Perceived Success After Participation in the Summer Health Professions Education Program

May combine two claims.

The Summer Health Professions Education Program Career Barriers Survey demonstrated sufficient internal consistency, with Cronbach α of 0.81 preprogram and 0.82 postprogram for motivator items, and 0.87 preprogram and 0.91 postprogram for barrier items.

“The SCBS demonstrated sufficient internal consistency,29 with a Cronbach α for motivator items of 0.81 for preprogram and 0.82 for postprogram; the Cronbach α for barriers was 0.87 and 0.91 for postprogram barriers.”

• cites [29] McCrae RR, Kurtz JE, Yamagata S, Terracciano A. Internal consistency, retest reliability, and their implications for personality scale validity. Pers Soc Psychol Rev. 2011; 15(1): 28- 50. doi: 10.1177/1088868310366253 20435807 PMC2927808 sourcePartly supported

  In “Coefficient Alpha and Retest Reliability in Contemporary Research” (page unavailable), the paper identifies Cronbach’s alpha as a measure of internal consistency, supporting its use to describe the survey results. It does not study the SCBS or report the stated preprogram and postprogram values, and it cautions against treating alpha alone as sufficient evidence of reliability. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

An increase in diverse population representation among health care professionals is crucial to promote patient-physician relationships with high satisfaction.

“Although an increase in diverse population representation among health care professionals is crucial to promote patient-physician relationships with high satisfaction,5”

• cites [5] Shaw NM, Hills N, Holler J,. The impact of patient-physician racial and gender concordance on patient satisfaction with outpatient clinic visits. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. Published online June 21, 2023. doi: 10.1007/s40615-023-01676-5 37341950 sourcePartly supported

  The Conclusion reports that racial concordance is a strong predictor of patient satisfaction, which supports a link between physician diversity and satisfaction in some patient–physician relationships. But the paper does not establish that increasing workforce diversity is crucial to improving satisfaction; it also reports that physicians of color can receive lower scores even in racially concordant pairs. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Other positive impacts of pathway programs include improvements to participants' academic and research knowledge, skills, and self-efficacy.

“Other positive impacts of pathway programs include improvements to participants’ academic and research knowledge, skills, and self-efficacy.17,18,19”

• cites [17] Jain D, Lucero I, Bernal S, Herrera A, Solorzano D. Developing transfer pride: an exploration of critical race pedagogy and the summer transfer enrichment program. Community Coll Rev. 2017; 45(3): 171- 189. doi: 10.1177/0091552117716771 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [18] Salto LM, Riggs ML, Delgado De Leon D, Casiano CA, De Leon M. Underrepresented minority high school and college students report STEM-pipeline sustaining gains after participating in the Loma Linda University Summer Health Disparities Research Program. PLoS One. 2014; 9(9): e108497. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108497 25250695 PMC4177228 sourceSupported
• cites [19] Strayhorn TL. Bridging the pipeline: increasing underrepresented students’ preparation for college through a summer bridge program. Am Behav Sci. 2011; 55(2): 142- 159. doi: 10.1177/0002764210381871Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Underrepresented students face unique challenges when pursuing health professional careers, leading to lower achievements and opportunities.

“However, underrepresented students face unique challenges when pursuing health professional careers, leading to lower achievements and opportunities.”

• cites [11] Joseph J, Dao D, Hwang SM,. Perceptions of barriers and facilitators to becoming a medical professional among underrepresented undergraduate and postbaccalaureate learners. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes. 2021; 5(2): 347- 358. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2021.01.003 33997634 PMC8105502Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [12] Odom KL, Roberts LM, Johnson RL, Cooper LA. Exploring obstacles to and opportunities for professional success among ethnic minority medical students. Acad Med. 2007; 82(2): 146- 153. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e31802d8f2c 17264692Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [13] Teherani A, Hauer KE, Fernandez A, King TE Jr, Lucey C. How small differences in assessed clinical performance amplify to large differences in grades and awards: a cascade with serious consequences for students underrepresented in medicine. Acad Med. 2018; 93(9): 1286- 1292. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000002323 29923892 sourcePartly supported

  The indexed supplemental tables (labeled Abstract; no page given) report lower average exam scores and fewer clerkship honors grades for underrepresented medical students than for other students. They do not establish that unique challenges caused those differences or document reduced career opportunities; the evidence also concerns medical students rather than all students pursuing health professions. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

American Indian or Alaskan Native individuals are underrepresented in health care professions and are the smallest racial population in the Summer Health Professions Education Program.

“Additionally, American Indian or Alaskan Native individuals are not only underrepresented in health care professions but are also the smallest racial population in the SHPEP.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Summer Health Professions Education Program Career Barriers Survey is an adapted version of the 24-item Perceived Barriers to Education and Career of McWhirter et al.

“This survey is an adapted version of the 24-item Perceived Barriers to Education and Career of McWhirter et al.30”

• cites [30] McWhirter EH, Torres DM, Salgado S, Valdez M. Perceived barriers and postsecondary plans in Mexican American and White adolescents. J Career Assess. 2007; 15(1): 119- 138. doi: 10.1177/1069072706294537 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The study was approved by the University of Florida Institutional Review Board and follows the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) cohort study guideline.

“The study was approved by the University of Florida Institutional Review Board and follows the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) cohort study guideline.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Summer Health Professions Education Program Career Barriers Survey is an anonymous survey that relies on voluntary responses.

“The SCBS is an anonymous survey that relies on voluntary responses.”

May combine two claims.

Data from the 2006 to 2015 Summer Health Professions Education Program cohorts found that 64.4% of program scholars applied to dental schools; of those who applied, 69.8% enrolled and matriculated, and 60% graduated as of 2015.

“data collected from the 2006 to 2015 cohorts found that 64.4% of program scholars applied to dental schools. Of those who applied, 69.8% enrolled and matriculated, and 60% graduated as of 2015.25”

• cites [25] American Dental Education Association. Data Trends Showcase Success of SMDEP at 2017 SHPEP Grantee Meeting. January 10, 2018. Accessed August 24, 2023. https://www.adea.org/ADEA/Blogs/Bulletin_of_Dental_Education/Data_Trends_Showcase_Success_of_SMDEP_at_2017_SHPEP_Grantee_Meeting.htmlNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The Summer Health Professions Education Program aims to prepare underrepresented students to become competitive applicants to health professional schools while diversifying the health care workforce and building a culture of health.

“The SHPEP aims to prepare underrepresented students to become competitive applicants to health professional schools while diversifying the health care workforce and building a culture of health.23,24”

• cites [23] About SHPEP. Summer Health Professions Education Program. Accessed May 1, 2022. https://www.shpep.org/about/Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [24] Cosentino C, Speroni C, Sullivan M, Torres R. Impact Evaluation of the RWJF Summer Medical and Dental Education Program (SMDEP). Mathematica Policy Research; 2003.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Of the 402 total Summer Health Professions Education Program participants from 2017 to 2021, 325 completed the preprogram survey and 259 completed the postprogram survey, yielding complete data for 259 students (64% response rate).

“Of the total 402 participants during 5 years of SHPEP administration, 325 completed the preprogram survey and 259 also completed the postprogram survey, meaning data were complete for 259 students for this study (64% response rate).”

May combine two claims.

The Summer Health Professions Education Program has been a successful interprofessional enrichment program that promotes perceived motivators and alleviates perceived barriers to entering and succeeding in health professional school.

“Findings suggest that the SHPEP has been a successful interprofessional enrichment program that promotes perceived motivators and alleviates perceived barriers to entering and succeeding in health professional school.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Perceived barriers and motivators are contextual factors that influence underrepresented students' pathways into the health profession and the relationship between health profession career interests and choices.

“Perceived barriers and motivators are contextual factors that influence underrepresented students’ pathways into the health profession and the relationship between health profession career interests and choices.36”

• cites [36] Wang X. Why students choose STEM majors: Motivation, high school learning, and postsecondary context of support. Am Educ Res J. 2013; 50(5): 1081- 1121. doi: 10.3102/0002831213488622 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Of the Summer Health Professions Education Program participants who remained in the health tracks, 8% were more likely to apply to dental and medical schools, and 10% were more likely to matriculate than nonparticipants in the comparison group.

“Additionally, of the participants who remained in the health tracks, 8% were more likely to apply to dental and medical schools, and 10% were more likely to matriculate than nonparticipants in the comparison group.24”

• cites [24] Cosentino C, Speroni C, Sullivan M, Torres R. Impact Evaluation of the RWJF Summer Medical and Dental Education Program (SMDEP). Mathematica Policy Research; 2003.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There is a lack of alumni follow-up in the study, specifically related to previous cohorts' rates of entering graduate schools and pursuit of health careers.

“There is also a lack of alumni follow-up, specifically related to previous cohorts’ rates of entering graduate schools and pursuit of health careers.”

May combine two claims.

Despite the shift to an online format in 2020 and 2021 and a decrease in the number of scholars who completed the survey, the Summer Health Professions Education Program still had a positive impact on students and provided a supportive infrastructure during the pandemic.

“Despite a shift to an online format and a decrease in the number of scholars who completed the survey, the SHPEP still had a positive impact on students and provided a supportive infrastructure during the pandemic.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The number of completed Summer Health Professions Education Program Career Barriers Surveys in 2020 and 2021 was lower than in previous years, likely due to the online format of the program.

“The number of completed surveys in 2020 and 2021 was lower than the previous years (Table 1), likely due to the online format of the program.”

May combine two claims.

Low response rates in 2020 and 2021 and selection and response bias are potential limitations of the study.

“Low response rates in 2020 and 2021 and selection and response bias are potential limitations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Another study evaluating the Summer Health Professions Education Program administered at 3 academic health centers found that the program contributed to reduction in students' negative stereotypes for different health professionals.

“Another study evaluating the SHPEP administered at 3 AHCs found that the program contributed to reduction in students’ negative stereotypes (eg, academic ability, professional competency, and interpersonal ability) for different health professionals.26”

• cites [26] Patel Gunaldo T, Augustus-Wallace A, Brisolara KF,. Improving stereotypes: the impact of interprofessional education in pre-health students. J Interprof Care. 2021; 35(5): 794- 798. doi: 10.1080/13561820.2020.1806218 32838602 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Summer programs demonstrate high rates of matriculation and graduation from medical schools.

“Summer programs also demonstrate high rates of matriculation and graduation from medical schools.22”

• cites [22] Wilson-Anstey EA. Effectiveness of the Travelers Summer Research Fellowship Program in Preparing Premedical Students for a Career in Medicine [dissertation]. Ralph C. Wilson, Jr. School of Education St. John Fisher College; 2016.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The 2003 Institute of Medicine's report identified increasing the number of underrepresented health professionals as a possible key strategy to eliminate health disparities.

“The report identified increasing the number of underrepresented health professionals as a possible key strategy to eliminate health disparities.10”

• cites [10] Nelson A. Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care. J Natl Med Assoc. 2002; 94(8): 666- 668. 12152921 PMC2594273 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The 2003 Institute of Medicine's study documented lower health care quality and higher rates of illness, disability, and premature deaths among underrepresented populations in the US.

“The 2003 Institute of Medicine’s landmark study, “Unequal Treatment,”10 documented lower health care quality and higher rates of illness, disability, and premature deaths among underrepresented populations in the US.”

• cites [10] Nelson A. Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care. J Natl Med Assoc. 2002; 94(8): 666- 668. 12152921 PMC2594273 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source