovan, R., Cobeanu, O., & David, D. (2013) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1814 · Cited by 46
Review of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Neuroimaging Studies
Abbass, A. A., Nowoweiski, S. J., Bernier, D. C., Tarzwell, R., & Beutel, M. E. (2014) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000358841 · Cited by 63
Shlonsky, A., Noonan, E., Littell, J. H., & Montgomery, P. (2010) · Clinical Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-010-0307-0 · Cited by 46
Psychotherapy-based supervision models in an emerging competency-based era: a commentary.
Falender, C., & Shafranske, E. P. (2010) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0018873 · Cited by 46
Lilliengren, P., Johansson, R., Lindqvist, K., Mechler, J., & Andersson, G. (2015) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/pst0000024 · Cited by 54
“Although this is a common procedure in meta-analyses (e.g., Abbass et al., 2012; de Maat et al., 2009; Driessen et al., 2010; Keefe et al., 2014; Leichsenring & Rabung, 2008; Town et al., 2012), it should also be noted that treating assessment points as independent may overestimate effects somewhat…”
MethodResultThe Cost-Effectiveness of Psychotherapy for the Major Psychiatric Diagnoses
Lazar, S. G. (2014) · Psychodynamic Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/pdps.2014.42.3.423 · Cited by 47
“Leichsenring and Rabung (2008) found that long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy is significantly more effective and provides greater improvements in symptoms and personality functioning as compared to briefer treatments for such patients.”
BackgroundLenzenweger, M. F. (2010) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/0003065110386111 · Cited by 48
Analyzing effectiveness of long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy.
Beck, A., & Bhar, S. (2009) · Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.179 · Cited by 43
Long-term effects of transference interpretation in dynamic psychotherapy of personality disorders
Høglend, P. A., Dahl, H. S., Hersoug, A. G., Lorentzen, S., & Perry, J. C. (2010) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.05.006 · Cited by 47
“An increasing body of studies indicates that various forms of psychotherapy may be effective for patients with PD [10,22,23,31], but numerous challenges remain.”
BackgroundResultPsychodynamic Psychotherapy and Research Evidence
Glass, R. M. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.300.13.1587 · Cited by 47
McWilliams, N. (2011) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2011.542709 · Cited by 40
“…both long and short term (Abass, Hancock, Henderson, & Kisely, 2006; Anderson & Lambert, 1995; de Maat, de Jonghe, Schoevers, & Dekker, 2009; Leichsenring & Rabung, 2008; Sandell et al., 2000; Seligman, 1995, Smith, Glass, & Miller, 1980), the evidence-based treatments that are increasingly…”
A comprehensive review of psychodynamic treatments for eating disorders
Abbate-Daga, G., Marzola, E., Amianto, F., & Fassino, S. (2016) · Eating and Weight Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40519-016-0265-9 · Cited by 39
“Second, psychodynamic psychotherapies have proven to be beneficial across different mental disorders with either short- or long-term formats [21–23]; therefore, their effectiveness should be carefully assessed in the field of EDs as well.”
BackgroundThe Efficacy of Psychotherapy: Focus on Psychodynamic Psychotherapy as an Example
Levy, K. N., Ehrenthal, J. C., Yeomans, F. E., & Caligor, E. (2014) · Psychodynamic Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/pdps.2014.42.3.377 · Cited by 40
“Third, there are findings from meta-anal- yses, particularly of within-group effects that have found large effects for longer-term treatments (de Maat, de Jonghe, Schoevers, & Dekker, 2009; Leichsenring & Rabung, 2008, 2011).”
BackgroundWöller, W., Leichsenring, F., Leweke, F., & Kruse, J. (2012) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2012.76.1.69 · Cited by 39
“Although psychodynamic psychotherapy has been shown to be effective with a variety of disorders (Leichsenring, 2001, 2009; Leichsenring & Rabung, 2008; Leichsenring, Rabung, & Leibing, 2004; Shedler, 2010), existing meta-analyses (e.g., Bisson et al., 2007; Bradley, Greene, Russ, Dutra, & Westen,…”
Self-citationPromising Psychotherapies for Personality Disorders
Hadjipavlou, G., & Ogrodniczuk, J. S. (2010) · Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie · doi:10.1177/070674371005500403 · Cited by 39
Psychoanalysis in modern mental health practice.
Yakeley, J. (2018) · Lancet psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30052-x · Cited by 38
Contreras, P., Kallivayalil, D., & Herman, J. (2017) · Women & Therapy · doi:10.1080/02703149.2016.1205908 · Cited by 37
“…survivor’s relational and identity challenges will require a strong therapeutic relationship that is consistent (e.g., with the same provider), predictable, and sustained over a long period of time (see for example, Leichsenring & Rabung, 2008; Wilczek, Barber, Gustavsson, Åsberg, & Weinryb, 2004).”
BackgroundLearning psychotherapy in the digital age.
Manring, J., Greenberg, R., Gregory, R., & Gallinger, L. (2011) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0022185 · Cited by 37
Textbook of Psychotherapeutic Treatments
Gabbard, G. (2008) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781585623648 · Cited by 37
Future directions in examining the self in psychological disorders
Kyrios, M., Moulding, R., Bhar, S., Doron, G., Nedeljkovic, M., & Mikulincer, M. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139941297 · Cited by 36
Is Psychoanalysis Still Relevant to Psychiatry?
Paris, J. (2017) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743717692306 · Cited by 43
Levy, K. N., & Anderson, T. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12035 · Cited by 35
The good, the bad, and the ugly: a 50-year perspective on the outcome problem.
Wampold, B. (2013) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0030570 · Cited by 35
Objective measures of subjective experience: the use of therapist notes in process-outcome research.
Bucci, W., Maskit, B., & Hoffman, L. (2012) · Psychodynamic Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/pdps.2012.40.2.303 · Cited by 35
Berzoff, J., & Drisko, J. W. (2015) · Clinical Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-015-0544-3 · Cited by 39
Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Therapies for Depression: The Evidence Base
Taylor, D. (2008) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-792-1_6 · Cited by 34
Essential psychotherapies : theory and practice
Gurman, A. S., & Messer, S. (2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-5386 · Cited by 34
“To illustrate that the provision of long-term therapy in the United States is a possible option, we note that psychoanalysis is included in government health care coverage in Germany and has achieved considerable evidential support (Leichsenring & Rabung, 2008; Shedler, 2010).”
BackgroundWeerasekera, P., Manring, J., & Lynn, D. J. (2010) · Academic Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ap.34.1.5 · Cited by 35
“A recent meta-analysis found large effect sizes for patients with complex mental health problems treated with longterm psychodynamic therapy (38).”
BackgroundEmotions and Knowledge in Expert Work: A Comparison of Two Psychotherapies
Crăciun, M. (2017) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/695682 · Cited by 56
“Other meta-analyses have echoed these findings (Connolly Gibbons, Crits-Christoph, and Hearon 2008; Cuijpers et al. 2008; Leichsenring and Rabung 2008; Driessen et al. 2013; Leichsenring and Schauenburg 2014).”
Result
Metadata
- Authors
- Leichsenring, F.
- Affiliations
- American Medical Association (US)
- Corresponding author
- Leichsenring, Falk
- ORCID
- Leichsenring, Falk
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2008-10-01
- Volume
- 300
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 1551
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W1538112934
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 10.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy, treatment effectiveness, personality disorders, complex mental disorders, chronic mental illness, comorbidities, functional disability, outcomes research, evidence-based treatment
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