The effects of psychotherapies for major depression in adults on remission, recovery and improvement: a meta-analysis
Abstract
Background Standardised effect sizes have been criticized because they are difficult to interpret and offer little clinical information. This meta-analyses examine the extent of actual improvement, the absolute numbers of patients no longer meeting criteria for major depression, and absolute rates of response and remission.Methods We conducted a meta-analysis of 92 studies with 181 conditions (134 psychotherapy and 47 control conditions) with 6937 patients meeting criteria for major depressive disorder. Within these conditions, we calculated the absolute number of patients no longer meeting criteria for major depression, rates of response and remission, and the absolute reduction on the BDI, BDI-II, and HAM-D.Results After treatment, 62% of patients no longer met criteria for MDD in the psychotherapy conditions. However, 43% of participants in the control conditions and 48% of people in the care-as-usual conditions no longer met criteria for MDD, suggesting that the additional value of psychotherapy compared to care-as-usual would be 14%. For response and remission, comparable results were found, with less than half of the patients meeting criteria for response and remission after psychotherapy. Additionally, a considerable proportion of response and remission was also found in control conditions. In the psychotherapy conditions, scores on the BDI were reduced by 13.42 points, 15.12 points on the BDI-II, and 10.28 points on the HAM-D. In the control conditions, these reductions were 4.56, 4.68, and 5.29.Discussion Psychotherapy contributes to improvement in depressed patients, but improvement in control conditions is also considerable.
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Psychotherapeutic interventions for depressive and anxiety disorders are ineffective for 50% of patients.
“Однако психотерапевтические интервенции при депрессивных и тревожных расстройствах тоже оказываются неэффективны для 50% пациентов [6].”
From Positive-Dialogue Psychotherapy Outcome Predictors in Patients with General Anxiety Disorder and Mixed Anxiety and Depressive Disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [6]
Psychological interventions are ineffective for as many as 50% of patients with depression and anxiety disorders.
“but are ineffective for as many as 50% of patients (Cuijpers et al., 2014; Loerinc et al., 2015).”
From Meta-analyses of the neural mechanisms and predictors of response to psychotherapy in depression and anxiety (2018) · cites this paper as Cuijpers et al., 2014
The 56% clinically significant change rate approximates response rates achieved on primary symptom outcomes in empirically established psychosocial treatments for anxiety and depression.
“approximating response rates achieved on primary symptom outcomes in empirically established psychosocial treatments for anxiety (Loerinc et al., 2015) and depression (Cuijpers et al., 2014).”
From Enhancing social connectedness in anxiety and depression through amplification of positivity: Preliminary treatment outcomes and process of change (2020) · cites this paper as Cuijpers et al., 2014
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Cuijpers, P., Karyotaki, E., Weitz, E., Andersson, G., Hollon, S. D., & van Straten, A.
- Affiliations
- Leuphana University of Lüneburg (DE)
- Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
- Linköping University (SE)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cuijpers, Pim
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-04
- Volume
- 159
- Pages
- 118-126
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2141305471
- Semantic Scholar
- f373e105af3f5363f14fc4a4eb88392a9bf0eafa
- Cited by
- 586
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 53 · 2025: 84 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 87 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 6 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 4.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Multilingual Matters (Channel View Publications) (submittedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, psychotherapy, remission, response rate, usual care, Beck Depression Inventory, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Major Depressive Disorder, Humans, Psychotherapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome
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