The DOI matches its Crossref record; 83 of the 89 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet; none of the 26 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort
Open accessAbstract
Importance: Ultraprocessed foods (UPF) are widespread in Western diets. Their consumption has been associated in recent prospective studies with increased risks of all-cause mortality and chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and dyslipidemia; however, data regarding diabetes are lacking. Objective: To assess the associations between consumption of UPF and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Design, Setting, and Participants: In this population-based prospective cohort study, 104 707 participants aged 18 years or older from the French NutriNet-Santé cohort (2009-2019) were included. Dietary intake data were collected using repeated 24-hour dietary records (5.7 per participant on average), designed to register participants' usual consumption for more than 3500 different food items. These were categorized according to their degree of processing by the NOVA classification system. Main Outcomes and Measures: Associations between UPF consumption and risk of T2D were assessed using cause-specific multivariable Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for known risk factors (sociodemographic, anthropometric, lifestyle, medical history, and nutritional factors). Results: A total of 104 707 participants (21 800 [20.8%] men and 82 907 [79.2%] women) were included. Mean (SD) baseline age of participants was 42.7 (14.5) years. Absolute T2D rates in the lowest and highest UPF consumers were 113 and 166 per 100 000 person-years, respectively. Consumption of UPF was associated with a higher risk of T2D (multi-adjusted hazard ratio [HR] for an absolute increment of 10 in the percentage of UPF in the diet, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.06-1.25; median follow-up, 6.0 years; 582 252 person-years; 821 incident cases). These results remained statistically significant after adjustment for several markers of the nutritional quality of the diet, for other metabolic comorbidities (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.03-1.23), and for weight change (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.01-1.27). The absolute amount of UPF consumption (grams per day) was consistently associated with T2D risk, even when adjusting for unprocessed or minimally processed food intake (HR for a 100 g/d increase, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02-1.08). Conclusions and Relevance: In this large observational prospective study, a higher proportion of UPF in the diet was associated with a higher risk of T2D. Even though these results need to be confirmed in other populations and settings, they provide evidence to support efforts by public health authorities to recommend limiting UPF consumption. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03335644.
Checked 2026-10-10 · 1 reference not checked yet
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In the French NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort, higher ultraprocessed food (UPF) consumption was associated with increased type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk. The association persisted after adjustment for diet quality, metabolic comorbidities, and weight change.
Key findings
- Among 104,707 participants, 821 incident T2D cases occurred over 582,252 person-years (median follow-up 6.0 years).
- Each 10-point increment in the percentage of UPF in the diet was associated with T2D risk: Model 1 HR, 1.15 (95% CI, 1.06-1.25); after further adjustment for metabolic comorbidities, HR, 1.13 (95% CI, 1.03-1.23); after adjustment for weight change, HR, 1.13 (95% CI, 1.01-1.27).
- Absolute UPF consumption was also associated with T2D risk: HR for a 100 g/d increase, 1.05 (95% CI, 1.02-1.08), even when adjusting for unprocessed/minimally processed food intake.
- The proportion of unprocessed/minimally processed foods was inversely associated with T2D risk: HR for a 10-point increment, 0.91 (95% CI, 0.84-0.98). Absolute T2D rates were 113 and 166 per 100,000 person-years in the lowest and highest UPF consumers, respectively.
Methods
- Population-based prospective cohort study using the French NutriNet-Santé cohort (2009-2019); 104,707 adults aged 18 years or older were included (21,800 men [20.8%] and 82,907 women [79.2%]; mean [SD] baseline age, 42.7 [14.5] years).
- Dietary intake was collected with repeated validated web-based 24-hour dietary records (5.7 per participant on average) covering more than 3500 food items; foods were categorized by degree of processing using the NOVA classification.
- Cause-specific multivariable Cox proportional hazard models with age as timescale and left truncation assessed UPF proportion and T2D incidence, treating T2D and death as competing events; models adjusted for sociodemographic, anthropometric, lifestyle, medical history, and nutritional factors, with multiple imputation for missing data.
Limitations
- The paper states that T2D case ascertainment exhaustiveness could not be guaranteed, with about 20% of T2D cases estimated to be underdiagnosed in France, likely reducing statistical power and potentially underestimating associations.
- The paper states that causation cannot be established from this single observational study and residual confounding cannot be entirely ruled out; NOVA misclassification and the broad, heterogeneous UPF category are also noted as limitations.
- The paper states that participants were younger, more often women, more educated, and had healthier dietary habits than the general French population, with lower T2D incidence, which may have limited statistical power, especially for stratified analyses such as in men.
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Claims the paper makes
32 Own result · 14 Not checked yet · 7 Own method · 4 Own interpretation
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consumption of UPF was associated with a higher risk of T2D (multi-adjusted hazard ratio [HR] for an absolute increment of 10 in the percentage of UPF in the diet, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.06-1.25;median follow-up, 6.0 years; 582 252 person-years; 821 incident cases).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Ultraprocessed food intake was associated with an increased T2D risk (Model 1: HR for a 10-point increment in the percentage of UPF in the diet, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.06-1.25;P = .001).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“In this large cohort, UPF consumption was associated with increased T2D risk.”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 821 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During follow-up (582 252 person-years; median follow-up time, 6.0 years; interquartile range [IQR], 2.8-8.4 years), 821 incident T2D cases were detected.”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Results
plainn = 821- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results remained statistically significant after adjustment for several markers of the nutritional quality of the diet, for other metabolic comorbidities (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.03-1.23),and for weight change (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.01-1.27).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“The associations remained significant after further adjust- ments for Model 2, 3, 4, and 5 covariates (Table 3).”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 821- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The proportion of unprocessed/minimally processed foods in the diet was inversely associated with T2D risk (HR for a 10-point increment, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.84-0.98;P = .01;[Model 1 covariates]).”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The absolute amount of UPF consumption (grams per day) was consistently associated with T2D risk, even when adjusting for unprocessed or minimally processed food intake (HR for a 100 g/d increase, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02-1.08).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“The absolute amount of UPF consumption in grams per day was consistently associated with T2D risk, even when ad- justing for the absolute amount (in g/d) of unprocessed/ minimally processed food intake (HR for a 100 g/d increase in UPF consumption, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02-1.08; P = .003).”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results suggest an association between UPF consumption and T2D risk.”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Conclusions
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Sodium intake, mg/1000 kcal/d | 1479.10 (369.21) | 6.97 (1.20) | <.001 |”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Alcohol intake, g/1000 kcal/d | 3.91 (5.53) | -0.50 (0.02) | <.001 |”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Whole grains, g/1000 kcal/d | 18.96 (24.36) | -3.14 (0.08) | <.001 |”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Fiber, g/1000 kcal/d | 10.72 (3.57) | -0.78 (0.01) | <.001 |”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 21
- Probably not a substantial claim. 12
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The proportions of UPF in beverages, sugary products, fats/ sauces, and dairy products were more specifically associated with increased T2D risk (eTable 2 in the Supplement).”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Absolute incidence rates for T2D in the whole population were 132 per 100 000 personyears; age and sex corrected absolute rates were 113, 125, 143 and 166 per 100 000 person-years in the first quarter (lowest con-sumers), second, third, and fourth quarter (highest consumers) of the proportion of UPF intake in the diet, respectively.”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Results
plainn = 821- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although HRs were in the same direction, this association was significant in women only, but statistical power was reduced for men (eTable 1 in the Supple- ment).”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher consumption of UPF was associated with higher FSAm-NPS DI scores (reflecting a poorer nutritional quality of the diet), higher intakes of energy, SFA, sodium and sugar, lower intakes of fiber and alcohol, higher consumptions of sugary drinks and red and processed meats, and lower consumptions of whole grains, yogurt, nuts, and fruits and vegetables (Table 2).”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 707- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean weight contribution of UPF to the diet was 17.3%.”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Results
plainn = 707- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 104 707 participants (21 800 [20.8%] men and 82 907 [79.2%] women) were included.Mean (SD) baseline age of participants was 42.7 (14.5) years.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“A total of 104 707 participants (21 800 [20.8%] men and 82 907 [79.2%] women) were included.Mean (SD) baseline age of participants was 42.7 (14.5) years.”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Abstract
plainn = 707- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, UPF proportions were higher in younger participants, obese individuals, those with lower physical activity levels, and current smokers (Table 1).”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 707- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, T2D incidence was lower (186 cases per 100 000 personyears in our sample after standardization vs 289 per 100 000 in the French population 78 ), thereby limiting statistical power, especially for some stratified analyses (eg, in men).”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [78]
plainn = 186- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Only 1304 participants had a null follow-up and were excluded.Some of them may have had T2D that was not detected thereafter.However, this should represent a small number of missed cases (<20 cases considering T2D incidence in France 78 ) and, owing to the prospective design, the resulting potential misclassification bias was most likely nondifferential and rather resulted in an underestima-tion”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [78]
hedgedn = 20- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The NutriNet-Santé web-based selfadministered 24-hour dietary records have been tested and validated against an interview by a trained dietitian, 47 and against blood and urinary biomarkers.48,49”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Dietary Data and Food Processing Categorization
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Even if a causal link between UPF and chronic diseases cannot be established so far, the accumulation of consistent data leads public health authorities in several countries such as France 82 or Brazil 83 to recommend privileging the consumption of unprocessed/minimally processed foods, and limiting the consumption of UPF in the name of the precautionary principle.”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [82]
- Not checked yetcites [83]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants were asked to declare major health events though the yearly health questionnaire, through a specific health check-up questionnaire every 3 months, or at any time through a specific interface on the study website.They were also asked to declare all currently taken medications and treatments via the check-up and yearly questionnaires.In addition, data are linked to medico-administrative”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Case Ascertainment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even though we used a multisource case ascertainment approach, exhaustiveness could not be guaranteed.”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, misclassification bias in the NOVA cannot be ruled out; however, this would have led to a nondifferential measurement error (in cases and noncases), and potentially biasing toward the null hypothesis.”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Of note, energy balance and overweight are both associated with T2D risk.3”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Many food groups, mostly ultraprocessed (eg, processed meat, and sugary sweetened beverages) are recognized T2D risk factors.3”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Associations between UPF consumption and risk of T2Dwere assessed using cause-specific multivariable Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for known risk factors (sociodemographic, anthropometric, lifestyle, medical history, and nutritional factors).”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Multiple imputation for missing data was performed using the multivariate imputation by chained equations (MICE) method.53”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Statistical Analyses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“About 20% of T2D cases are estimated to be underdiagnosed in France.78 This probably resulted in a loss of statistical power.”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [78]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In particular, the exposure to bisphenol-A (BPA), a hydrophobic substance of very high concern, 66 having endocrine disrupting properties, as well as high BPA serum concentrations, have been associated with increased T2D risk in recent meta-analyses.29,67”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Discussion
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Overall, UPF usually have a lower nutritional quality 35 because they are on average richer in sodium, energy, fat, sugar, and poorer in fiber [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]25 and often exhibit a higher glycemic index.61”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35]
- Not checked yetcites [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]25
- Not checked yetcites [61] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fourth, the ultraprocessed category covers diverse products; this exploratory approach was not designed to focus on a specific food category or to isolate a particular process/additive.”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It was approved by the relevant institutional review boards (Inserm and Cnil).Participants provided electronic informed consent.”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Study Population and Data Collection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“To our knowledge, although UPF consumption was previously found to be associated with increased risks of cancer, 31 cardiovascular diseases, 35 mortality, 32,36 depressive symptoms, 33,37 and metabolic disorders (obesity, 40 hypertension, 41 and dyslipidemia 39 ), no prior prospective epidemiological study had evaluated their association with T2D risk.”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Discussion
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Cox model assumptions were verified (eFigures 2 and 3 in the Supplement).”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Statistical Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, causation could not be established from this single observational study and residual confounding cannot be entirely ruled out.”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Consistently, in a 1-month randomized clinical trial, 63 an ultraprocessed diet vs an unprocessed one led to an increased energy intake, which was highly correlated with weight gain.”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Finally, compared with the general French population, participants to this study were younger, more often women, with higher educational levels 80 and healthier dietary habits.81 This might have underestimated the associations owing to a narrower range of UPF intake.”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [80]
- Not checked yetcites [81]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, 2 meta-analyses observed associations between T2D risk and the intakes of nonnutritive sweeteners and artificially sweetened beverages.28,66”
§ Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28]
- Not checked yetcites [66] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
No prior large-scale prospective study had evaluated the association between UPF consumption and T2D risk before this study.
“However, no such large-scale prospective study has been conducted regarding T2D.”
“no prior prospective epidemiological study had evaluated their association with T2D risk.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The level of processing per se as an independent risk factor, comes from a randomised controlled trial finding that an ultra-processed diet relative to an unprocessed one causes excessive calorie intake and weight gain 57 , and three cohort studies showing an association between UPF consumption and weight gain, obesity, type-2 diabetes or hypertension risk, which remains significant after”
From Ultra‐processed foods and the nutrition transition: global, regional and national trends, food systems transformations and political economy drivers (2020) · cites this paper as [40]
Citations
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Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
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“risk, which remains significant after controlling for nutrient composition and overall diet quality.(34,37,40)”
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“80 Recent prospective studies have also found that high compared with low intake of ultra-processed foods is associated with greater risk of type 2 diabetes, 81 incident CVD, 82,83 and all-cause mortality.”
BackgroundConsumption of ultra-processed foods and health status: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Pagliai, G., Dinu, M., Madarena, M. P., Bonaccio, M., Iacoviello, L., & Sofi, F. (2021) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114520002688 · Cited by 918
“In addition, results from a large French prospective cohort study, the NutriNet-Santé study, found that high UPF consumption led to a significant increase in the risk of CVD (13) , diabetes (14) , depressive symptoms (15) and cancer (16) .”
ResultUltra-Processed Foods and Health Outcomes: A Narrative Review
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“between consumption of ultraprocessed food and type 2 diabetes mellitus in an adult population (N = 104,707).(55) Two cross-sectional studies in adults (combined N = 1,113) with homogeneous data were included in a meta-analysis.”
BackgroundDeschasaux, M., Druesne‐Pecollo, N., Esseddik, Y., de Edelenyi, F. S., Allès, B., Andreeva, V. A., Baudry, J., Charreire, H., Deschamps, V., Egnell, M., et al. (2020) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa336 · Cited by 473
“The percentage (by relative weight) of ultra-processed foods in the diet was assessed using the NOVA classification, as previously described (36).”
MethodSelf-citationPrecision medicine in the era of artificial intelligence: implications in chronic disease management
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Self-citationA Systematic Review of Worldwide Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods: Findings and Criticisms
Marino, M., Puppo, F., Bo’, C. D., Vinelli, V., Riso, P., Porrini, M., & Martini, D. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13082778 · Cited by 387
“, greater than 30 kg/m2) [58,87,89,95] (Table 4) [58].”
BackgroundInfluentialUltra-processed foods and human health: from epidemiological evidence to mechanistic insights
Srour, B., Kordahi, M. C., Bonazzi, E., Deschasaux-Tanguy, M., Touvier, M., & Chassaing, B. (2022) · The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1016/s2468-1253(22)00169-8 · Cited by 303
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“In one of our previous prospective studies, we found that UPF consumption was associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes [29] and that this association was not fully explained by weight gain.”
BackgroundSelf-citationDicken, S. J., & Batterham, R. L. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14010023 · Cited by 256
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Self-citationFood as medicine: targeting the uraemic phenotype in chronic kidney disease
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Ultra-processed food consumption and type 2 diabetes incidence: A prospective cohort study
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Self-citationDelpino, F. M., Figueiredo, L. M., Bielemann, R. M., da Silva, B. G. C., dos Santos, F. S., Mintem, G. C., Flores, T. R., Arcêncio, R. A., & Nunes, B. P. (2021) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyab247 · Cited by 194
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Self-citationUltra-processed Foods, Weight Gain, and Co-morbidity Risk
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“In adults, results that are primarily from observational studies generally report that consumption of UPFs is associated with an increased risk of hypertension [62], cardiovascular disease [63], type 2 diabetes [64], metabolic syndrome [65], higher risk of overall cancer [66], and all-cause mortality [67].”
BackgroundTouvier, M., da Costa Louzada, M. L., Mozaffarian, D., Baker, P., Juul, F., & Srour, B. (2023) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-075294 · Cited by 159
Self-citationUltra-processed food consumption in adults across Europe
Mertens, E., Colizzi, C., & Peñalvo, J. L. (2021) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-021-02733-7 · Cited by 173
“Emerging evidence from observational cross-sectional and cohort studies has identified positive associations between UPFDs consumption and at least one adverse NCD outcome [7, 8], such as high BMI [7], type 2 diabetes [9] as well as * Elly Mertens ellymertens@itg.”
BackgroundWood, B., Williams, O. D., Nagarajan, V., & Sacks, G. (2021) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-021-00667-7 · Cited by 182
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“Ultraprocessed food, defined as industrial formulations typically with 5 or more ingredients [24], is the category of food that drives NCDs [25], such as obesity [26,27], diabetes [28], heart disease [29], and cancer [30].”
BackgroundTaneri, P. E., Wehrli, F., Roa‐Díaz, Z. M., Itodo, O. A., Salvador, D., Raeisi‐Dehkordi, H., Bally, L., Minder, B., Jong, J. C. K., Laine, J. E., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwac039 · Cited by 156
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Review: The Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods and Non-communicable Diseases in Latin America
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“Evidence from cross-sectional and prospective studies points to a strong association between UPF consumption and overweight/obesity (5–7), hypertension (8), cardiovascular disease (CVD) (9), type-2 diabetes (10), cancer (11), and all-cause mortality risk (12–14).”
BackgroundMartínez Steele, E., Khandpur, N., da Costa Louzada, M. L., & Monteiro, C. A. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236738 · Cited by 113
Self-citationExposure to food additive mixtures in 106,000 French adults from the NutriNet-Santé cohort
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Self-citationMoradi, S., Kermani, M. A. H., Bagheri, R., Mohammadi, H., Jayedi, A., Lane, M. M., Asbaghi, O., Mehrabani, S., & Suzuki, K. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13124410 · Cited by 130
“For example, UPF intake was expressed as a continuous-only variable in two studies (10% increments) [19,20] compared to a categorical variable in the other three studies, which were also defined by the original study samples rather than a predetermined cut-off point (tertiles [21,22] and quartiles [7]).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialUltra-processed foods and type-2 diabetes risk in the SUN project: A prospective cohort study
Llavero-Valero, M., Martín, J. E.-S., Martínez‐González, M. Á., Basterra-Gortari, F. J., de la Fuente‐Arrillaga, C., & Bes‐Rastrollo, M. (2021) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2021.03.039 · Cited by 129
Gut Microbiota Differences According to Ultra-Processed Food Consumption in a Spanish Population
Cuevas‐Sierra, A., Milagro, F. I., Aranaz, P., Martínez, J. A., & Riezu‐Boj, J. I. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13082710 · Cited by 124
“In fact, several studies have found associations between UPFs and health problems such as hypertension [8], obesity [9], metabolic syndrome [10], depression [11] and type 2 diabetes [12].”
BackgroundCousin, E., Schmidt, M. I., Ong, K. L., Lozano, R., Afshin, A., Abushouk, A. I., Agarwal, G., Agudelo‐Botero, M., Al‐Aly, Z., Rabanal, J. E. A., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(22)00186-3 · Cited by 116
Mambrini, S. P., Menichetti, F., Ravella, S., Pellizzari, M., Amicis, R. S. D., Foppiani, A., Battezzati, A., Bertoli, S., & Leone, A. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15112583 · Cited by 141
“Four studies were conducted in Brazil [17–20], two in France [21,22] one in Mexico [23], one in the Netherlands [24], five in Spain [25–29], two in the UK [30,31], and another in China [32].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialUltra-processed foods and health: a comprehensive review
Zhang, Y., & Giovannucci, E. L. (2022) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2022.2084359 · Cited by 134
“In a large prospective cohort of 104,707 French adults, ultra-processed food intake was associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes (multivariable-adjusted HR, 95% CI for 10-percentage increment was 1.15, 1.06– 1.25) after a median follow-up of 6 years (Srour et al. 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialArtificial Sweeteners and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in the Prospective NutriNet-Santé Cohort
Debras, C., Deschasaux, M., Chazelas, E., Sellem, L., Druesne‐Pecollo, N., Esseddik, Y., de Edelenyi, F. S., Agaësse, C., Sa, A. D., Lutchia, R., et al. (2023) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc23-0206 · Cited by 111
“Artificial sweeteners are notably a marker of UPFs, which have been shown to be associatedwith T2D (7).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAssociation of Ultraprocessed Food Consumption With Risk of Dementia: A Prospective Cohort Study
Li, H., Li, S., Yang, H., Zhang, Y., Zhang, S., Ma, Y., Hou, Y., Zhang, X., Niu, K., Borné, Y., et al. (2022) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000200871 · Cited by 107
Herforth, A., Wiesmann, D., Steele, E. M., Andrade, G. C., & Monteiro, C. A. (2020) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/cdn/nzaa168 · Cited by 112
“50 for the GDRLimit) and are practically important, because UPF consumption is associated with negative dietary quality and health outcomes (37, 42, 43).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFotheringham, A. K., Gallo, L. A., Borg, D. J., & Forbes, J. M. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14132675 · Cited by 116
“In the ADVANCE study of 3763 individuals with T2D, both circulating AGEs and sRAGE were positively associated with incident CKD, progressive CKD, and mortality which led researchers to propose that the AGE:RAGE axis may represent an important target for the prevention and management of diabetic nephropathy [198].”
BackgroundInfluentialShim, J., Shim, S. Y., Cha, H.-J., Kim, J., & Kim, H. C. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13041120 · Cited by 113
Kliemann, N., Nahas, A. A., Vamos, E. P., Touvier, M., Kesse‐Guyot, E., Gunter, M. J., Millett, C. J., & Huybrechts, I. (2022) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41416-022-01749-y · Cited by 117
“Many epidemiological studies investigating associations between ultra-processed food intake and health outcomes have adjusted for nutritional quality [27, 28, 31], suggesting that other characteristics of UPFs may be contributing to associations found.”
BackgroundSelf-citationZhong, G., Gu, H., Peng, Y., Wang, K., Wu, Y., Hu, T., Jing, F.-C., & Hao, F. (2021) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-021-01081-3 · Cited by 104
Xu, C., Cao, Z., Yang, H., Hou, Y., Wang, X., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.784018 · Cited by 97
Sandoval‐Insausti, H., Jiménez-Onsurbe, M., Donat‐Vargas, C., Rey-García, J., Banegas, J. R., Rodríguez‐Artalejo, F., & Guallar‐Castillón, P. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12082368 · Cited by 103
“Previously, UPF consumption has been associated with increased overweight and general obesity [10], hypertension [29], dyslipidemia [30], diabetes [31], incident cardiovascular diseases [32], depression [33], and all-cause mortality [34].”
BackgroundAndrade, G. C., Julia, C., Deschamps, V., Srour, B., Herçberg, S., Kesse‐Guyot, E., Allès, B., Chazelas, E., Deschasaux, M., Touvier, M., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020682 · Cited by 103
Self-citationPiragine, E., Petri, D., Martelli, A., Calderone, V., & Lucenteforte, E. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12051981 · Cited by 113
“In recent times, T2D has been appropriately described as a “global preventable pandemic” [1], as it is a widespread disorder that can be partially prevented through lifestyle modifications [1,7].”
BackgroundEvolução dos alimentos mais consumidos no Brasil entre 2008-2009 e 2017-2018
Rodrigues, R. D. R. M., Souza, A. D. M., Bezerra, I. N., Pereira, R. A., Yokoo, E. M., & Sichieri, R. (2021) · Revista de Saúde Pública · doi:10.11606/s1518-8787.2021055003406 · Cited by 93
The type 2 diabetes ‘modern preventable pandemic’ and replicable lessons from the COVID-19 crisis
Singer, M. E., Dorrance, K. A., Oxenreiter, M. M., Yan, K. R., & Close, K. L. (2021) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101636 · Cited by 94
“Distinct from type one diabetes (T1D), an autoimmune disease unrelated to behaviors, lifestyle interventions form the basis for prevention of T2D (Srour et al., 2020).”
Consumption of ultra-processed foods and drinks and colorectal, breast, and prostate cancer
Romaguera, D., Fernández‐Barrés, S., Gràcia‐Lavedan, E., Vendrell, E., Azpiri, M., Ruiz, E., Martín, V., Gómez‐Acebo, I., Obón‐Santacana, M., Molinuevo, A., et al. (2021) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2021.02.033 · Cited by 90
Ultra-processed foods increase noncommunicable chronic disease risk
Jardim, M. Z., Costa, B. V. D. L., Pessoa, M. C., & Duarte, C. K. (2021) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2021.08.006 · Cited by 92
The Origins of the Obesity Epidemic in the USA–Lessons for Today
Temple, N. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14204253 · Cited by 82
“Observational evidence has revealed a clear association between the intake of UPFs and several disorders including cancer [33], type 2 diabetes [34], cardiovascular disease [28], and depression [28].”
BackgroundKonieczna, J., Morey, M., Abete, I., Bes‐Rastrollo, M., Ruiz‐Canela, M., Vioqué, J., González‐Palacios, S., Daimiel, L., Salas‐Salvadó, J., Fiol, M., et al. (2021) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2021.01.019 · Cited by 92
Wajcman, D. I., Isakov, N. F., Webb, M., Bentov, I., Shibolet, O., Kariv, R., & Zelber‐Sagi, S. (2021) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/liv.14996 · Cited by 88
Consumption of Ultraprocessed Foods and Diet Quality Among U.S. Children and Adults
Liu, J., Steele, E. M., Li, Y., Karageorgou, D., Micha, R., Monteiro, C. A., & Mozaffarian, D. (2021) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2021.08.014 · Cited by 93
Self-citationLouzada, M. L. D. C., Costa, C. D. S., Souza, T. N., da Cruz, G. L., Levy, R. B., & Monteiro, C. A. (2021) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/0102-311x00323020 · Cited by 162
Self-citationDonat‐Vargas, C., Sandoval‐Insausti, H., Rey-García, J., Moreno‐Franco, B., Åkesson, A., Banegas, J. R., Rodríguez‐Artalejo, F., & Guallar‐Castillón, P. (2021) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxab118 · Cited by 89
Martinez-Perez, C., San-Cristóbal, R., Guallar‐Castillón, P., Martínez‐González, M. Á., Salas‐Salvadó, J., Corella, D., Castañer, O., Martínez, J. A., Alonso‐Gómez, Á. M., Wärnberǵ, J., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13072471 · Cited by 87
“Cohort studies have indicated an association between UPF consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease [19,20], type 2 diabetes [21], hypertension [14], irritable bowel syndrome [22], dyslipidemia [23], obesity [13,15,24–27] and cancer [18].”
BackgroundZhang, Z., Jackson, S. L., Martinez, E., Gillespie, C., & Yang, Q. (2020) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa276 · Cited by 79
Atzeni, A., Martínez, M. Á., Babió, N., Konstanti, P., Tinahones, F. J., Vioqué, J., Corella, D., Fitó, M., Vidal, J., Moreno‐Indias, I., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.976547 · Cited by 90
“These findings should serve as an incentive for limiting consumption of UPF, and promote natural or minimally processed foods, as several national nutritional policies recommend (8, 16).”
BackgroundPetridi, E., Karatzi, K., Magriplis, E., Charidemou, E., Philippou, E., & Zampelas, A. (2023) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuad095 · Cited by 96
Shim, J., Shim, S. Y., Cha, H.-J., Kim, J., & Kim, H. C. (2021) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2021.07.012 · Cited by 89
Duan, M.-J., Vinke, P. C., Navis, G., Corpeleijn, E., & Dekker, L. H. (2022) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-021-02200-4 · Cited by 75
“So far, four studies have investigated the association of UPF with type 2 diabetes [6, 7, 22, 23].”
BackgroundEnvironmental impacts along the value chain from the consumption of ultra-processed foods
Kesse‐Guyot, E., Allès, B., Brunin, J., Fouillet, H., Dussiot, A., Berthy, F., Perraud, E., Herçberg, S., Julia, C., Mariotti, F., et al. (2022) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-022-01013-4 · Cited by 78
Self-citationChen, X., Chu, J., Hu, W., Sun, N., He, Q., Liu, S., Feng, Z., Li, T., Han, Q., & Shen, Y. (2022) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckac104 · Cited by 80
The COVID-19, Obesity, and Food Insecurity Syndemic
Pryor, S. P., & Dietz, W. H. (2022) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-021-00462-w · Cited by 69
Impact of ultra-processed food consumption on metabolic health
de Miranda, R. C., Rauber, F., & Levy, R. B. (2020) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0000000000000728 · Cited by 78
Li, J., Glenn, A. J., Yang, Q., Ding, D., Zheng, L., Bao, W., Beasley, J. M., LeBlanc, E. S., Lo, K. K.-H., Manson, J. E., et al. (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc22-0368 · Cited by 71
Salamé, C., Javaux, G., Sellem, L., Viennois, É., de Edelenyi, F. S., Agaësse, C., Sa, A. D., Huybrechts, I., Pierre, F. H. F., Coumoul, X., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(24)00086-x · Cited by 75
Self-citationRey-García, J., Donat‐Vargas, C., Sandoval‐Insausti, H., Bayán-Bravo, A., Moreno‐Franco, B., Banegas, J. R., Rodríguez‐Artalejo, F., & Guallar‐Castillón, P. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020428 · Cited by 72
“Systematic reviews of the literature have shown a positive association between UPF consumption and adverse health outcomes [19,23], including obesity [24,25], diabetes [26], hypertension [27], and mortality [16,17,28,29].”
BackgroundFood additive emulsifiers and cancer risk: Results from the French prospective NutriNet-Santé cohort
Sellem, L., Srour, B., Javaux, G., Chazelas, E., Chassaing, B., Viennois, É., Debras, C., Druesne‐Pecollo, N., Esseddik, Y., de Edelenyi, F. S., et al. (2024) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004338 · Cited by 72
“…emerged over the past few years, based on large-scale epidemiological studies which suggested diets rich in UPF may be associated with higher risks of noncommunicable diseases [4,5], such as cancers [6], cardiovascular diseases [7,8], type 2 diabetes [9,10], obesity [4,11], and mortality [12,13].”
BackgroundSelf-citationUltra-Processed Food Consumption and Increased Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Adults: The ELSA-Brasil
Canhada, S., Vigo, Á., Luft, V. C., Levy, R. B., Matos, S. M. A., Molina, M. D. C. B., Giatti, L., Barreto, S. M., Duncan, B. B., & Schmidt, M. I. (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc22-1505 · Cited by 84
“Prospective studies from our cohort (9–11) and others (12,13) have found that UPF consumption predicts the development of four conditions related to the MetS: hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and larger waist circumference.”
BackgroundPhosphate intake, hyperphosphatemia, and kidney function
Rubio-Aliaga, I., & Krapf, R. (2022) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-022-02691-x · Cited by 65
“Higher UPF consumption is associated with higher BMI, lower income, and younger age [53, 95], and with higher consumption of sugars, sodium, and fats, but lower consumption of potassium, iron, and vitamins [69, 100].”
BackgroundFardet, A., & Rock, E. (2022) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-021-02786-8 · Cited by 65
Drewnowski, A. (2021) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmab089 · Cited by 64
Food inequity and insecurity and MASLD: burden, challenges, and interventions
Zelber‐Sagi, S., Carrieri, P., Pericàs, J. M., Wajcman, D. I., Younossi, Z. M., & Lazarus, J. V. (2024) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-024-00959-4 · Cited by 63
“Several studies across different populations have shown an association between the dietary share of UPFs and the risk of obesity, T2D, cardiovascular disease and co-occurrence of cancer and cardiometabolic diseases 22,123–127 that are common comorbidities of MASLD.”
Ultra-Processed Food Is Positively Associated With Depressive Symptoms Among United States Adults
Zheng, L., Sun, J., Yu, X., & Zhang, D. (2020) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.600449 · Cited by 65
“Researches have demonstrated an association between UPF consumption and increased risk of all-cause mortality (18–20), cancer (21), type 2 diabetes (22), and cardiovascular diseases (23).”
BackgroundHuybrechts, I., Rauber, F., Nicolas, G., Casagrande, C., Kliemann, N., Wedekind, R., Biessy, C., Scalbert, A., Touvier, M., Aleksandrova, K., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.1035580 · Cited by 56
Self-citationDicken, S. J., Dahm, C. C., Ibsen, D. B., Olsen, A., Tjønneland, A. M., Hajji-Louati, M., Cadeau, C., Marques, C., Schulze, M. B., Jannasch, F., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2024.101043 · Cited by 66
“15,19,48,49,51,53 Under strong assumptions, WHtR potentially mediated 46.4% of the association between UPF and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus.”
InfluentialCai, Q., Duan, M.-J., Dekker, L. H., Carrero, J. J., Avesani, C. M., Bakker, S. J. L., de Borst, M. H., & Navis, G. J. (2022) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqac073 · Cited by 62
“We are not aware of other studies evaluating this in the overall general population, but our results expand previous research linking UPF consumption with risks of other noncommunicable diseases, such as cardiovascular disease (24) and diabetes (25).”
ResultGrinshpan, L. S., Eilat-Adar, S., Wajcman, D. I., Kariv, R., Gillon‐Keren, M., & Zelber‐Sagi, S. (2023) · JHEP Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100964 · Cited by 75
“76 In this study (n = 104,707, follow-up time of 6 years), a 10% increment in UPF consumption was associated with a higher risk of T2D (HR 1.13, 95% CI 1.03-1.23).”
InfluentialDu, S., Kim, H., & Rebholz, C. M. (2021) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxab285 · Cited by 63
Handakas, E., Chang, K., Khandpur, N., Vamos, E. P., Millett, C. J., Sassi, F., Vineis, P., & Robinson, O. (2022) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2022.09.002 · Cited by 70
Relationship between Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Risk of Diabetes Mellitus: A Mini-Review
Almarshad, M. I., Algonaiman, R., Alharbi, H. F., Almujaydil, M. S., & Barakat, H. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14122366 · Cited by 67
Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children
Khoury, N., Martínez, M. Á., Garcidueñas-Fimbres, T. E., Pastor‐Villaescusa, B., Leis, R., Heras-Delgado, S. D. L., Miguel‐Berges, M. L., Navas‐Carretero, S., Portolés, O., Pérez‐Vega, K. A., et al. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.11852 · Cited by 61
Egnell, M., Galan, P., Fialon, M., Touvier, M., Péneau, S., Kesse‐Guyot, E., Herçberg, S., & Julia, C. (2021) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-021-01108-9 · Cited by 53
Self-citationMontero-Salazar, H., Donat‐Vargas, C., Moreno‐Franco, B., Sandoval‐Insausti, H., Civeira, F., Laclaustra, M., & Guallar‐Castillón, P. (2020) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-020-01678-8 · Cited by 51
“Likewise, consumption of UPF has been associated with cardiometabolic conditions [15], such as overweight or obesity [16], hypertension [17], dyslipidemia [18], and diabetes [19], as well as with CVD mortality or total mortality [2, 20, 21].”
BackgroundUltra-processed Foods and Cardiometabolic Health Outcomes: from Evidence to Practice
Juul, F., Deierlein, A. L., Vaidean, G. D., Quatromoni, P. A., & Parekh, N. (2022) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-022-01061-3 · Cited by 60
“In the prospective French NutriNet-Santé cohort ( n = 104,707 adults) and the UK Biobank cohort ( n = 21,730), each 10% absolute increment of ultra-processed foods in the diet was associated with a 12–15% increased risk of incident type 2 diabetes [49, 88].”
Lane, M. M., Lotfaliany, M., Hodge, A. M., O'Neil, A. E., Travica, N., Jacka, F. N., Rocks, T., Machado, P. P., Forbes, M., Ashtree, D. N., et al. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.124 · Cited by 87
Eating context and its association with ultra-processed food consumption by British children
Onita, B. M., Azeredo, C. M., Jaime, P. C., Levy, R. B., & Rauber, F. (2020) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2020.105007 · Cited by 56
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Barrea, L., Vetrani, C., Verde, L., Frías-Toral, E., Ceriani, F., Cernea, S., Docimo, A., Graziadio, C., Tripathy, D., Savastano, S., et al. (2023) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox12040904 · Cited by 61
One size does not fit all; practical, personal tailoring of the diet to NAFLD patients
Zelber‐Sagi, S., Grinshpan, L. S., Ivancovsky‐Wajcman, D., Goldenshluger, A., & Gepner, Y. (2022) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/liv.15335 · Cited by 49
Hang, D., Wang, L., Fang, Z., Du, M., Wang, K., He, X., Khandpur, N., Rossato, S. L., Wu, K., Hu, Z., et al. (2022) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djac221 · Cited by 51
Lipotoxicity as a therapeutic target in obesity and diabetic cardiomyopathy
Nakamura, M. (2024) · Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.3389/jpps.2024.12568 · Cited by 53
Metadata
- Authors
- Srour, B., Fezeu, L. K., Kesse-Guyot, E., Allès, B., Debras, C., Druesne-Pecollo, N., Chazelas, E., Deschasaux, M., Hercberg, S., Galan, P., Monteiro, C. A., Julia, C., & Touvier, M.
- Affiliations
- Inserm (FR)
- Paris 13 University, Inserm, Inra, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center–University of Paris (CRESS), 93017 Bobigny, France
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Srour, Bernard
- ORCID
- Venue
- JAMA Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2020-02-01
- Volume
- 180
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 283
- ISSN
- 2168-6106 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6990737
- OpenAlex
- W2995681102
- Semantic Scholar
- c2346ec140c10417145d08b337da652a351745b0
- Cited by
- 465
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 69 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 85 · 2021: 96 · 2020: 34
- FWCI
- 49.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Consumer Attitudes and Food Labeling
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Keywords
- ultra-processed foods, type 2 diabetes, NOVA classification, diabetes risk, NutriNet-Santé cohort, diet quality, weight change, metabolic comorbidities, cancer
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet, Female, Food Handling, France, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Cohort Studies, Proportional Hazards Models
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