The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 17 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Fast-Food and Full-Service Restaurant Consumption Among Children and Adolescents: Effect on Energy, Beverage, and Nutrient Intake
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption on total energy intake, dietary indicators, and beverage consumption. DESIGN: Individual-level fixed-effects estimation based on 2 nonconsecutive 24-hour dietary recalls. SETTING: Nationally representative data from the 2003-2004, 2005-2006, and 2007-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PARTICIPANTS: Children aged 2 to 11 years (n = 4717) and adolescents aged 12 to 19 years (n = 4699). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Daily total energy intake in kilocalories; intake of grams of sugar, total fat, saturated fat, and protein and milligrams of sodium; and total grams of sugar-sweetened beverages, regular soda, and milk consumed. RESULTS: Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption, respectively, was associated with a net increase in daily total energy intake of 126.29 kcal and 160.49 kcal for children and 309.53 kcal and 267.30 kcal for adolescents and with higher intake of regular soda (73.77 g and 88.28 g for children and 163.67 g and 107.25 g for adolescents) and sugar-sweetened beverages generally. Fast-food consumption increased intake of total fat (7.03-14.36 g), saturated fat (1.99-4.64 g), and sugar (5.71-16.24 g) for both age groups and sodium (396.28 mg) and protein (7.94 g) for adolescents. Full-service restaurant consumption was associated with increases in all nutrients examined. Additional key findings were (1) adverse effects on diet were larger for lower-income children and adolescents and (2) among adolescents, increased soda intake was twice as large when fast food was consumed away from home than at home. CONCLUSION: Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption is associated with higher net total energy intake and poorer diet quality.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption was associated with an additional 16g and 7g of sugar intake, respectively.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption increased sodium intake by 396mg and 625mg, respectively.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared to females, male children and adolescents consumed more additional total calories on days that they consumed fast food (157 versus 90 kcal for children and 389 versus 231 kcal for adolescents).”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, consumption AFH but not at home was significantly associated with less milk intake (−42g).”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption, respectively, was associated with a net increase in daily total energy intake of 126 kcal and 160 kcal for children and 310 kcal and 267 kcal for adolescents”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Consuming from a full-service restaurant also was associated with higher energy intake among children (+160 kcal) and adolescents (+267 kcal).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Consuming from a full-service restaurant also was associated with higher energy intake among children (+160 kcal) and adolescents (+267 kcal).”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Abstract > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were generally few differences by race in intake patterns associated with fast-food consumption among children, although it was associated with higher additional intakes of soda and sodium among Hispanic children.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption similarly increased total fat (+14 g) and had similar effects on saturated fat (+4–5g) intake for adolescents.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“fast-food consumption among adolescents increased sugar, fat, saturated fat, and sodium intake by approximately 13%, 22%, 25% and 17% of the daily reference levels of these respective nutrients.12–14”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010 7 Washington, DC U.S. Government Printing Office 2010 PMC3090168 22332062
- Not checked yetcites [13] Food and Drug Administration Food Labeling Guide: Guidance for Industry: A Food Labeling Guide 9 1994 Revised October 2009. Appendix F: Calculate the Percent Daily Value for the Appropriate Nutrients. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/GuidanceDocuments/FoodLabelingNutrition/FoodLabelingGuide/ucm064928.htm. 2009
- Not checked yetcites [14] National Academy of Science, Institute of Medicine Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids (macronutrients) Washington, D.C The National Academies Press 2005
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas fast-food consumption AFH was not significantly associated with these nutrient measures.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among adolescents, fast-food consumption was associated with substantially higher intakes of soda for white compared to black and Hispanic teens (+196g compared to +89g and +95g)”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 2
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fast-food consumption was associated with higher additional intake of SSBs, soda, protein, total fat, saturated fat, and sodium but not sugar for male compared to female teens.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fast food consumption at home increased children’s total caloric intake by 147 kcal, compared to 77 kcal from consumption AFH.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both total and saturated fat and sodium were higher when fast food was consumed at home.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“higher intakes of regular soda (+74g and +88g for children and +163g and +107g for adolescents)”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“regular soda (+74g and +88g for children and +163g and +107g for adolescents), in particular.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Abstract > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption, respectively, was associated with a net increase in daily total energy intake of 126 kcal and 160 kcal for children and 310 kcal and 267 kcal for adolescents”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Fast-food restaurant consumption was associated with an increase in total daily energy intake of 126 kcal for children and 310 kcal for adolescents.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“consuming from a fast-food restaurant was associated with a net increase in total daily energy intake of 126 kcal for children and 310 kcal for adolescents.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Abstract > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“consumption has been associated with greater total energy intake and poorer nutrient intakes.5–9”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] French SA Story M Neumark-Sztainer D Fulkerson JA Hannan P Fast food restaurant use among adolescents: associations with nutrient intake, food choices and behavioral and psychosocial variables International Journal of Obesity 2001 25 12 1823 1833 11781764
- Not checked yetcites [6] Paeratakul S Ferdinand DP Champagne CM Ryan DH Bray GA Fast-food consumption among US adults and children: dietary and nutrient intake profile J Am Diet Assoc 2003 103 10 1332 1338 14520253
- Not checked yetcites [7] Bowman SA Gortmaker SL Ebbeling CB Pereira MA Ludwig DS Effects of Fast-Food Consumption on Energy Intake and Diet Quality Among Children in a National Household Survey Pediatrics 2004 113 1 112 118 14702458
- Not checked yetcites [8] Sebastian RS Wilkinson Enns C Goldman JD US Adolescents and MyPyramid: Associations between Fast-Food Consumption and Lower Likelihood of Meeting Recommendations J Am Diet Assoc 2009 109 2 226 235 19167949
- Not checked yetcites [9] Schmidt M Affenito SG Striegel-Moore R Fast-food intake and diet quality in black and white girls: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005 159 7 626 631 15996994
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“From 1977–78 through 2003–06, among children aged 2 to 18, the contribution to total caloric intake from fast-food and full-service restaurant sources increased from 2% to 13% and from 1% to 5%, respectively.1, 2”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Guthrie JF Lin BH Frazao E Role of food prepared away from home in the American diet, 1977–78 versus 1994–96: Changes and consequences Journal of Nutrition Education & Behavior 2002 34 3 140 150 12047838
- Not checked yetcites [2] Poti JM Popkin BM Trends in Energy Intake among US Children by Eating Location and Food Source, 1977–2006 J Am Diet Assoc 2011 111 8 1156 1164 21802561 PMC3148484
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“NHANES is an ongoing survey based on a complex, multistage sampling design to be nationally representative of the civilian, non-institutionalized U.S. population.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Methods > Data
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data 2011 Hyattsville, MD U.S., Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Estimation was undertaken using STATA 11.1 and accounted for the NHANES complex, multistage probability sampling design.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Methods > Statistical Analyses
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“First, the 24-hour dietary recall data were obtained via self-report and are subject to error; such data have been shown to under-report.17, 18”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Mertz W Tsui JC Judd JT What are people really eating? The relation between energy intake derived from estimated diet records and intake determined to maintain body weight The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1991 54 2 291 295 1858692
- Not checked yetcites [18] Briefel RR Sempos CT McDowell MA Chien S Alaimo K Dietary methods research in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: underreporting of energy intake The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1997 65 4 1203S 1209S 9094923
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“From 1999 to 2004, frequent (≥ 3 times/week) fast-food consumption among adolescents increased from 19% to 27% for females and 24% to 30% for males.4”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Bauer KW Larson NI Nelson MC Story M Neumark-Sztainer D Fast food intake among adolescents: Secular and longitudinal trends from 1999 to 2004 Preventive Medicine 2009 48 3 284 287 19166872
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much of the existing literature focused on the association of fast-food but not full-service restaurant consumption with energy intake and diet and used older and/or non-nationally representative data and/or cross-sectional methods and those studies that did use within-person comparisons did not control for other forms of FAFH intake or the day of the week on which it was consumed.”
§ Fast-Food and Full-service Restaurant Consumption among Children and Adolescents: Impact on Energy, Beverage and Nutrient Intake > Introduction
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
“due to data limitations our analyses did not account other time-varying confounders such as physical activity or other unobserved factors that might affect food preferences day to day.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
“First, the 24-hour dietary recall data were obtained via self-report and are subject to error; such data have been shown to under-report.17, 18”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Restaurant food and beverages have been linked with overconsumption of calories, sodium, total fat, saturated fat, and sugar-sweetened beverages as well as under-consumption of milk, fruits, vegetables, and vitamins A and C in children [2, 4–7].”
From Child and parent perspectives on healthier side dishes and beverages in restaurant kids’ meals: results from a national survey in the United States (2018) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Restaurant foods and beverages are second only to grocery store foods and beverages in their contribution to total energy intake of U.S. 4- to 11-year-olds [1–3].”
From Child and parent perspectives on healthier side dishes and beverages in restaurant kids’ meals: results from a national survey in the United States (2018) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“considering the quick-service sector alone, 1/3 of children eat food from these restaurants on a given day [1, 2]”
From Child and parent perspectives on healthier side dishes and beverages in restaurant kids’ meals: results from a national survey in the United States (2018) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“consumption of foods from QSR and FSR has been associated with higher energy intake and lower diet quality in nationally representative samples of children [4].”
From Healthier side dishes at restaurants: an analysis of children's perspectives, menu content, and energy impacts (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Restaurant food and beverages have been linked with overconsumption of calories, sodium, total fat, saturated fat, and sugar-sweetened beverages as well as under-consumption of milk, fruits, vegetables, and vitamins A and C in children [2, 4–7].”
From Child and parent perspectives on healthier side dishes and beverages in restaurant kids’ meals: results from a national survey in the United States (2018) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Children frequently consume foods from restaurants”
From Child and parent perspectives on healthier side dishes and beverages in restaurant kids’ meals: results from a national survey in the United States (2018) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Dining outside of the home is associated with an increased consumption of SSBs (Powell and Nguyen, 2013).”
From Assessing restaurant staff perceptions of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States children's healthy default beverage ordinance: A qualitative study one year post-implementation (2025) · cites this paper as Powell and Nguyen, 2013
In the citing paper
“This is of concern because restaurant food and fast-food are common in children's diets, contributing approximately 84–191 kcal and 160–404 kcal to the mean daily intakes of children and adolescents, respectively, who reported being consumers [4].”
From Comparison of the nutrient content of children’s menu items at US restaurant chains, 2010–2014 (2015) · cites this paper as [4]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Abstract understates adolescents' added fat intake
MajorThe abstract reports a 7-8 g increase in total fat from fast food for both age groups, but the results report a 14 g increase for adolescents.
“Fast-food consumption increased intakes of total fat (+7–8g), saturated fat (+2–5g) and sugar (+6–16g) for both age groups”
“Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption similarly increased total fat (+14 g)”
Children's sodium increase uses the wrong reported unit
MinorThe results give a sodium increase in grams, although the paper defines sodium intake as measured in milligrams.
“sodium (134g)”
“milligrams of sodium”
Citations
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“sources increased from 2% to 13% and from 1% to 5%, respectively.(1,2) In particu-”
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A Culinary Nutrition Course to Improve College Students’ Food Preparation Ability
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“Furthermore, adolescents didn ’ t compensate for the additional calories provided by away-from-home food by eating less for other meals on days when they consumed food at home (Powell & Nguyen, 2013).”
BackgroundDevelopment and Reliability Testing of a Fast-Food Restaurant Observation Form
Rimkus, L., Ohri‐Vachaspati, P., Powell, L. M., Zenk, S. N., Quinn, C. M., Barker, D. C., Pugach, O., Resnick, E. A., & Chaloupka, F. J. (2014) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/ajhp.130731-quan-389 · Cited by 7
Self-citationKim, S. K., Park, S., Carroll, D. D., & Okoro, C. A. (2017) · Preventing Chronic Disease · doi:10.5888/pcd14.160606 · Cited by 7
Alves, M. D. A., de Pinho, M. G. M., Corrêa, E. N., das Neves, J., & de Vasconcelos, F. D. A. G. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16050824 · Cited by 7
Ley, S. L., Zeller, M. H., Reiter‐Purtill, J., Kleiner, D. E., Dixon, J., & Xanthakos, S. A. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000003253 · Cited by 7
“Diets that are high in saturated or trans fats and sugar have been linked to the development of NASH in animal models (27) and in human cohorts (28), both of which are often found in fast food meals (29).”
BackgroundAn, R., Zheng, J., & Xiang, X. (2021) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2021.05.006 · Cited by 8
Powell, L. M., Vandenbroeck, A., Leider, J., Pipito, A. A., & Moran, A. J. (2024) · AJPM Focus · doi:10.1016/j.focus.2024.100226 · Cited by 6
Self-citationKarpyn, A., Lessard, L., McCallops, K., Harpainter, P., Apsley, A., Kennedy, N., Tracy, T., & Ritchie, L. D. (2020) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101272 · Cited by 6
Rothpletz‐Puglia, P., Fredericks, L., Dreker, M. R., Patusco, R., & Ziegler, J. (2022) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2021.09.007 · Cited by 6
Mohammad‐Hasani, A., Colagar, A. H., & Fallah, A. (2018) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.28171 · Cited by 6
Unsustainable societal demands on the food system
Laestadius, L. I., & Wolfson, J. A. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811660-9.00005-9 · Cited by 10
Children’s menus in shopping centre restaurants: a multicentric study
Viegas, C., Lima, J. P. M., Afonso, C., Tóth, A. J., Illés, C. B., Bittsánszky, A., Šatalić, Z., Vidaček, S., Fabijanic, V., Durán‐Agüero, S., et al. (2021) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-05-2021-0504 · Cited by 6
The Peer Effect on Dietary and Nutritional Cognition among Primary School Students
Gao, L., Li, R., Zhao, P., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19137727 · Cited by 6
Prowse, R. J. L., Lee, K. M., Chen, E., Zuo, F., Hammond, D. G., & Hobin, E. P. (2020) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980019004488 · Cited by 6
“Compared to eating foods prepared at home, daily calorie intake was significantly higher among children who ate at fullservice (þ160 calories) or fast-food restaurants (þ120 calories), and daily sodium intake was higher among those who ate at full-service restaurants (þ225mg)(7).”
BackgroundMelesse, Y., & Abebe, Z. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-21913-2 · Cited by 6
Chen, Z.-F., Kusuma, J. D., & Shiao, S.-Y. P. K. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15051263 · Cited by 5
“The convenience of processed and pre-packaged foods loaded with saturated fats, empty calories (sugar and alcohol), and sodium in modern societies could be limited to improve diet quality [10].”
BackgroundHibbs-Shipp, S. K., Boles, R. E., Johnson, S. L., McCloskey, M. L., Hobbs, S., & Bellows, L. L. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11020372 · Cited by 6
Promotion of Meal Premiums in Child-Directed TV Advertising for Children’s Fast-food Meals
Emond, J. A., Utter, H., Eschholz, A., Chang, V., Gottlieb, M. A., & Sargent, J. D. (2021) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2020-042994 · Cited by 5
Race/Ethnicity Predicts School Meal Participation.
Spruance, L., & Vo, T. (2022) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.13270 · Cited by 5
Differences in food parenting at home versus restaurants among parents of 3-to-8-year-old children
Anderson, H., Ferrante, M. J., Tauriello, S., & Anzman‐Frasca, S. (2023) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2023.106456 · Cited by 5
Bautista, T. G., Fogelman, N., Lartigue, S., Silverman, W. K., Jastreboff, A. M., & Sinha, R. (2023) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101724 · Cited by 7
Within-store fast food marketing: The association between food swamps and unhealthy advertisement
Antrum, C. J., Waring, M. E., Cohen, J. F. W., & Stowers, K. C. (2023) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102349 · Cited by 6
Food Marketing: Using Toys to Market Children's Meals
Otten, J. J., Cheyne, A., & Williams, J. D. (2014) · Cited by 5
Parental Characteristics and Reasons Associated With Purchasing Kids’ Meals for Their Children
Lee, S. H., Park, S., Maynard, L. M., Blanck, H. M., McGuire, L., & Collins, J. L. (2016) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/0890117116683797 · Cited by 5
Gervis, J. E., Hennessy, E., Shonkoff, E. T., Bakun, P. J., Cohen, J. F. W., Mueller, M. P., Roberts, S. B., & Economos, C. D. (2019) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxz222 · Cited by 5
McNally, S. L., Anzman‐Frasca, S., Bowman, K., Beleche, M., Folta, S. C., & Patel, A. A. (2020) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980019004609 · Cited by 5
“quick-service/fast food, as well as full-service/sit down) is linked to less healthy nutritional intake (energies, sugar, saturated fat, Na) among adults and children(3,17), with evidence that families consume foods from quickservice/fast-casual restaurants more often than full-service restaurants(18).”
BackgroundExamining the consumer restaurant environment and dietary intake in children
Robson, S. M., Vadiveloo, M. K., Green, S., Couch, S. C., Sallis, J. F., Glanz, K., & Saelens, B. E. (2020) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101274 · Cited by 5
Butler, J. L., Gordon‐Larsen, P., Steffen, L. M., Shikany, J. M., Jacobs, D. R., Popkin, B. M., & Poti, J. M. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281722 · Cited by 5
“To address this bias, we used discrete interval change analyses controlling for unmeasured time-invariant characteristics associated with alcohol intake, WC, BMI, physical activity, diet quality and marital status [72,73].”
MethodLorts, C., Adams, M. A., Tasevska, N., Tulloch, D. L., Yedidia, M. J., Hooker, S. P., & Ohri‐Vachaspati, P. (2019) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100926 · Cited by 5
“Sweetened fruit drinks and regular soda were also included in analyses separately due to the variation in consumption patterns among sub-populations of the sample and by food outlet (Han and Powell, 2013; Powell and Nguyen, 2013).”
BackgroundSchroeder, K., Kulage, K. M., & Lucero, R. J. (2015) · Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/jspn.12122 · Cited by 5
“Consumption of restaurant food has a negative impact on adolescents' (Niemeier et al., 2006) and children's (Bowman et al., 2004) diets, resulting in greater intake of calories, soda, sugar, total fat, and saturated fat (Powell & Nguyen, 2013).”
BackgroundOlarte, D. A., Petimar, J., James, P., Stowers, K. C., Cash, S. B., Rimm, E. B., Economos, C. D., Rohmann, M., Blossom, J. C., Chen, Y., et al. (2023) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2023.01.016 · Cited by 4
Influence of infant feeding practices on childhood dietary patterns in Upstate KIDS
Clayton, P., Putnick, D. L., Lin, T.-C., & Yeung, E. H. (2025) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2025.107967 · Cited by 4
A Study on Dining-Out Habits Among Beijing Residents: A Case of Fast Food
Liu, Z., Chen, W., Cui, A., Gu, K., & Lu, S. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17040738 · Cited by 4
“Powell et al. high-lighted that Western fast food is often characterized by high fat and high salt content, with frequent consumers tending to have lower-quality diets and weaker nutritional awareness [57].”
Fuster, M., Wang, Y., Stoecker, C., Rose, D. D., Hofmann, L. P., Pasterz, A., & Knapp, M. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17050799 · Cited by 4
“Consumption of meals in restaurants, especially combination meals or meals from the children’s menu, is associated with higher SSB intake [14,15].”
Conceptual Framework for Nutritional Psychology as a New Field of Research
Stroebele‐Benschop, N., Hedrih, V., Behairy, S., Pervaiz, N., & Morphew-Lu, E. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15081007 · Cited by 5
“…nature has a positive impact on food choices (Langlois & Chandon, 2024), while the context of dining, such as eating in a fast-food restaurant versus at home, significantly influences total caloric intake regardless of taste perception or personal attitude (An, 2016; Powell & Nguyen, 2013).”
Almalki, S., Tamur, S., Alzahrani, A., Aljaid, M. S., Shams, A. M., Alayli, M., Alrabie, A., & Khayat, A. M. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.57505 · Cited by 4
“The causes of childhood obesity are multifaceted and complex, including genetics, socioeconomic status (SES), race, ethnicity, sex, lifestyle, and diet [18-20].”
BackgroundRelationship between community characteristics and impact of calorie labeling on fast‐food purchases
Dupuis, R., Bragg, M. A., Heng, L., Hafeez, E., Wu, E., Mijanovich, T., Weitzman, B. C., Rummo, P. E., & Elbel, B. D. (2025) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.24198 · Cited by 4
“…(i.e., “ formulations made mostly or entirely from substances derived from foods and additives ” ; examples include sugar-sweetened beverages and French fries) [3] and are associated with increased consumption of calories, sugar, saturated fat, and sodium among both children and adults [3 – 5].”
Energy contribution of sugar-sweetened beverage refills at fast-food restaurants
Breck, A., Cantor, J., & Elbel, B. D. (2017) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980017000611 · Cited by 4
“Fast-food restaurants are a prominent source of SSB energy((10,11)).”
BackgroundTauriello, S., McGovern, L., Bartholomew, B., Epstein, L. H., Leone, L. A., Goldsmith, J., Kubiniec, E., & Anzman‐Frasca, S. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020673 · Cited by 4
“Consequently, consumption of restaurant meals has been linked with increased daily intake of energy, saturated fat, sugar and sodium among children [15,16].”
BackgroundMcGurk, M. D., Cacal, S. L., Vu, U., Sentell, T. L., Beckelman, T., Lee, J. L., Yang, A. J., & Pirkle, C. M. (2021) · Journal of Healthy Eating and Active Living · doi:10.51250/jheal.v1i2.4 · Cited by 4
Children’s meals at restaurants in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, have poor nutritional quality
Garemo, M., & Naimi, A. A. (2018) · Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.3233/mnm-17178 · Cited by 4
Annals of Public Health and Research
Higashiguchi, T., Futamura, A., Ito, A., Ohkawa, T., & Ohkawa, H. (2014) · Cited by 4
El-Wahed, N. A., Geith, E., Kalleny, N. K., & Abd-Alkhalek, H. A. (2019) · The Egyptian Journal of Histology · doi:10.21608/ejh.2019.7279.1071 · Cited by 4
“In addition, fast food consumption has been associated with greater total energy intake and poorer nutrient intake[1].”
BackgroundHofmann, L. P., Wang, Y., Fuster, M., Stoecker, C., Gollub, E. A., & Knapp, M. (2025) · AJPM Focus · doi:10.1016/j.focus.2025.100382 · Cited by 3
Perspectives of Malaysian parents on eating out: A qualitative analysis
Ghaffar, S. A., Talib, R. A., & Karim, N. A. (2020) · Malaysian Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.31246/mjn-2019-0137 · Cited by 3
“Additionally, a study among children aged 2–18 years old in the United States found that fast food outlets contribute more to energy intakes than meals and snacks consumed in schools or day care centres (Powell & Nguyen, 2013).”
BackgroundCradock, A. L. I., Barrett, J. L., Block, J. P., Bolton, A., Bresnahan, C., Harnack, L., McCulloch, S. M., Roberto, C. A., Wiant, K. F., & Moran, A. J. (2025) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2025.03.010 · Cited by 4
Wen, H., Li, S.-J., Hun, M., Yang, Y., Xiong, L., Wen, H., Mao, L., Yu, D., Chen, M., Wang, Z., et al. (2025) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.71316 · Cited by 3
Evidences on overweight of regular blood donors in a center of Southern Italy
Vasco, M., Costa, D., Scognamiglio, M., Signoriello, G., Alfano, R., Magnussen, K., & Claudio Napoli, A. (2020) · Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2020.01.015 · Cited by 3
Zogara, A. U., Loaloka, M. S., & Pantaleon, M. G. (2022) · Journal of Nutrition College · doi:10.14710/jnc.v11i4.35589 · Cited by 19
Nutritional Considerations for the Pediatric Dental Patient
Romito, L. M., & McDonald, J. L. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-28745-6.00008-9 · Cited by 3
Lynskey, V. M., Anzman‐Frasca, S., Harelick, L., Korn, A. R., Sharma, S., Simms, S., & Economos, C. D. (2017) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980017000647 · Cited by 3
“Children’s consumption from quick-service and full-service restaurants is associated with higher energy intake, compared with days when quick-service and full-service restaurant food is not consumed((3)).”
BackgroundUS restaurant sector can promote healthy food environments to reduce obesity risk
Kraak, V. I. (2018) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqx024 · Cited by 3
Children’s Intake of Food from Non-Fast-Food Outlets and Child-Specific Menus: A Survey of Parents
Chai, L. K., Yoong, S. L., Bucher, T., Collins, C. E., & Shrewsbury, V. A. (2019) · Children · doi:10.3390/children6110123 · Cited by 3
Reinventing health promotion for healthy default beverage laws in the face of COVID-19
McGurk, M. D., Pirkle, C. M., Beckelman, T., Lee, J. K., Inoue, K., Yang, A. J., Smith, H. H., & Sentell, T. L. (2021) · Global Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/1757975920986696 · Cited by 3
Messages Promoting Healthy Kids’ Meals: An Online RCT
Musicus, A. A., Hua, S. V., Schwartz, M. B., Block, J. P., Barg, F. K., Economos, C. D., Glanz, K., Krieger, J. W., & Roberto, C. A. (2021) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2020.11.012 · Cited by 3
“Participants (N=2,373) were randomized to see 1 of 4 messages: (1) nonfood control, (2) kids’ meals are the right size for children, (3) doctors recommend a 600 kcal per meal limit for kids, or (4) 600 kcal per meal is a generally recommended limit for kids.”
BackgroundMethodChoi, Y. Y., Hyary, M., Fleming‐Milici, F., & Harris, J. L. (2021) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/ijpo.12797 · Cited by 3
Alrashidi, M. (2016) · RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) · doi:10.25439/rmt.27588930 · Cited by 3
(2020) · Global Food Security · doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100402 · Cited by 4
Home food access and children's heart healthy dietary intake at home and child care
Rasmussen, R. A., Sisson, S. B., Campbell, J. E., DeGrace, B. W., & Baldwin, J. D. (2022) · Nutrition and Health · doi:10.1177/02601060221090695 · Cited by 2
“The combined higher intake of calories, total fat, saturated fat, and sodium at home within our study may be due to either full-service restaurant, fast-food, or ultraprocessed foods consumed at dinnertime (Powell and Nguyen, 2013; Wang et al., 2021).”
Bensko, J., Graham, D. J., Kang, S. K., Mui, Y., & Mueller, M. P. (2024) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2024.07.011 · Cited by 2
“Given the low likelihood of choosing healthier options within the restaurant and the existing evidence around the nutrition and chronic disease implications of restaurant meals, 4,5 interventions targeting these parents could be tailored to their stated food choice values.”
Crespo, N. C., Vega‐López, S., Szeszulski, J., Todd, M. W., Behar, A. I., Ray, F., Hartmann, L., Quintero, A. L., & Hyde, E. T. (2025) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/08901171251316926 · Cited by 2
“4 For example, African American and Latino children spend more time viewing television, 5 have more televisions in their households, are less physically active, 6 and consume more sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) 7 and fast food 8 compared to non-Latino White youth.”
Young Adolescent Health and Well-Being
Mertens, S. Β., & Caskey, M. M. (2023) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/979-8-88730-203-420251004 · Cited by 2
Mbae-Mugambi, U. K., Onyango, A. C., & Okeyo, D. O. (2023) · East African Journal of Health and Science · doi:10.37284/eajhs.6.1.1418 · Cited by 2
Chacón, V., Folta, S. C., Hennessy, E., Leak, T. M., Macfarlane, H., Roberto, C. A., Tovar, A., Wilson, N. L. W., & Economos, C. D. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16040479 · Cited by 2
“According to data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), consumption at fast-food and full-serve restaurants is associated with increased sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and sodium-and fat-rich foods consumption [2] and poor diet quality [3].”
BackgroundMethodSnack attack: What factors affect American snacking behavior?
Moore, K., Walker, D., & Girju, M. (2024) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2024.105309 · Cited by 3
Ziraldo, E. R., Ahmed, M., Mulligan, C., Sellen, D., & L’Abbé, M. R. (2025) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2024-0027 · Cited by 2
Comparison of Child Lunch Meals in Brazil
Martins, C. P. D. C., Jensen, N. S. O., & Cozzolino, S. M. F. (2016) · Food and Nutrition Sciences · doi:10.4236/fns.2016.74028 · Cited by 2
One Menu Please: Parents Want Affordable, Right-sized Portions for Their Children in Restaurants
Lee, S. H., Park, S., Maynard, L. M., & Blanck, H. M. (2018) · Clinical Nutrition Research · doi:10.7762/cnr.2018.7.4.241 · Cited by 2
“According to nationally representative data collected in 2003–2008, the energy consumption of away-from-home food ranged from 24%–42% of all daily calories for fast food restaurants and 6%–15% of all daily calories for full-service restaurants on a given day among children (2–11 years) and adolescents (12–19 years), d…”
BackgroundNutrition and Physical Activity Interventions for Childhood Obesity: Lessons Learned
Pinto, E., Toro, B., & Vicéns, L. (2014) · Ecology of Food and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/03670244.2013.873422 · Cited by 2
“Research in this area indicates the availability of fast foods is directly related to the frequency of their consumption (Forsyth et al. 2012), and the frequency of consumption is negatively related to the quality of the diet (Powell and Nguyen 2013).”
BackgroundHua, S. V., Sterner-Stein, K., Barg, F. K., Musicus, A. A., Glanz, K., Schwartz, M. B., Block, J. P., Economos, C. D., Krieger, J. W., & Roberto, C. A. (2020) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2020.05.018 · Cited by 2
“The messages read: (1) “You wouldn’t dress your kids in adultsized clothes, why order them an adult-sized meal? Try choosing items from the kids’ menu”; (2) “Small changes make a big difference for a kid’s health.”
BackgroundInfluentialChildhood Obesity, Food Choice, and Market Influence
Kolodinsky, J., & Horner, C. E. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812840-4.00032-3 · Cited by 2
Umlauff, L. (2017) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 2
Arowolo, F. K., Willis, K. A., Karabayir, İ., Akbiligic, O., Blaser, M., Booth, J. R., Pierre, J. F., & Shanmuganayagam, D. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.03.06.483183 · Cited by 2
Cross-Sectional Study on Overweight and Obesity Associated with Fast-Food Consumption in Bangladesh
Sultana, F., Siddiqui, S. A., Islam, M. A., Muktadir, M. A., Millat, M. S., Islam, M. M., Tareq, A. M., Afroz, N., Rahman, M., Amin, M. N., et al. (2022) · Makara Journal of Health Research · doi:10.7454/msk.v26i2.1347 · Cited by 1
Suzuki, A., Tani, Y., Anzai, T., Isumi, A., Doi, S. K., Ogawa, T., Moriyama, K., & Fujiwara, T. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21010105 · Cited by 1
Marinello, S., Leider, J., Fuster, M., Knapp, M., & Powell, L. M. (2025) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2025.103067 · Cited by 1
“Consumption of restaurant food among children is associated with higher intake of total energy and sugar, as well as greater consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) (Powell and Nguyen, 2013) — the largest contributor of added sugars in children ’ s diets (Bowman et al., 2019).”
Self-citationFast food consumption has a great impact on the aging process — A review
Awlqadr, F. H., Altemimi, A. B., Qadir, S. A., Alkanan, Z. T., Faraj, A. M., ALKaisy, Q. H., & Abedelmaksoud, T. G. (2025) · Theory and practice of meat processing · doi:10.21323/2414-438x-2025-10-1-11-31 · Cited by 2
Moon, S., Chung, S., & Oh, J. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17152524 · Cited by 1
“However, it is important to note that fast-food restaurants are notable sites of SSB consumption, where beverages like carbonated drinks are often bundled with meals and offered with free refills, further encouraging SSB consumption [13,14].”
Middleton, C. G., Yang, Y., Ahmed, M., Lee, J. J., & L’Abbé, M. R. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0328525 · Cited by 1
“With over half the population routinely eating out at fast-food and sit-down restaurants [9], several US studies have demonstrated a strong correlation between restaurant food consumption and excessive intakes of energy, saturated fat, sodium, and sugars [10–13].”
Cohen, A. S., Cárdenas-Turanzas, M., López, A. D. Q., & Champagne‐Langabeer, T. (2025) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276251375455 · Cited by 1
Study on the perception of a healthy lifestyle among secondary school students
Dacica, L., & Cărăbaș, I. (2025) · Balneo and PRM Research Journal · doi:10.12680/balneo.2025.861 · Cited by 1
Lost in choice? The limits of domestic food socialization in children's eating-out decisions
Lin, G., Wan, Y., Yang, F. X., & Li, M. (2025) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2025.104483 · Cited by 1
Intersection of Nutrition, Food Science, and Restaurant Research
Bergman, C. J., Cao, Y. F., & Hwang, E. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17213490 · Cited by 1
“These findings have been echoed by other large-scale observational studies, which link high restaurant meal consumption with increased risk of obesity, heart disease, and metabolic disorders [11,29,30].”
WARNING LABEL AND VIDEO EFFICACY ON HIGH SCHOOL STUDENT CONSUMPTION OF SOFT DRINK AND FAST FOOD
Sumarwan, U., Atilah, S., & Lestari, V. L. (2019) · Journal of Consumer Sciences · doi:10.29244/jcs.4.1.48-60 · Cited by 1
“Powell and Nguyen (2013) stated teenagers tend to like to eat outdoors, especially in fast food restaurants.”
BackgroundResultEvaluation of quality of the children’s menu in mall’s restaurants
Duarte, C. B., Spínelli, M. G. N., & Matias, A. C. G. (2022) · Revista Paulista de Pediatria · doi:10.1590/1984-0462/2022/40/2021027in · Cited by 1
Hennessy, E., Shonkoff, E., Harelick, L., Bakun, P. J., Chui, K. K. H., Roberts, S. B., Folta, S. C., Goldberg, J. P., & Economos, C. D. (2022) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s136898002200163x · Cited by 1
“We designed and tested a social marketing campaign promoting healthy food and beverage choices Public Health Nutrition: 26(1), 256–261 doi:10.”
MethodAdolescent Obesity-A Global Health Challenge and Call to Action
Najmi, R., & Azhar, S. (2023) · Global Journal of Health Science · doi:10.5539/gjhs.v15n11p1 · Cited by 1
Saqib, N., Qazi, M., & Chib, R. (2024) · Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research · doi:10.22159/ajpcr.2024v17i9.51626 · Cited by 1
Mueller, M. P., Leib, A. R., Glik, D. C., Bleich, S. N., Wang, J., Crespi, C. M., & Wang, M. C. (2024) · AJPM Focus · doi:10.1016/j.focus.2024.100295 · Cited by 1
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Metadata
- Authors
- Powell, L. M., & Nguyen, B. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- Venue
- JAMA Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2013-01-01
- Volume
- 167
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 14
- ISSN
- 1072-4710 (ISSN-L)
- 2168-6203
- PMC
- PMC3695401
- OpenAlex
- W2146353506
- Cited by
- 346
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 10
- FWCI
- 20.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- U.S. Public Health Service (11IPA1102973)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA138456)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- fast food consumption, children, adolescents, energy intake, diet quality, sugar-sweetened beverages, sodium intake, saturated fat intake, sugar consumption, protein intake, low-income children, eating out
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Beverages, Energy Intake, Child, Child, Preschool, Diet, Diet Surveys, Dietary Fats, Dietary Proteins, Female, Humans, Male, Poverty, Regression Analysis, Restaurants, Sodium, Dietary, United States, Models, Statistical, Multivariate Analysis, Dietary Sucrose, Young Adult, Fast Foods
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-30, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-30 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
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