Overweight, Obesity, and Postmenopausal Invasive Breast Cancer Risk: A Secondary Analysis of the Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Clinical Trials
Open accessAbstract
IMPORTANCE: More than two-thirds of US women are overweight or obese, placing them at increased risk for postmenopausal breast cancer. OBJECTIVE: To investigate in this secondary analysis the associations of overweight and obesity with risk of postmenopausal invasive breast cancer after extended follow-up in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) clinical trials. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The WHI clinical trial protocol incorporated measured height and weight, baseline and annual or biennial mammography, and adjudicated breast cancer end points in 67 142 postmenopausal women ages 50 to 79 years at 40 US clinical centers. The women were enrolled from 1993 to 1998 with a median of 13 years of follow-up through 2010; 3388 invasive breast cancers were observed. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Height and weight were measured at baseline, and weight was measured annually thereafter. Data were collected on demographic characteristics, personal and family medical history, and personal habits (smoking, physical activity). Women underwent annual or biennial mammograms. Breast cancers were verified by medical records reviewed by physician adjudicators. RESULTS: Women who were overweight and obese had an increased invasive breast cancer risk vs women of normal weight. Risk was greatest for obesity grade 2 plus 3 (body mass index [BMI], calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared, >35.0) (hazard ratio [HR] for invasive breast cancer, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.40-1.79). A BMI of 35.0 or higher was strongly associated with risk for estrogen receptor-positive and progesterone receptor-positive breast cancers (HR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.60-2.17) but was not associated with estrogen receptor-negative cancers. Obesity grade 2 plus 3 was also associated with advanced disease, including larger tumor size (HR, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.67-2.69; P = .02), positive lymph nodes (HR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.46-2.45; P = .06), regional and/or distant stage (HR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.52-2.47; P = .05), and deaths after breast cancer (HR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.57-2.84; P < .001). Women with a baseline BMI of less than 25.0 who gained more than 5% of body weight over the follow-up period had an increased breast cancer risk (HR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.1-1.65), but among women already overweight or obese we found no association of weight change (gain or loss) with breast cancer during follow-up. There was no effect modification of the BMI-breast cancer relationship by postmenopausal hormone therapy, and the direction of association across BMI categories was similar for never, past, and current hormone therapy use. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Obesity is associated with increased invasive breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. These clinically meaningful findings should motivate programs for obesity prevention. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00000611.
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Resveratrol, selenium, and vitamin D have mixed effects on glycemic control and other cardiovascular risk factors.
“Other nutritional supplements, specifically resveratrol, selenium, and vitamin D, have mixed effects on glycemic control and other CV risk factors.1705,1717–1724”
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The Methods describe a calcium-plus-vitamin-D trial, but do not report effects on glycemic control or cardiovascular risk factors. Searches for resveratrol, selenium, glycemic control, and related cardiovascular effects found no passage addressing the claim in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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The Methods section mentions vitamin D only as part of a calcium-plus-vitamin-D trial; it does not report harm from its use. Searches for resveratrol, selenium, and adverse effects found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed potential harm. (LLM, conf=0.75)
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- Authors
- Neuhouser, M. L., Aragaki, A. K., Prentice, R. L., Manson, J. E., Chlebowski, R., Carty, C. L., Ochs-Balcom, H. M., Thomson, C. A., Caan, B. J., Tinker, L. F., Urrutia, R. P., Knudtson, J., & Anderson, G. L.
- Affiliations
- Fred Hutch Cancer Center (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- George Washington University (US)
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
- University of Arizona (US)
- Kaiser Permanente (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- JAMA Oncology
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2015-08-01
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 611
- ISSN
- 2374-2437 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5070941
- OpenAlex
- W2113493868
- Cited by
- 630
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 80 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 9
- FWCI
- 17.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- JAMA Oncology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (HHSN268201100004C, HHSN268201100001C, HHSN268201100002C, HHSN268201100003C)
- National Institute on Aging (HHSN-271-2011-00004C,)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HHSN2682011-00001I, HHSN2682011-00002I, HHSN2682011‐00004I, HHSN268201100046C, HHSN2682011-00003I)
- National Cancer Institute (K07CA136969)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Risks and Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Keywords
- obesity, overweight, body mass index, estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, progesterone receptor-positive breast cancer, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, breast cancer stage at diagnosis, breast cancer mortality, Women's Health Initiative, postmenopausal women, cancer risk factors, physical activity, smoking, hormone replacement therapy, mammography
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Breast Neoplasms, Female, Humans, Life Style, Mammography, Middle Aged, Neoplasm Invasiveness, Obesity, Prognosis, Risk Factors, Time Factors, United States, Weight Gain, Body Mass Index, Incidence, Multivariate Analysis, Proportional Hazards Models, Postmenopause, Risk Assessment, Overweight
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