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Cited by 28Diversity and Career in MedicineMedical Education and AdmissionsCareer Development and Diversity

Dreams Realized: A Long-Term Program Evaluation of Three Summer Diversity Pipeline Programs

Open access
Stephenson-Hunter, Cara, Strelnick, A. Hal, Rodriguez, Natalia, Stumpf, Luciana A., Spano, Hope, Gonzalez, Cristina M.·2021·Health Equity
DOI 10.1089/heq.2020.0126PMC PMC8409231
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Abstract

Purpose: Pipeline programs are a well-known approach to enhancing health care workforce diversity and reducing health disparities. Few evaluations of pipeline programs include long-term outcome; fewer still, if any explore perceptions of students after completing such programs, to elucidate factors that contribute to successful entry into the health professions. The authors conducted a program evaluation of three summer diversity pipeline programs in the Bronx, NY, investigating both long-term outcomes and participants' hindsight perspectives of the impact of these programs on their career trajectories. Methods: Investigators conducted a cross-sectional, long-term, mixed-methods survey study. The primary and secondary outcomes for the quantitative analysis were matriculation into biomedical programs to pursue MD or PhD degrees and Master's degrees, respectively, and associated demographic factors. Free-text questions explored the most valuable and influential components of the programs; responses were analyzed qualitatively. Results: Of 147 respondents, 107 (73%) were on-track or had entered a doctoral or master's program, achieving either the primary or secondary outcomes, respectively. Components cited as most valuable included clinical experience, mentorship, career exposure, and research opportunities. Three themes were identified from the free-text responses: (1) Dreams realized; (2) Professional identity formation; and (3) Addressing systemic inequities. Conclusions: These three pipeline programs achieved career outcomes similar to published data. Participants' insights highlight the value of relationships, direct exposure to the health professions, and the importance of such programs to address systemic barriers faced. Results can inform criteria both for participant selection, as well as benchmarks used to define individual and programmatic success.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This long-term mixed-methods evaluation of three Bronx summer diversity pipeline programs found that 107 of 147 respondents (73%) were on-track for or had entered a doctoral or master’s program. Participants most valued clinical exposure, mentorship, career exposure, and research opportunities, and qualitative themes were “Dreams realized,” “Professional identity formation,” and “Addressing systemic inequities.”

Key findings

Of 147 complete surveys, 107 (73%) were on-track or had entered a doctoral or master’s program; among 105 respondents in the outcome table, 34 (32%) achieved the primary outcome (MD/PhD biomedical) and 16 (15%) achieved the secondary outcome (master’s-level health professions).

  • Among the 34 who achieved the primary outcome, 65% were enrolled in medical school, 24% had achieved medical school degrees, and 12% were enrolled in a biomedical doctoral program.
  • Most valuable program components were clinical exposure (40 mentions), mentorship (25), career exposure (20), and research opportunities (16). Among respondents reporting reasons for being off-track (N=23), time (60%), money (52%), and grades (40%) were most frequent.
  • Three qualitative themes emerged: (1) Dreams realized; (2) Professional identity formation; and (3) Addressing systemic inequities. No associations between demographic variables and primary or secondary outcomes reached statistical significance (p>0.05).

Methods

Cross-sectional, long-term, mixed-methods survey evaluation of three summer pipeline programs (SUMP, Monte-HOP, DSSROP) at Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, using social cognitive career theory as the conceptual framework.

  • An 87-item electronic survey with skip logic was sent in spring 2013 to all individuals who completed any program between 2002–2012 and had contact information; three reminders were sent 2 weeks apart.
  • Quantitative outcomes were matriculation into medical/graduate school for MD or PhD in biomedical sciences (primary) and master’s-level health professions school (secondary), plus an age-neutral “on-track” outcome; analysis used descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation, chi-square tests, p<0.05, and SPSS v.24. Qualitative analysis frequency-coded the first open-ended question and used inductive thematic analysis, a codebook, constant comparative method, and consensus on representative quotes for the remaining two open-ended questions.

Limitations

Stated by the authors: no baseline pre-program characteristics; inability to control for impactful events between program participation and follow-up; randomized controlled trial design was not feasible or ethical with limited resources; inactive email addresses limited reach; SUMP participants were disproportionately represented (57%) likely because its administrator used a personal Facebook page and electronic application; representativeness of URM pipeline participants could not be ascertained because such data are not published; and response bias may have led successful or socially desirable responders to participate disproportionately.

  • Evident from the text: the design is cross-sectional and self-report, the response rate was 44% (158/361), and there was no control or comparison group.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1089/heq.2020.0126

Cites

26 of 26 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

13 of 49 cited sources checked · 3 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    One similar program reports 69% (27/39) of graduates matriculated into or on-track to enter health professions graduate programs.

    “For instance, one similar program reports 69% (27/39) of graduates matriculated into or on-track to enter health professions graduate programs12”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] Upshur CC, Wrighting DM, Bacigalupe G, et al. The Health Equity Scholars Program: innovation in the Leaky Pipeline. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2018; 5: 342– 350 28526974 PMC5694706 source

      The Outcomes section (Graduation rate and post-graduation status; page unavailable) reports only 20 graduates, not 39. Of those, three were enrolled in graduate programs and three were applying to graduate or medical school—not 27 matriculated or on track to enter. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    A more diverse health professions workforce contributes to reducing racial and ethnic health disparities.

    “A more diverse health professions workforce contributes to reducing racial and ethnic health disparities.1–4”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [1] Camacho A, Zangaro G, White KM. Diversifying the health-care workforce begins at the pipeline: a 5-year synthesis of processes and outputs of the scholarships for Disadvantaged Students Program. Eval Health Prof. 2017; 40: 127– 150 26660346 source
    • cites [2] Cohen JJ, Gabriel BA, Terrell C. The case for diversity in the health care workforce. Health Aff (Millwood). 2002; 21: 90– 102 12224912 source
    • cites [3] Smedley BD, Butler AS, Bristow LR, et al. In the Nation's Compelling Interest: Ensuring Diversity in the Health-Care Workforce. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2004 25009857

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [4] Alsan M, Garrick O, Graziani G. Does diversity matter for health? Experimental evidence from Oakland. Am Econ Rev. 2019; 12: 4071– 4111 source

      The opening passage (page not provided) reports that Black men assigned to Black doctors were more likely to choose preventive services and suggests this could reduce the Black–white male cardiovascular mortality gap. The study supports a potential effect of physician diversity on a racial health disparity, but it does not establish that diversity across health professions reduces racial and ethnic disparities generally. (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    The diversity within the health professions is not increasing at a sufficient rate to reflect the racial, ethnic, and linguistic diversity of the current or future U.S. population.

    “Yet, the diversity within the health professions is not increasing at a sufficient rate to reflect the racial, ethnic, and linguistic diversity of the current or future U.S. population.3,5”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [3] Smedley BD, Butler AS, Bristow LR, et al. In the Nation's Compelling Interest: Ensuring Diversity in the Health-Care Workforce. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2004 25009857

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [5] Lett LA, Murdock HM, Orji WU, et al. Trends in racial/ethnic representation among US Medical Students. JAMA Netw Open. 2019; 2: e1910490 31483469 PMC6727686 source

      The Discussion reports little improvement in racial and ethnic representation among medical school applicants and matriculants relative to the US population, supporting the claim for the physician pipeline. The Discussion’s Limitations say that other health professions still need to be studied. The paper does not assess linguistic diversity or compare the workforce with projections of the future US population. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    URM faculty members are often tasked with many roles beyond mentoring of URM students and trainees, colloquially called the "minority tax."

    “They are often tasked with many roles beyond mentoring of URM students and trainees, colloquially called the “minority tax.”25,26”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [25] Mahoney MR, Wilson E, Odom KL, et al. Minority faculty voices on diversity in academic medicine: perspectives from one school. Acad Med. 2008; 83: 781– 786 18667896 PMC2868964 source

      The Results section, “Diversity-related activities: Personal commitment and institutional pressure” (page unavailable), describes minority faculty being pressed into diversity committees and outreach beyond mentoring, sometimes to the point of overextension. The paper does not call those additional roles the “minority tax”; its Discussion uses “black tax” for the distinct burden of responding to discrimination. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [26] Rodriguez JE, Campbell KM, Pololi LH. Addressing disparities in academic medicine: what of the minority tax? BMC Med Educ. 2015; 15: 6 25638211 PMC4331175 source
  • Premisecitation

    A more racially and ethnically diverse class benefits all students.

    “A more racially and ethnically diverse class benefits all students.21,,22”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [21] Lent RW, Morris TR, Penn LT, et al. Social-cognitive predictors of career exploration and decision-making: longitudinal test of the career self-management model. J Couns Psychol. 2019; 66: 184– 194 30091621 source
    • cites [22] Moser A, Korstjens I. Series: practical guidance to qualitative research. Part 3: sampling, data collection and analysis. Eur J Gen Pract. 2018; 24: 9– 18 29199486 PMC5774281 source

      The Sampling and Data collection sections discuss selecting research participants and composing focus groups, not the effects of racial or ethnic diversity in a class. Searches for the claim and for classroom diversity and student benefits found no passage addressing it in our copy; page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.75)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • May combine two claims. 41
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 31

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    There are minimal reports about the personal impact of pipeline programs on participants and what elements contribute most to students' perception of their own success pursuing a health career.

    “This gap in our knowledge is further compounded by minimal reports about the personal impact they have on participants, and what elements contribute most to the students' perception of their own success pursuing a health career.15–17”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [15] Patel SI, Rodriguez P, Gonzales RJ. The implementation of an innovative high school mentoring program designed to enhance diversity and provide a pathway for future careers in healthcare related fields. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2015; 2: 395– 402 26863468 source

      The Introduction says literature on pipeline-program implementation and efficacy is limited, few studies mentor high-school students, and one did not follow participant outcomes. This supports a general gap in evidence about participants’ experiences. It does not specifically say that reports are scarce on which program elements contribute most to students’ perceived success in pursuing a health career. (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [16] Kana LA, Noronha C, Diamond S, et al. Experiential-learning opportunities enhance engagement in Pipeline Program: a qualitative study of the Doctors of Tomorrow Summer Internship Program. J Natl Med Assoc. 2020; 112: 15– 23 32037249 source
    • cites [17] Derck J, Zahn K, Finks JF, et al. Doctors of tomorrow: an innovative curriculum connecting underrepresented minority high school students to medical school. Educ Health (Abingdon) 2016; 29: 259– 265 28406112 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The importance of mentorship combined with the difficulty URM and women have in obtaining suitable mentors implies that pipeline programs might benefit from incorporating willing faculty from all racial, ethnic, and gender backgrounds to serve as mentors for URM students.

    “The importance of mentorship combined with the difficulty URM and women have in obtaining suitable mentors,25 implies that pipeline programs might benefit from incorporating willing faculty from all racial, ethnic, and gender backgrounds to serve as mentors for URM students.27”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [25] Mahoney MR, Wilson E, Odom KL, et al. Minority faculty voices on diversity in academic medicine: perspectives from one school. Acad Med. 2008; 83: 781– 786 18667896 PMC2868964 source

      The Results section (‘Mentorship: Significant needs and limited choices’; page unavailable) says all mentors can help minority faculty and describes a shortage of suitable minority mentors. The paper does not assess whether pipeline programs benefit from recruiting faculty of all racial, ethnic, and gender backgrounds to mentor URM students; that is the citing authors’ inference from findings about faculty. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [27] Carapinha R, Ortiz-Walters R, McCracken CM, et al. Variability in women faculty's preferences regarding mentor similarity: a Multi-Institution Study in Academic Medicine. Acad Med. 2016; 91: 1108– 1118 27332871 PMC4965308 source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Many institutions offer pipeline programs to address educational and social barriers to successful matriculation into health professional schools faced by economically and educationally underserved and/or URM groups.

    “In response, many institutions offer “pipeline” programs, interventions addressing the educational and social barriers to successful matriculation into health professional schools faced by economically and educationally underserved and/or URM groups.8–12”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [8] Smith SG, Nsiah-Kumi PA, Jones PR, et al. Pipeline programs in the health professions, part 1: preserving diversity and reducing health disparities. J Natl Med Assoc. 2009; 101: 836 –840, 45–51. 19806840 source
    • cites [9] Grumbach K, Munoz C, Coffman J, Rosenoff E, Gandara P, Sepulveda E. Strategies for Improving Diversity in the Health Professions. San Francisco: Center for California Health Workforce Studies, University of California, 2005. Available at: http://www.calendow.org/reference/publications/pdf/workforce/TCE0802-2003_Strategies_For.pdf Accessed 3 7, 2020

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [10] Winkleby MA. The Stanford Medical Youth Science Program: 18years of a biomedical program for low-income high school students. Acad Med. 2007; 82: 139– 145 17264691

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [11] Crews DC, Wilson KL, Sohn J, et al. Helping scholars overcome socioeconomic barriers to medical and biomedical careers: creating a Pipeline Initiative. Teach Learn Med. 2020; 32: 422– 433 32096414 source
    • cites [12] Upshur CC, Wrighting DM, Bacigalupe G, et al. The Health Equity Scholars Program: innovation in the Leaky Pipeline. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2018; 5: 342– 350 28526974 PMC5694706 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    A holistic approach and flexibility to recruit students who have the potential and interest to matriculate into health professions schools and who need the "intangible" supports may lead to an overall decrease in the percentage of "successful" participants, but will likely lead to an increase in medical school matriculants from disadvantaged backgrounds and enhance overall diversification of the健康

    “We recognize this may lead to an overall decrease in the percentage of “successful” participants, but will likely lead to an increase in medical school matriculants from disadvantaged backgrounds and enhance overall diversification of the health care workforce in line with the social justice mission of many of these programs.12,13,16”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [12] Upshur CC, Wrighting DM, Bacigalupe G, et al. The Health Equity Scholars Program: innovation in the Leaky Pipeline. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2018; 5: 342– 350 28526974 PMC5694706 source

      The Abstract and Conclusions and Recommendations (pages not provided) support flexible recruitment and tailored support for disadvantaged students as ways to broaden participation in health careers. They do not predict a lower percentage of “successful” participants or an increase specifically in medical-school matriculants; the reported outcomes concern bachelor’s degree completion and a range of health-related careers. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [13] Kuo AA, Verdugo B, Holmes FJ, et al. Creating an MCH pipeline for disadvantaged undergraduate students. Matern Child Health J. 2015; 19: 2111– 2118 26088033 source
    • cites [16] Kana LA, Noronha C, Diamond S, et al. Experiential-learning opportunities enhance engagement in Pipeline Program: a qualitative study of the Doctors of Tomorrow Summer Internship Program. J Natl Med Assoc. 2020; 112: 15– 23 32037249 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Participants valued exposure to clinical and research environments, as well as learning about career options and receiving direct mentorship.

    “Participants valued exposure to clinical and research environments, as well as learning about career options and receiving direct mentorship.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' retrospective self-reports accurately reflect their experiences and the program's effects.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Participants felt empowered with a road map to navigate the application process, finance their education, and maximize their competitiveness for ultimate matriculation to medical or graduate school.

    “Participants felt empowered with a road map to navigate the application process, finance their education, and maximize their competitiveness for ultimate matriculation to medical or graduate school.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' retrospective self-reports accurately reflect their experiences and the program's effects.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Participants valued learning about health disparities, social determinants of health, and issues around access to health care.

    “Participants valued learning about health disparities, social determinants of health, and issues around access to health care.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' retrospective self-reports accurately reflect their experiences and the program's effects.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Among respondents who reported reasons for being off-track (N=23), time (60%) and money (52%) were the most frequently reported reasons, followed by grades (40%).

    “Among the respondents who reported reasons for being off-track (N=23), time (60%) and money (52%) were the most frequently reported reasons, followed by grades (40%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported educational and career outcomes and retrospective perceptions are accurate and not systematically biased.
    • Rests on an assumption: The survey respondents are representative of all program participants, and non-respondents do not differ systematically in outcomes.
    • Rests on an assumption: The 87-item survey accurately measures the intended constructs of academic and career outcomes and program impact.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Participants were inspired to take greater initiative and persevere despite obstacles.

    “Participants were inspired to take greater initiative and persevere despite the obstacles in their path.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported educational and career outcomes and retrospective perceptions are accurate and not systematically biased.
    • Rests on an assumption: The survey respondents are representative of all program participants, and non-respondents do not differ systematically in outcomes.
    • Rests on an assumption: The 87-item survey accurately measures the intended constructs of academic and career outcomes and program impact.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The authors have learned through nonsystematic follow-up that many nonresponders actually entered medical or graduate school and, thus, became too busy to respond.

    “However, the authors have learned through nonsystematic follow-up that many nonresponders actually entered medical or graduate school and, thus, became too busy to respond.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Meeting other URM professionals allowed students to visualize their own career paths and form a professional identity.

    “Meeting other URM professionals allowed students to visualize their own career paths and form a professional identity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' retrospective self-reports accurately reflect their experiences and the program's effects.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    If such programs were not offered, participants identified the potential loss of talent and dreams unfulfilled with personal- and society-level consequences.

    “If such programs were not offered, participants identified the potential loss of talent and dreams unfulfilled with personal- and society-level consequences.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported educational and career outcomes and retrospective perceptions are accurate and not systematically biased.
    • Rests on an assumption: The survey respondents are representative of all program participants, and non-respondents do not differ systematically in outcomes.
    • Rests on an assumption: The 87-item survey accurately measures the intended constructs of academic and career outcomes and program impact.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Several participants believed that such programs help level the playing field for all applicants and increase equity of opportunity to enter a career in science or the health professions.

    “Several participants believed that such programs help level the playing field for all applicants and increase equity of opportunity to enter a career in science or the health professions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' retrospective self-reports accurately reflect their experiences and the program's effects.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Participants' relationships lasted longitudinally, not just with their peers, but with many of the faculty and their mentors as well.

    “Their relationships lasted longitudinally, not just with their peers, but with many of the faculty and their mentors as well.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' retrospective self-reports accurately reflect their experiences and the program's effects.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Of the 34 respondents who achieved the primary outcome, 65% were enrolled in medical school, 24% achieved medical school degrees, and 12% were enrolled in a biomedical doctoral program.

    “Of the 34 who achieved our primary outcome, 65% were enrolled in medical school, 24% achieved medical school degrees, and 12% were enrolled in a biomedical doctoral program.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported educational and career outcomes and retrospective perceptions are accurate and not systematically biased.
    • Rests on an assumption: The survey respondents are representative of all program participants, and non-respondents do not differ systematically in outcomes.
    • Rests on an assumption: The 87-item survey accurately measures the intended constructs of academic and career outcomes and program impact.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Several participants are the first in their families to attend college and did not have role models within their social circles to inspire and guide them toward the health professions.

    “Several participants are the first in their families to attend college and did not have the role models within their social circles to inspire and guide them toward the health professions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported educational and career outcomes and retrospective perceptions are accurate and not systematically biased.
    • Rests on an assumption: The survey respondents are representative of all program participants, and non-respondents do not differ systematically in outcomes.
    • Rests on an assumption: The 87-item survey accurately measures the intended constructs of academic and career outcomes and program impact.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Meeting other ambitious URM students helped overcome feelings of isolation and expanded their network of peers with similar personal and emerging professional identities.

    “Meeting other ambitious URM students helped overcome feelings of isolation and expanded their network of peers with similar personal and emerging professional identities.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' retrospective self-reports accurately reflect their experiences and the program's effects.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Participants believed in themselves more and realized they could accomplish their goals.

    “Participants believed in themselves more and realized they could accomplish their goals.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported educational and career outcomes and retrospective perceptions are accurate and not systematically biased.
    • Rests on an assumption: The survey respondents are representative of all program participants, and non-respondents do not differ systematically in outcomes.
    • Rests on an assumption: The 87-item survey accurately measures the intended constructs of academic and career outcomes and program impact.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Faculty level connections often resulted in timely introductions to new career opportunities, letters of recommendation, feedback on personal statements, and often intangible, but no less important benefits.

    “Faculty level connections often resulted in timely introductions to new career opportunities, letters of recommendation, feedback on personal statements, and often intangible, but no less important benefits.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' retrospective self-reports accurately reflect their experiences and the program's effects.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Participants found the programs to be enriching experiences, gaining confidence, focus, and clarity.

    “Participants found the programs to be enriching experiences, as they gained confidence, focus, and clarity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported educational and career outcomes and retrospective perceptions are accurate and not systematically biased.
    • Rests on an assumption: The survey respondents are representative of all program participants, and non-respondents do not differ systematically in outcomes.
    • Rests on an assumption: The 87-item survey accurately measures the intended constructs of academic and career outcomes and program impact.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Participants valued the long-term relationships they formed and opportunities to work with and learn from URM mentors, faculty, and peers.

    “Participants also valued the long-term relationships they formed and opportunities to work with and learn from URM mentors, faculty, and peers.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' retrospective self-reports accurately reflect their experiences and the program's effects.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Before their experience in these programs, many participants perceived the process of getting into medical or graduate school as a mystery only known to "others" and had limited opportunities to find suitable mentorship.

    “Before their experience in these programs, many participants perceived the process of getting into medical or graduate school as a mystery only known to “others” and had limited opportunities to find suitable mentorship.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' retrospective self-reports accurately reflect their experiences and the program's effects.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Some participants noted that many of their college classmates had parents in the medical field who provided them with guidance and insight.

    “Some noted that many of their college classmates had parents in the medical field who provided them with guidance and insight.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' retrospective self-reports accurately reflect their experiences and the program's effects.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The research components enhanced participants' skills and confidence, also allowing for continued and new experiences beyond participation in the program, even leading to a first publication for some.

    “The research components enhanced their skills and confidence, also allowing for continued and new experiences beyond participation in the program, even leading to a first publication for some.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' retrospective self-reports accurately reflect their experiences and the program's effects.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    These examples encouraged and motivated participants to persevere and realize they could achieve their goals.

    “These examples encouraged and motivated them to persevere and realize they, too, could achieve their goals.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' retrospective self-reports accurately reflect their experiences and the program's effects.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Seeing role models from similar backgrounds and learning how they overcame obstacles helped participants.

    “It often helped to see role models who come from similar backgrounds and learn how they overcame obstacles to achieve their goals.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' retrospective self-reports accurately reflect their experiences and the program's effects.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Three themes were identified from the free-text responses: (1) Dreams realized; (2) Professional identity formation; and (3) Addressing systemic inequities.

    “Three themes were identified from the free-text responses: (1) Dreams realized; (2) Professional identity formation; and (3) Addressing systemic inequities.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported educational and career outcomes and retrospective perceptions are accurate and not systematically biased.
    • Rests on an assumption: The survey respondents are representative of all program participants, and non-respondents do not differ systematically in outcomes.
    • Rests on an assumption: The 87-item survey accurately measures the intended constructs of academic and career outcomes and program impact.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Participants' will was fortified and their resilience increased.

    “Their will was fortified and their resilience increased.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported educational and career outcomes and retrospective perceptions are accurate and not systematically biased.
    • Rests on an assumption: The survey respondents are representative of all program participants, and non-respondents do not differ systematically in outcomes.
    • Rests on an assumption: The 87-item survey accurately measures the intended constructs of academic and career outcomes and program impact.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Setting a percentage benchmark arbitrarily may risk increased selection of students who would reach medical school regardless of participation in a pipeline program and whose lives would not be markedly affected by program participation.

    “Setting a percentage benchmark arbitrarily may risk increased selection of students who would reach medical school regardless of participation in a pipeline program and whose lives would not be markedly affected by program participation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Three investigators independently read one-third of the free-text responses line-by-line and applied categories following inductive coding to the text.

    “three investigators (C.M.G., N.R., and L.S.) independently read one-third of the free-text responses line-by-line and applied categories following inductive coding to the text.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    We were unable to ascertain if our sample was representative of URM students who participate in educational pipeline programs because, to our knowledge, those data are not published.

    “We were unable to ascertain if our sample was representative of URM students who participate in educational pipeline programs because, to our knowledge, those data are not published.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A diverse health care workforce enhances patient outcomes and decreases health disparities.

    “A diverse health care workforce enhances patient outcomes and decreases health disparities.3”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3] Smedley BD, Butler AS, Bristow LR, et al. In the Nation's Compelling Interest: Ensuring Diversity in the Health-Care Workforce. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2004 25009857

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Participation enabled participants to pursue their dreams, see themselves in others with a similar professional identity, and mitigate the impact systemic inequities had on their individual trajectories.

    “Participation enabled them to pursue their dreams, see themselves in others with a similar professional identity, and mitigate the impact systemic inequities had on their individual trajectories.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Our findings illustrate the challenges to long-term follow-up and the need for funding to support broader data-sharing agreements.

    “Our findings illustrate the challenges to long-term follow-up and the need for funding to support broader data-sharing agreements.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Creative solutions to expose students to successful role models of similar backgrounds while having the more intense relationship with a mentor of any background could still capitalize on the power of seeing role models in positions to which they aspire, as SCCT predicts.

    “Creative solutions to expose students to successful role models of similar backgrounds while having the more intense relationship with a mentor of any background could still capitalize on the power of seeing role models in positions to which they aspire, as SCCT predicts.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The codebook was independently applied by at least two investigators to the remaining free-text responses and further refined.

    “This codebook was independently applied by at least two investigators to the remaining free-text responses and further refined.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Mentorship from URM faculty members, and its positive effects on URM professional identity formation, would therefore be a key component of a successful pipeline program.

    “Mentorship from URM faculty members, and its positive effects on URM professional identity formation, would therefore be a key component of a successful pipeline program.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    Our study presents a unique approach to program evaluation of pipeline programs by applying a cross-sectional, long-term design to collect participants' educational and career outcomes and their hindsight perspectives of the factors which influenced these outcomes.

    “Our study presents a unique approach to program evaluation of pipeline programs by applying a cross-sectional, long-term design to collect participants' educational and career outcomes and their hindsight perspectives of the factors which influenced these outcomes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Another pipeline program's longitudinal 10-year retrospective study revealed that 74% of graduates matriculated into graduate school in the biomedical sciences.

    “another pipeline program's longitudinal 10-year retrospective study revealed that 74% of graduates matriculated into graduate school in the biomedical sciences.16”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] Kana LA, Noronha C, Diamond S, et al. Experiential-learning opportunities enhance engagement in Pipeline Program: a qualitative study of the Doctors of Tomorrow Summer Internship Program. J Natl Med Assoc. 2020; 112: 15– 23 32037249 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Our programs successfully prepared participants for medical and graduate school matriculation and fortified their resilience, motivating them to persist along their chosen path.

    “Our programs successfully prepared participants for medical and graduate school matriculation and fortified their resilience, motivating them to persist along their chosen path.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The observed academic and career outcomes of participants are attributable to the pipeline programs rather than to pre-existing characteristics or other experiences.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    After excluding surveys without a response to the education question and duplicate surveys, 147 complete, distinct surveys were analyzed.

    “Surveys without a response to the question, “Education completed since participating in last pipeline program” and duplicate surveys were excluded from our analysis, resulting 147 complete, distinct surveys.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Pipeline programs are a well-known approach to enhancing health care workforce diversity and reducing health disparities.

    “Pipeline programs are a well-known approach to enhancing health care workforce diversity and reducing health disparities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Grumbach et al. (2003) review of 19 controlled studies found that the most rigorously designed studies indicated that special summer enrichment programs can boost the success of URM students in applying to medical school by approximately 25%.

    “In 2003, Grumbach et al. wrote in their review of 19 controlled studies “the most rigorously designed studies indicated that special summer enrichment programs can boost the success of URM… students in applying to medical school by approximately 25%”9 (p. 79).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [9] Grumbach K, Munoz C, Coffman J, Rosenoff E, Gandara P, Sepulveda E. Strategies for Improving Diversity in the Health Professions. San Francisco: Center for California Health Workforce Studies, University of California, 2005. Available at: http://www.calendow.org/reference/publications/pdf/workforce/TCE0802-2003_Strategies_For.pdf Accessed 3 7, 2020

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    SCCT holds that self-efficacy and outcome expectations developed through social learning experiences increase one's motivation to persist toward academic and career goals.

    “SCCT holds that self-efficacy and outcome expectations developed through social learning experiences increase one's motivation to persist toward academic and career goals.21”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [21] Lent RW, Morris TR, Penn LT, et al. Social-cognitive predictors of career exploration and decision-making: longitudinal test of the career self-management model. J Couns Psychol. 2019; 66: 184– 194 30091621 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Without pipeline programs, the cycle of privilege could be perpetuated, because the students served by pipeline programs often do not have the opportunities to become competitive applicants at their colleges or the necessary connections within their networks.

    “Without pipeline programs, the cycle of privilege could be perpetuated, because the students served by pipeline programs often do not have the opportunities to become competitive applicants at their colleges or the necessary connections within their networks.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Participants' insights highlight the value of relationships, direct exposure to the health professions, and the importance of such programs to address systemic barriers faced.

    “Participants' insights highlight the value of relationships, direct exposure to the health professions, and the importance of such programs to address systemic barriers faced.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported educational and career outcomes and retrospective perceptions are accurate and not systematically biased.
    • Rests on an assumption: The survey respondents are representative of all program participants, and non-respondents do not differ systematically in outcomes.
    • Rests on an assumption: The 87-item survey accurately measures the intended constructs of academic and career outcomes and program impact.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Students can still be exposed to role models from similar racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic backgrounds during their clinical experiences, through didactics, and potentially with more time-limited programs such as a "Meet the Professor" format.

    “Students can still be exposed to role models from similar racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic backgrounds during their clinical experiences, through didactics, and potentially with more time-limited programs such as a “Meet the Professor” format.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    SCCT has been used for over 25 years, across numerous career settings, and within various underserved populations to explain career development.

    “The model been used for over 25 years, across numerous career settings, and within various underserved populations to explain career development.20,21”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [20] Lent RW, Brown SD. Social cognitive model of career self-management: toward a unifying view of adaptive career behavior across the life span. J Couns Psychol. 2013; 60: 557– 568 23815631 source
    • cites [21] Lent RW, Morris TR, Penn LT, et al. Social-cognitive predictors of career exploration and decision-making: longitudinal test of the career self-management model. J Couns Psychol. 2019; 66: 184– 194 30091621 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study received exempt status by the Institutional Review Board of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine.

    “The study received exempt status by the Institutional Review Board of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    This evaluation is limited due to the lack of information about the students' baseline characteristics before participating in the program, as well as our inability to control for impactful events or experiences between the time of program participation and this follow-up evaluation.

    “This evaluation is limited due to the lack of information about the students' baseline characteristics before participating in the program, as well as our inability to control for impactful events or experiences between the time of program participation and this follow-up evaluation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Social cognitive career theory (SCCT) explains how learning experiences influence the development of education and career choice and achievement through cognitive factors, including self-efficacy and outcome expectations.

    “SCCT explains how learning experiences influence the development of education and career choice and achievement through cognitive factors, including self-efficacy and outcome expectations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [19] Lent RW, Lopez FG, Brown SD, et al. Latent structure of the sources of mathematics self-efficacy. J Vocat Behav. 1996; 49: 292– 308 8980086 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Response bias may have led successful participants to disproportionately respond or others to respond with more socially desirable outcomes.

    “Response bias may have led successful participants to disproportionately respond or others to respond with more socially desirable outcomes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Pipeline programs seek to increase the number of well-prepared URM students (in grades K-16) motivated to enter the health professions.

    “Programs seek to “increase the number of well-prepared URM students (in grades K-16) motivated to enter the health professions.”2”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [2] Cohen JJ, Gabriel BA, Terrell C. The case for diversity in the health care workforce. Health Aff (Millwood). 2002; 21: 90– 102 12224912 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Our pipeline program served to enhance students' self-efficacy and resulted in successful academic and career trajectories to become health professionals at the doctorate and master's degree level.

    “Our pipeline program served to enhance students' self-efficacy and resulted in successful academic and career trajectories to become health professionals at the doctorate and master's degree level.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The observed academic and career outcomes of participants are attributable to the pipeline programs rather than to pre-existing characteristics or other experiences.
    • Rests on an assumption: The sample of respondents is representative enough of URM students in educational pipeline programs to generalize the findings.
    • Rests on an assumption: The three summer diversity pipeline programs are sufficiently comparable to be evaluated together as a single program.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Racial, ethnic, and/or language minority patient populations are affected if there were decreased opportunities to participate in pipeline programs.

    “Racial, ethnic, and/or language minority patient populations are also affected if there were decreased opportunities to participate in pipeline programs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported educational and career outcomes and retrospective perceptions are accurate and not systematically biased.
    • Rests on an assumption: The survey respondents are representative of all program participants, and non-respondents do not differ systematically in outcomes.
    • Rests on an assumption: The 87-item survey accurately measures the intended constructs of academic and career outcomes and program impact.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In 2018-2019, URMs represented 29% of the total U.S. population but only 13% of medical school entrants (7.1% African American, 6.2% Latino, and 0.2% American Indian/Alaska Native).

    “While URMs represent 29% of the total U.S. population, the percentage of URMs entering medical school in 2018–2019 was only 13% (7.1% African American, 6.2% Latino, and 0.2% American Indian/Alaska Native).7”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] Diversity in Medicine: Facts and Figures 2019. 2019. Available at https://www.aamc.org/data-reports/workforce/interactive-data/figure-6-percentage-acceptees-us-medical-schools-race/ethnicity-alone-academic-year-2018-2019. Accessed 9 5, 2020

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationcitation

    Without a better understanding of the components of pipeline programs that most effectively contribute to participant success, there is a risk of wasting opportunities and resources, especially given the limited funding climate.

    “Without a better understanding of the components of pipeline programs that most effectively contribute to participant success, we risk wasting opportunities and resources, an especially important risk to avoid given the current, limited funding climate.2”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [2] Cohen JJ, Gabriel BA, Terrell C. The case for diversity in the health care workforce. Health Aff (Millwood). 2002; 21: 90– 102 12224912 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Of 361 summer program graduates with known addresses, 158 responded to the survey, a response rate of 44%.

    “We reached out to these 361 and received 158 responses to the survey, resulting in a response rate of 44% (158/361).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Contextual supports in the form of mentors, peers, and academic resources, as well as barriers, including finances and grades, both directly and indirectly influenced career interests, choice goals, and subsequent career attainment, as evidenced by reasons for being off-track.

    “In addition, contextual supports in the form of mentors, peers, and academic resources, as well as barriers, including finances and grades, both directly and indirectly influenced career interests, choice goals, and subsequent career attainment, as evidenced by reasons for being off-track.20”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [20] Lent RW, Brown SD. Social cognitive model of career self-management: toward a unifying view of adaptive career behavior across the life span. J Couns Psychol. 2013; 60: 557– 568 23815631 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Returning to the federal funding levels of 15 years ago could more than double the scale of the Health Career Opportunity Program and support long-term program evaluations so as to develop efficient, effective best practices to diversify the health care workforce and improve the health of all communities.

    “Returning to the federal funding levels of 15 years ago could more than double the scale of the Health Career Opportunity Program and support long-term program evaluations so as to develop efficient, effective best practices to diversify the health care workforce and improve the health of all communities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Successful pipeline programs would therefore not only benefit individual students, but have potential to benefit communities and the health of our society as a whole.

    “Successful pipeline programs would therefore not only benefit individual students, but have potential to benefit communities and the health of our society as a whole.3,29”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [3] Smedley BD, Butler AS, Bristow LR, et al. In the Nation's Compelling Interest: Ensuring Diversity in the Health-Care Workforce. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2004 25009857

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [29] Evans M. Healthcare's minority report. Sullivan Commission, IOM try to make patient, hospital staff makeup more reflective of the nation's ever-changing population. Mod Healthc. 2004; 34: 6 –7, 14, 1. 15506502
61 of 61

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Participants' self-reported educational and career outcomes and retrospective perceptions are accurate and not systematically biased.

    “Survey items included demographic information, academic and career achievements, most beneficial components of the program, and barriers to meeting career goals; it included three questions with the opportunity to provide free-text, narrative responses.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The survey respondents are representative of all program participants, and non-respondents do not differ systematically in outcomes.

    “Of our 461 summer program graduates, there were 361 with known addresses. We reached out to these 361 and received 158 responses to the survey, resulting in a response rate of 44% (158/361).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The published data used as a benchmark are comparable to the study's programs and population.

    “These three pipeline programs achieved career outcomes similar to published data.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The 87-item survey accurately measures the intended constructs of academic and career outcomes and program impact.

    “Two authors (C.M.G. and H.S.) developed an 87-item electronic survey based on a literature review and on our previous experience administering pipeline programs.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The observed academic and career outcomes of participants are attributable to the pipeline programs rather than to pre-existing characteristics or other experiences.

    “This evaluation is limited due to the lack of information about the students' baseline characteristics before participating in the program, as well as our inability to control for impactful events or experiences between the time of program participation and this follow-up evaluation.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Participants' retrospective self-reports accurately reflect their experiences and the program's effects.

    “Our qualitative analysis revealed that students valued components of the program that provided direct contact and insight into the health care profession that they would not have otherwise had the opportunity to pursue with.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The sample of respondents is representative enough of URM students in educational pipeline programs to generalize the findings.

    “We were unable to ascertain if our sample was representative of URM students who participate in educational pipeline programs because, to our knowledge, those data are not published.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The three summer diversity pipeline programs are sufficiently comparable to be evaluated together as a single program.

    “The disproportionate representation of SUMP participants (57%) among respondents is likely because the SUMP program's administrator (H.S.) used a personal Facebook page to remain in contact with program alumni over time.”
8 of 8

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

  • Monte HOP off-track percentage is overstated

    Minor

    Table 4 reports 10 of 34 Monte HOP respondents as 30% off track. The percentage is 29.41%, which rounds to 29%.

    Reported 30 · recomputed 29.411765

  • Monte HOP missing-gender percentage is understated

    Minor

    Table 2 reports 3 of 34 Monte HOP respondents with missing gender as 8%. The percentage is 8.82%, which rounds to 9%.

    Reported 8 · recomputed 8.823529

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Derck J, 2016, Educ Health (Abingdon), 29, 259
  2. Evans M, 2004, Mod Healthc, 34, 6

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Stephenson-Hunter, C., Strelnick, A. H., Rodriguez, N., Stumpf, L. A., Spano, H., & Gonzalez, C. M.
Affiliations
  • Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
  • Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
Corresponding author
Stephenson-Hunter, Cara
ORCID
Venue
Health Equity
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2021-08-01
Volume
5
Issue
1
Pages
512-520
ISSN
2473-1242 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1089/heq.2020.0126
PMC
PMC8409231
OpenAlex
W3187130178
Cited by
28
References
23
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 2
FWCI
6.26
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Health Equity (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Diversity and Career in Medicine
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Medical Education and Admissions
  • Social Sciences › Safety Research › Career Development and Diversity
Keywords
summer programs, health disparities, medical school matriculation, graduate school enrollment, student perceptions, mentoring, clinical experience, professional identity formation, systemic inequities, Bronx

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-11-03.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-11-03.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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