Prospective association between ultra-processed food consumption and incident depressive symptoms in the French NutriNet-Santé cohort
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BACKGROUND: Ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption has increased over the last decades in Westernized countries. Our objective was to investigate for the first time the association between the proportion of UPF (%UPF) in the diet and incident depressive symptoms in the NutriNet-Santé cohort. METHODS: The sample included 20,380 women and 6350 men (aged 18-86 years) without depressive symptoms at the first Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) measurement, using validated cut-offs (CES-D score ≥ 17 for men and ≥ 23 for women). The proportion of UPF in the diet was computed for each subject using the NOVA classification applied to dietary intakes collected by repeated 24-h records (mean = 8; SD = 2.3). The association between UPF and depressive symptoms was evaluated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: Over a mean follow-up of 5.4 years, 2221 incident cases of depressive symptoms were identified. After accounting for a wide range of potential confounders, an increased risk of depressive symptoms was observed with an increased %UPF in the diet. In the main model adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, body mass index, and lifestyle factors, the estimated hazard ratio for a 10% increase in UPF was 1.21 (95% confidence interval = 1.15-1.27). Considering %UPF in food groups, the association was significant only for beverages and sauces or added fats. CONCLUSION: Overall, UPF consumption was positively associated with the risk of incident depressive symptoms, suggesting that accounting for this non-nutritional aspect of the diet could be important for mental health promotion.
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There is a positive association between ultra-processed food and the risk of incident depression.
“Another large French cohort of adults followed for a mean of 5.4 years demonstrated a positive association between ultra-processed food and the risk of incident depression [156].”
From Separating the Signal from the Noise: How Psychiatric Diagnoses Can Help Discern Food Addiction from Dietary Restraint (2020) · cites this paper as [156]
UPF consumption was previously found to be associated with increased risks of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, mortality, depressive symptoms, and metabolic disorders.
“To our knowledge, although UPF consumption was previously found to be associated with increased risks of cancer, 31 cardiovascular diseases, 35 mortality, 32,36 depressive symptoms, 33,37 and metabolic disorders (obesity, 40 hypertension, 41 and dyslipidemia 39 ), no prior prospective epidemiological study had evaluated their association with T2D risk.”
From Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort (2020) · cites this paper as [31]
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- Authors
- Adjibade, M., Julia, C., Allès, B., Touvier, M., Lemogne, C., Srour, B., Hercberg, S., Galan, P., Assmann, K. E., & Kesse-Guyot, E.
- Affiliations
- Inserm (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Adjibade, Moufidath
- ORCID
- Venue
- BMC Medicine
- Published
- 2019-04-15
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 78-78
- ISSN
- 1741-7015 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6463641
- OpenAlex
- W2935870862
- Cited by
- 227
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 21.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale
- Fondation ARC pour la Recherche sur le Cancer
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Consumer Attitudes and Food Labeling
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- ultra-processed foods, depressive symptoms, incident depression, NOVA classification, diet and mental health, NutriNet-Santé cohort, beverages, dietary intake
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Depression, Diet, Female, France, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Cohort Studies, Young Adult, Fast Foods
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