Patterns of nonrandom mating within and across 11 major psychiatric disorders
Open accessAbstract
IMPORTANCE: Psychiatric disorders are heritable, polygenic traits, which often share risk alleles and for which nonrandom mating has been suggested. However, despite the potential etiological implications, the scale of nonrandom mating within and across major psychiatric conditions remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To quantify the nature and extent of nonrandom mating within and across a broad range of psychiatric conditions at the population level. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Population-based cohort using Swedish population registers. Participants were all Swedish residents with a psychiatric diagnosis of interest (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anorexia, or substance abuse), along with their mates. Individuals with select nonpsychiatric disorders (Crohn's disease, type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, or rheumatoid arthritis) were included for comparison. General population samples were also derived and matched 1:5 with each case proband. Inpatient and outpatient diagnostic data were derived from the Swedish National Patient Register (1973-2009), with analyses conducted between June 2014 and May 2015. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Correlation in the diagnostic status of mates both within and across disorders. Conditional logistic regression was used to quantify the odds of each diagnosis in the mates of cases relative to matched population controls. RESULTS: Across cohorts, data corresponded to 707 263 unique case individuals, with women constituting 45.7% of the full population. Positive correlations in diagnostic status were evident between mates. Within-disorder correlations were marginally higher (range, 0.11-0.48) than cross-disorder correlations (range, 0.01-0.42). Relative to matched populations, the odds of psychiatric case probands having an affected mate were significantly elevated. Differences in the magnitude of observed relationships were apparent by disorder (odds ratio range, 0.8-11.4). The number of comorbidities in a case proband was associated with the proportion of affected mates. These relationships were not apparent or weaker in magnitude among nonpsychiatric conditions (correlation range, -0.03 to 0.17). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Nonrandom mating is evident in psychiatric populations both within specific disorders and across the spectrum of psychiatric conditions. This phenomenon may hold important implications for how we understand the familial transmission of these disorders and for psychiatric genetic research.
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Assortative mating has been reported among individuals diagnosed with OCD.
“Assortative mating has been reported among individuals with a diagnosis of OCD (51).”
From Maternal Effects as Causes of Risk for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (2020) · cites this paper as [51]
Parental age might be confounded by parents with autism traits having children later in life, or choosing partners with high autism traits.
“parental age might be confounded by parents with autism traits having children later in life, or choosing partners with high autism traits [252, 253].”
From The contribution of environmental exposure to the etiology of autism spectrum disorder (2019) · cites this paper as [252]
Evidence from a cross-disorder meta-analysis may not be due to pleiotropy (or not entirely) but may instead be an artefact of a residual genetic background from assortative mating between individuals with these diagnoses.
“Consequently, the evidence from a cross-disorder meta-analysis may not be due to pleiotropy (or not entirely) but may instead be an artefact of a residual genetic background from assortative mating between individuals with these diagnoses [73].”
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“Lastly, both designs assume random mating but a large-scale study in psychiatric populations (Nordsletten et al., 2016) observed substantial non-random mating within and across disorders.”
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- Authors
- Nordsletten, A. E., Larsson, H., Crowley, J. J., Almqvist, C., Lichtenstein, P., & Mataix-Cols, D.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Karolinska University Hospital (SE)
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Corresponding author
- Nordsletten, Ashley E.
- Venue
- JAMA Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2016-04-01
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 354
- ISSN
- 2168-622X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5082975
- OpenAlex
- W2282446826
- Cited by
- 210
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 12
- FWCI
- 22.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- King's College London
- Vetenskapsrådet (340–2013-5867)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH105500)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- disorder, non-random mating, mate choice, genetic correlation, family transmission, comorbidities, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anorexia nervosa, substance abuse, agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, polygenic traits, heritability
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Registries, Sampling Studies, Sexual Behavior, Sweden, Cohort Studies, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic, Logistic Models, Odds Ratio, Spouses, Genetic Research
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