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Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort

Open access

Srour, Bernard, Fezeu, Léopold K., Kesse-Guyot, Emmanuelle, Allès, Benjamin, Debras, Charlotte, Druesne-Pecollo, Nathalie, Chazelas, Eloi, Deschasaux, Mélanie, Hercberg, Serge, Galan, Pilar, Monteiro, Carlos A., Julia, Chantal, Touvier, Mathilde·2020·JAMA Internal Medicine

DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.5942PMC PMC6990737

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Abstract

Importance: Ultraprocessed foods (UPF) are widespread in Western diets. Their consumption has been associated in recent prospective studies with increased risks of all-cause mortality and chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and dyslipidemia; however, data regarding diabetes are lacking. Objective: To assess the associations between consumption of UPF and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Design, Setting, and Participants: In this population-based prospective cohort study, 104 707 participants aged 18 years or older from the French NutriNet-Santé cohort (2009-2019) were included. Dietary intake data were collected using repeated 24-hour dietary records (5.7 per participant on average), designed to register participants' usual consumption for more than 3500 different food items. These were categorized according to their degree of processing by the NOVA classification system. Main Outcomes and Measures: Associations between UPF consumption and risk of T2D were assessed using cause-specific multivariable Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for known risk factors (sociodemographic, anthropometric, lifestyle, medical history, and nutritional factors). Results: A total of 104 707 participants (21 800 [20.8%] men and 82 907 [79.2%] women) were included. Mean (SD) baseline age of participants was 42.7 (14.5) years. Absolute T2D rates in the lowest and highest UPF consumers were 113 and 166 per 100 000 person-years, respectively. Consumption of UPF was associated with a higher risk of T2D (multi-adjusted hazard ratio [HR] for an absolute increment of 10 in the percentage of UPF in the diet, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.06-1.25; median follow-up, 6.0 years; 582 252 person-years; 821 incident cases). These results remained statistically significant after adjustment for several markers of the nutritional quality of the diet, for other metabolic comorbidities (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.03-1.23), and for weight change (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.01-1.27). The absolute amount of UPF consumption (grams per day) was consistently associated with T2D risk, even when adjusting for unprocessed or minimally processed food intake (HR for a 100 g/d increase, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02-1.08). Conclusions and Relevance: In this large observational prospective study, a higher proportion of UPF in the diet was associated with a higher risk of T2D. Even though these results need to be confirmed in other populations and settings, they provide evidence to support efforts by public health authorities to recommend limiting UPF consumption. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03335644.

Checked 2026-10-10 · 1 reference not checked yet

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In the French NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort, higher ultraprocessed food (UPF) consumption was associated with increased type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk. The association persisted after adjustment for diet quality, metabolic comorbidities, and weight change.

Key findings

Among 104,707 participants, 821 incident T2D cases occurred over 582,252 person-years (median follow-up 6.0 years).
Each 10-point increment in the percentage of UPF in the diet was associated with T2D risk: Model 1 HR, 1.15 (95% CI, 1.06-1.25); after further adjustment for metabolic comorbidities, HR, 1.13 (95% CI, 1.03-1.23); after adjustment for weight change, HR, 1.13 (95% CI, 1.01-1.27).
Absolute UPF consumption was also associated with T2D risk: HR for a 100 g/d increase, 1.05 (95% CI, 1.02-1.08), even when adjusting for unprocessed/minimally processed food intake.
The proportion of unprocessed/minimally processed foods was inversely associated with T2D risk: HR for a 10-point increment, 0.91 (95% CI, 0.84-0.98). Absolute T2D rates were 113 and 166 per 100,000 person-years in the lowest and highest UPF consumers, respectively.

Methods

Population-based prospective cohort study using the French NutriNet-Santé cohort (2009-2019); 104,707 adults aged 18 years or older were included (21,800 men [20.8%] and 82,907 women [79.2%]; mean [SD] baseline age, 42.7 [14.5] years).
Dietary intake was collected with repeated validated web-based 24-hour dietary records (5.7 per participant on average) covering more than 3500 food items; foods were categorized by degree of processing using the NOVA classification.
Cause-specific multivariable Cox proportional hazard models with age as timescale and left truncation assessed UPF proportion and T2D incidence, treating T2D and death as competing events; models adjusted for sociodemographic, anthropometric, lifestyle, medical history, and nutritional factors, with multiple imputation for missing data.

Limitations

The paper states that T2D case ascertainment exhaustiveness could not be guaranteed, with about 20% of T2D cases estimated to be underdiagnosed in France, likely reducing statistical power and potentially underestimating associations.
The paper states that causation cannot be established from this single observational study and residual confounding cannot be entirely ruled out; NOVA misclassification and the broad, heterogeneous UPF category are also noted as limitations.
The paper states that participants were younger, more often women, more educated, and had healthier dietary habits than the general French population, with lower T2D incidence, which may have limited statistical power, especially for stratified analyses such as in men.

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Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.5942

Cites

83 of 84 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

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Claims the paper makes

0 of 26 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consumption of UPF was associated with a higher risk of T2D (multi-adjusted hazard ratio [HR] for an absolute increment of 10 in the percentage of UPF in the diet, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.06-1.25;median follow-up, 6.0 years; 582 252 person-years; 821 incident cases).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
  “Ultraprocessed food intake was associated with an increased T2D risk (Model 1: HR for a 10-point increment in the percentage of UPF in the diet, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.06-1.25;P = .001).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
  “In this large cohort, UPF consumption was associated with increased T2D risk.”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedn = 821
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results remained statistically significant after adjustment for several markers of the nutritional quality of the diet, for other metabolic comorbidities (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.03-1.23),and for weight change (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.01-1.27).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
  “The associations remained significant after further adjust- ments for Model 2, 3, 4, and 5 covariates (Table 3).”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedn = 821
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The absolute amount of UPF consumption (grams per day) was consistently associated with T2D risk, even when adjusting for unprocessed or minimally processed food intake (HR for a 100 g/d increase, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02-1.08).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
  “The absolute amount of UPF consumption in grams per day was consistently associated with T2D risk, even when ad- justing for the absolute amount (in g/d) of unprocessed/ minimally processed food intake (HR for a 100 g/d increase in UPF consumption, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02-1.08; P = .003).”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes

Show all 28 claims

It may state two separate claims as one. 21
Probably not a substantial claim. 12

A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 104 707 participants (21 800 [20.8%] men and 82 907 [79.2%] women) were included.Mean (SD) baseline age of participants was 42.7 (14.5) years.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
  “A total of 104 707 participants (21 800 [20.8%] men and 82 907 [79.2%] women) were included.Mean (SD) baseline age of participants was 42.7 (14.5) years.”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 707
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, T2D incidence was lower (186 cases per 100 000 personyears in our sample after standardization vs 289 per 100 000 in the French population 78 ), thereby limiting statistical power, especially for some stratified analyses (eg, in men).”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [78]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 186
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Only 1304 participants had a null follow-up and were excluded.Some of them may have had T2D that was not detected thereafter.However, this should represent a small number of missed cases (<20 cases considering T2D incidence in France 78 ) and, owing to the prospective design, the resulting potential misclassification bias was most likely nondifferential and rather resulted in an underestima-tion”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [78]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedn = 20
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The NutriNet-Santé web-based selfadministered 24-hour dietary records have been tested and validated against an interview by a trained dietitian, 47 and against blood and urinary biomarkers.48,49”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Dietary Data and Food Processing Categorization
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] source
- Not checked yetcites [48] source
- Not checked yetcites [49] source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Even if a causal link between UPF and chronic diseases cannot be established so far, the accumulation of consistent data leads public health authorities in several countries such as France 82 or Brazil 83 to recommend privileging the consumption of unprocessed/minimally processed foods, and limiting the consumption of UPF in the name of the precautionary principle.”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [82]
- Not checked yetcites [83]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Of note, energy balance and overweight are both associated with T2D risk.3”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Many food groups, mostly ultraprocessed (eg, processed meat, and sugary sweetened beverages) are recognized T2D risk factors.3”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Multiple imputation for missing data was performed using the multivariate imputation by chained equations (MICE) method.53”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Statistical Analyses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“About 20% of T2D cases are estimated to be underdiagnosed in France.78 This probably resulted in a loss of statistical power.”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [78]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In particular, the exposure to bisphenol-A (BPA), a hydrophobic substance of very high concern, 66 having endocrine disrupting properties, as well as high BPA serum concentrations, have been associated with increased T2D risk in recent meta-analyses.29,67”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] source
- Not checked yetcites [29] source
- Not checked yetcites [67] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Overall, UPF usually have a lower nutritional quality 35 because they are on average richer in sodium, energy, fat, sugar, and poorer in fiber [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]25 and often exhibit a higher glycemic index.61”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35]
- Not checked yetcites [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]25
- Not checked yetcites [61] source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“To our knowledge, although UPF consumption was previously found to be associated with increased risks of cancer, 31 cardiovascular diseases, 35 mortality, 32,36 depressive symptoms, 33,37 and metabolic disorders (obesity, 40 hypertension, 41 and dyslipidemia 39 ), no prior prospective epidemiological study had evaluated their association with T2D risk.”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] source
- Not checked yetcites [35]
- Not checked yetcites [32] source
- Not checked yetcites [36] source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Consistently, in a 1-month randomized clinical trial, 63 an ultraprocessed diet vs an unprocessed one led to an increased energy intake, which was highly correlated with weight gain.”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Finally, compared with the general French population, participants to this study were younger, more often women, with higher educational levels 80 and healthier dietary habits.81 This might have underestimated the associations owing to a narrower range of UPF intake.”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [80]
- Not checked yetcites [81]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, 2 meta-analyses observed associations between T2D risk and the intakes of nonnutritive sweeteners and artificially sweetened beverages.28,66”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28]
- Not checked yetcites [66] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

29 of 29

The paper relies on this without support.
No prior large-scale prospective study had evaluated the association between UPF consumption and T2D risk before this study.
“However, no such large-scale prospective study has been conducted regarding T2D.”
“no prior prospective epidemiological study had evaluated their association with T2D risk.”

1 of 1

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Additional file 8 of Quantifying differences in packaged food and drink purchases among households with diet-related cardiometabolic multi-morbidity: a cross-sectional analysis
Ricket, I. M., Brown, J. R., MacKenzie, T. A., Ma, Y., Grewal, D., Ailawadi, K. L., & Emond, J. A. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21582539
Additional file 2 of Quantifying differences in packaged food and drink purchases among households with diet-related cardiometabolic multi-morbidity: a cross-sectional analysis
Ricket, I. M., Brown, J. R., MacKenzie, T. A., Ma, Y., Grewal, D., Ailawadi, K. L., & Emond, J. A. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21582521
Additional file 1 of Papua New Guinea agri-food trade and household consumption trends point towards dietary change and increased overweight and obesity prevalence
Schmidt, E., & Fang, P. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.17088175
Additional file 7 of Quantifying differences in packaged food and drink purchases among households with diet-related cardiometabolic multi-morbidity: a cross-sectional analysis
Ricket, I. M., Brown, J. R., MacKenzie, T. A., Ma, Y., Grewal, D., Ailawadi, K. L., & Emond, J. A. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21582536
Additional file 1 of Association of ultra-processed food consumption with cardiovascular mortality in the US population: long-term results from a large prospective multicenter study
Zhong, G.-C., Gu, H.-T., Peng, Y., Wang, K., Wu, Y., Hu, T.-Y., Jing, F.-C., & Hao, F.-B. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13710376
Additional file 1 of Association between ultra-processed food consumption and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: the ELSA-Brasil cohort
Canhada, S., Vigo, Á., Levy, R., Luft, V. C., da Fonseca, M. D. J. M., Giatti, L., Molina, M. D. C. B., Duncan, B. B., & Schmidt, M. I. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26640292
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dos Santos, G. R., Ribeiro, G. J. S., Bim, M. A., Miranda, C. C., Pelegrini, A., & Pinto, A. D. A. (2025) · Revista Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública · doi:10.17533/udea.rfnsp.e358188
Additional file 3 of Quantifying differences in packaged food and drink purchases among households with diet-related cardiometabolic multi-morbidity: a cross-sectional analysis
Ricket, I. M., Brown, J. R., MacKenzie, T. A., Ma, Y., Grewal, D., Ailawadi, K. L., & Emond, J. A. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21582524
Additional file 1 of Nutritional risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection: a prospective study within the NutriNet-Santé cohort
Deschasaux, M., Srour, B., Bourhis, L., Arnault, N., Druesne‐Pecollo, N., Esseddik, Y., de Edelenyi, F. S., Allègre, J., Allès, B., Andreeva, V. A., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.17097985
Self-citation
Additional file 5 of Quantifying differences in packaged food and drink purchases among households with diet-related cardiometabolic multi-morbidity: a cross-sectional analysis
Ricket, I. M., Brown, J. R., MacKenzie, T. A., Ma, Y., Grewal, D., Ailawadi, K. L., & Emond, J. A. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21582530
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Authors: Srour, B., Fezeu, L. K., Kesse-Guyot, E., Allès, B., Debras, C., Druesne-Pecollo, N., Chazelas, E., Deschasaux, M., Hercberg, S., Galan, P., Monteiro, C. A., Julia, C., & Touvier, M.
Affiliations: Inserm (FR)
Paris 13 University, Inserm, Inra, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center–University of Paris (CRESS), 93017 Bobigny, France
Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
Corresponding author: Srour, Bernard
ORCID: Srour, Bernard
Fezeu, Léopold K.
Allès, Benjamin
Debras, Charlotte
Chazelas, Eloi
Deschasaux, Mélanie
Galan, Pilar
Monteiro, Carlos A.
Julia, Chantal
Touvier, Mathilde
Venue: JAMA Internal Medicine
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 2020-02-01
Volume: 180
Issue: 2
Pages: 283
ISSN: 2168-6106 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.5942
PMC: PMC6990737
OpenAlex: W2995681102
Semantic Scholar: c2346ec140c10417145d08b337da652a351745b0
Cited by: 465
References: 89
Citations by year: 2026: 45 · 2025: 69 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 85 · 2021: 96 · 2020: 34
FWCI: 49.73
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: JAMA Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
HAL (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Consumer Attitudes and Food Labeling
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
Keywords: ultra-processed foods, type 2 diabetes, NOVA classification, diabetes risk, NutriNet-Santé cohort, diet quality, weight change, metabolic comorbidities, cancer
MeSH terms: Adult, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet, Female, Food Handling, France, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Cohort Studies, Proportional Hazards Models

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Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort

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