Cited by 233Genetic Associations and EpidemiologyTryptophan and brain disordersTreatment of Major Depression

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Genetic Association of Major Depression With Atypical Features and Obesity-Related Immunometabolic Dysregulations

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Milaneschi, Yuri, Lamers, Femke, Peyrot, Wouter J., Baune, Bernhard T., Breen, Gerome, Dehghan, Abbas, Forstner, Andreas J., Grabe, Hans J., Homuth, Georg, Kan, Carol, Lewis, Cathryn, Mullins, Niamh, Nauck, Matthias, Pistis, Giorgio, Preisig, Martin, Rivera, Margarita, Rietschel, Marcella, Streit, Fabian, Strohmaier, Jana, Teumer, Alexander, Van der Auwera, Sandra, Wray, Naomi R., Boomsma, Dorret I., Penninx, Brenda W. J. H., for the CHARGE Inflammation Working Group and the Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium·2017·JAMA Psychiatry

DOI 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.3016PMC PMC6396812

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Abstract

Importance: The association between major depressive disorder (MDD) and obesity may stem from shared immunometabolic mechanisms particularly evident in MDD with atypical features, characterized by increased appetite and/or weight (A/W) during an active episode. Objective: To determine whether subgroups of patients with MDD stratified according to the A/W criterion had a different degree of genetic overlap with obesity-related traits (body mass index [BMI] and levels of C-reactive protein [CRP] and leptin). Design, Setting, and Patients: This multicenter study assembled genome-wide genotypic and phenotypic measures from 14 data sets of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Data sets were drawn from case-control, cohort, and population-based studies, including 26 628 participants with established psychiatric diagnoses and genome-wide genotype data. Data on BMI were available for 15 237 participants. Data were retrieved and analyzed from September 28, 2015, through May 20, 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures: Lifetime DSM-IV MDD was diagnosed using structured diagnostic instruments. Patients with MDD were stratified into subgroups according to change in the DSM-IV A/W symptoms as decreased or increased. Results: Data included 11 837 participants with MDD and 14 791 control individuals, for a total of 26 628 participants (59.1% female and 40.9% male). Among participants with MDD, 5347 (45.2%) were classified in the decreased A/W and 1871 (15.8%) in the increased A/W subgroups. Common genetic variants explained approximately 10% of the heritability in the 2 subgroups. The increased A/W subgroup showed a strong and positive genetic correlation (SE) with BMI (0.53 [0.15]; P = 6.3 × 10-4), whereas the decreased A/W subgroup showed an inverse correlation (-0.28 [0.14]; P = .06). Furthermore, the decreased A/W subgroup had a higher polygenic risk for increased BMI (odds ratio [OR], 1.18; 95% CI, 1.12-1.25; P = 1.6 × 10-10) and levels of CRP (OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.02-1.13; P = 7.3 × 10-3) and leptin (OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.06-1.12; P = 1.7 × 10-3). Conclusions and Relevance: The phenotypic associations between atypical depressive symptoms and obesity-related traits may arise from shared pathophysiologic mechanisms in patients with MDD. Development of treatments effectively targeting immunometabolic dysregulations may benefit patients with depression and obesity, both syndromes with important disability.

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Depression and obesity, data from a national administrative database study: Geographic evidence for an epidemiological overlap
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“Recent studies have indicated that specific genotypes might contribute to atypical depression features with an associated risk of overweight and obesity, suggesting the relationship between depression and obesity may require special attention to prevent comorbid conditions [14,15].”
Background
Increased serum levels of leptin and insulin in both schizophrenia and major depressive disorder: A cross-disorder proteomics analysis
Çakici, N., Bot, M., Lamers, F., Janssen, T., van der Spek, P. J., de Haan, L., Bahn, S., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & van Beveren, N. J. M. (2019) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.05.010 · Cited by 38
Peripheral Inflammatory Markers in Subtypes and Core Features of Depression: A Systematized Review
Křenek, P., Hořínková, J., & Bartečků, E. (2023) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000528907 · Cited by 38
Dietary habits, depression and obesity: an intricate relationship to explore in pediatric preventive strategies
Calcaterra, V., Rossi, V., Magenes, V. C., Baldassarre, P., Grazi, R., Loiodice, M., Fabiano, V., & Zuccotti, G. (2024) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2024.1368283 · Cited by 44
Health, pre-disease and critical transition to disease in the psycho-immune-neuroendocrine network: Are there distinct states in the progression from health to major depressive disorder?
Stapelberg, N. J. C., Neumann, D. L., Shum, D., & Headrick, J. P. (2018) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.10.014 · Cited by 36
Interventions targeting comorbid depression and overweight/obesity: A systematic review
Cao, B., Xu, J., Li, R., Teopiz, K. M., McIntyre, R. S., & Chen, H. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.07.027 · Cited by 32
Re-evaluating classical body type theories: genetic correlation between psychiatric disorders and body mass index
Ikeda, M., Tanaka, S., Saito, T., Ozaki, N., Kamatani, Y., & Iwata, N. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718000685 · Cited by 30
“In contrast, more typical features of MDD (decreased appetite and body weight, probably including melancholia) exhibited a nonsignificant trend of negative correlation with BMI (rg = −0.28, p = 0.06; Milaneschi et al. 2017).”
BackgroundInfluential
Childhood maltreatment moderates the influence of genetic load for obesity on reward related brain structure and function in major depression
Opel, N., Redlich, R., Repple, J., Flint, C., Grotegerd, D., Dohm, K., Zaremba, D., Goltermann, J., Steinmann, L. A., Krughöfer, R., et al. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.09.027 · Cited by 32
Genetics and major depressive disorder: clinical implications for disease risk, prognosis and treatment
Fabbri, C., Montgomery, S., Lewis, C. M., & Serretti, A. (2020) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/yic.0000000000000305 · Cited by 32
Microbiome and immuno-metabolic dysregulation in patients with major depressive disorder with atypical clinical presentation
Refisch, A., Şen, Z. D., Klassert, T. E., Busch, A., Besteher, B., Danyeli, L. V., Helbing, D. L., Schulze‐Späte, U., Stallmach, A., Bauer, M. W., et al. (2023) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109568 · Cited by 33
The effects of ketamine on typical and atypical depressive symptoms
Park, L. T., Luckenbaugh, D. A., Pennybaker, S. J., Hopkins, M., Henter, I. D., Lener, M. S., Kadriu, B., Ballard, E. D., & Zarate, C. A. (2020) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13216 · Cited by 30
Reduced mitochondrial respiration in T cells of patients with major depressive disorder
Gamradt, S., Hasselmann, H., Taenzer, A., Brasanac, J., Stiglbauer, V., Sattler, A., Sajitz-Hermstein, M., Kierszniowska, S., Ramien, C., Nowacki, J., et al. (2021) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.103312 · Cited by 33
“Given the importance of inflammation in the pathophysiology of MDD (Miller and Raison, 2016) and the crucial role of metabolic programming for immunity (Buck et al., 2017), it seems biologically plausible that metabolic dysfunction in general, and altered immunometabolism in particular, could…”
Background
No bidirectional relationship between depression and periodontitis: A genetic correlation and Mendelian randomization study
Nolde, M., Holtfreter, B., Kocher, T., Alayash, Z., Reckelkamm, S. L., Ehmke, B., Baurecht, H., & Baumeister, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.918404 · Cited by 31
“Intriguingly, the genetic susceptibility for depression is highly correlated with the polygenic risk for systemic inflammation, providing a putative biological pathway for the association with periodontal disease (9).”
Background
Unraveling the genetic architecture of major depressive disorder: merits and pitfalls of the approaches used in genome-wide association studies
Schwabe, I., Milaneschi, Y., Gerring, Z. F., Sullivan, P. F., Schulte, E. C., Suppli, N. P., Thorp, J. G., Derks, E. M., & Middeldorp, C. M. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719002502 · Cited by 34
“…of the PGC, rg between early-onset and late-onset MDD was approximately 0.99 (Power et al., 2017), and around 0.82 between MDD patients with atypical symptoms of increased appetite and/or weight and those with more typical symptoms of decreased appetite and/or weight (Milaneschi et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluential
Investigating whether a combination of higher CRP and depression is differentially associated with worse executive functioning in a cohort of 43,896 adults
Mac Giollabhui, N., Alloy, L. B., Schweren, L. J. S., & Hartman, C. A. (2021) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2021.05.022 · Cited by 25
Big Data Begin in Psychiatry
Weissman, M. M. (2020) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0954 · Cited by 27
Association of depression and obesity with C-reactive protein in Germany: A large nationally representative study
Chae, W. R., Nübel, J., Baumert, J., Gold, S. M., & Otte, C. (2022) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2022.04.024 · Cited by 29
Associations between individual depressive symptoms and immunometabolic characteristics in major depression
Chae, W. R., Baumert, J., Nübel, J., Brasanac, J., Gold, S. M., Hapke, U., & Otte, C. (2023) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.03.007 · Cited by 28
Involvement of inflammatory gene expression pathways in depressed patients with hyperphagia
de Kluiver, H., Jansen, R., Milaneschi, Y., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0528-0 · Cited by 26
Stability and transition of depression subtypes in late life
Veltman, E. M., Kok, A. A. L., Lamers, F., Stek, M. L., van der Mast, R. C., & Rhebergen, D. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.049 · Cited by 25
The associations of self-rated health with cardiovascular risk proteins: a proteomics approach
Bao, X., Borné, Y., Yin, S., Niu, K., Orho‐Melander, M., Nilsson, J. Å., Melander, O., & Engström, G. (2019) · Clinical Proteomics · doi:10.1186/s12014-019-9258-9 · Cited by 24
Subtyping late-life depression according to inflammatory and metabolic dysregulation: a prospective study
Kokkeler, K. J. E., Marijnissen, R. M., Wardenaar, K. J., Rhebergen, D., van den Brink, R. H. S., van der Mast, R. C., & Voshaar, R. C. O. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720002159 · Cited by 30
“In adult depressed patients an association between atypical depression and metabolic-inflammatory dysregulation was found (Lamers et al., 2013; Milaneschi et al., 2017; Vogelzangs et al., 2014a, 2014b), nevertheless previous findings in older depressed patients were not consistent (Veltman et al.,…”
Result
Serum antioxidant vitamin concentrations and oxidative stress markers associated with symptoms and severity of premenstrual syndrome: a prospective cohort study
Frankel, R. A., Michels, K. A., Kim, K., Kuhr, D. L., Omosigho, U. R., Wactawski‐Wende, J., Levine, L. D., Perkins, N. J., & Mumford, S. L. (2021) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-021-01187-7 · Cited by 25
Metabolomics dissection of depression heterogeneity and related cardiometabolic risk
Alshehri, T., Mook‐Kanamori, D. O., van Dijk, K. W., Dinga, R., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Rosendaal, F. R., le Cessie, S., & Milaneschi, Y. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721001471 · Cited by 25
“Interestingly, earlier (Milaneschi et al., 2017b) and recent (Badini et al., 2020) large-scale genomic studies found that the genetic overlap between BMI, CRP and leptin with depression is symptom specific; this overlap was only found in depressed patients with increased hypersomnia (Badini et al.,…”
Background
Associations of polygenic risks, depression, and obesity-related traits in Taiwan Biobank
Liao, S.-F., Su, C.-Y., Su, M., Chen, C., Chen, C., Lin, K., Pan, Y., Hsiao, P., Chen, P., Huang, Y., et al. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.149 · Cited by 24
Genome-wide meta-analysis of ascertainment and symptom structures of major depression in case-enriched and community cohorts
Adams, M. J., Thorp, J. G., Jermy, B. S., Kwong, A. S. F., Kõiv, K., Grotzinger, A. D., Nivard, M. G., Marshall, S., Milaneschi, Y., Baune, B. T., et al. (2024) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291724001880 · Cited by 31
“However, a positive genetic correlation between increase in appetite/weight with BMI has previously been shown with PGC cohorts (Milaneschi et al., 2017) and in UKB (Badini et al., 2022), and our findings show that this result holds even when adjusting for genetic overlap with other symptoms.”
Result
Dissection of depression heterogeneity using proteomic clusters
van Haeringen, M., Milaneschi, Y., Lamers, F., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & Jansen, R. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721004888 · Cited by 24
Prenatal and Childhood Immuno-Metabolic Risk Factors for Adult Depression and Psychosis
Kappelmann, N., Perry, B. I., & Khandaker, G. M. (2022) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000322 · Cited by 22
The association between trauma exposure, polygenic risk and individual depression symptoms
Thorp, J. G., Gerring, Z. F., Colodro‐Conde, L., Byrne, E. M., Medland, S. E., Middeldorp, C. M., & Derks, E. M. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115101 · Cited by 23
Obesity and Depression: A Pathophysiotoxic Relationship
Monsalve, F. A., Fernández-Tapia, B., Arriagada, O., González, D. R., & Delgado‐López, F. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262311590 · Cited by 22
“Obesity and depression are two of the most prevalent diseases worldwide and represent significant problems, not only due to their direct impact on people’s health and well-being but also due to their socioeconomic repercussions [1].”
Cardiometabolic risk in young adults with depression and evidence of inflammation: A birth cohort study
Perry, B. I., Oltean, B. P., Jones, P. B., & Khandaker, G. M. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104682 · Cited by 21
Dissecting Depression Biological and Clinical Heterogeneity—The Importance of Symptom Assessment Resolution
Milaneschi, Y., Lamers, F., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2021) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.4373 · Cited by 19
High-fat diet negatively impacts both metabolic and behavioral health in outbred heterogeneous stock rats
Deal, A. W., Seshie, O., Lenzo, A., Cooper, N., Ozimek, N., & Woods, L. C. S. (2020) · Physiological Genomics · doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00018.2020 · Cited by 24
The overlap of genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia and cardiometabolic disease can be used to identify metabolically different groups of individuals
Strawbridge, R. J., Johnston, K. J. A., Bailey, M. E. S., Baldassarre, D., Cullen, B., Eriksson, P. O., DeFaire, U., Ferguson, A., Gigante, B., Giral, P., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-79964-x · Cited by 20
Assessing the Evidence for Causal Associations Between Body Mass Index, C-Reactive Protein, Depression, and Reported Trauma Using Mendelian Randomization
Palmos, A., Hübel, C., Lim, K. X., Hunjan, A. K., Coleman, J. R. I., & Breen, G. D. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2022.01.003 · Cited by 18
“Although previous studies have shown genetic associations between MDD and increased or decreased appetite and weight (68), as well as between MDD and increased weight gain and hypersomnia (69), to our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the bidirectional association between BMI, MDD, CRP, and childhood t…”
Result
A multivariate genome-wide association study of psycho-cardiometabolic multimorbidity
Baltramonaityte, V., Pingault, J., Cecil, C. A. M., Choudhary, P., Järvelin, M., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Felix, J. F., Sebert, S. P., Milaneschi, Y., & Walton, E. (2023) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010508 · Cited by 22
Testing Bidirectional Associations Between Childhood Aggression and BMI: Results from Three Cohorts
Derks, I. P. M., Bolhuis, K., Yalcin, Z., Gaillard, R., Hillegers, M. H. J., Larsson, H., Lundström, S., Lichtenstein, P., van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Bartels, M., et al. (2019) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22419 · Cited by 17
“sive symptoms and obesity (38), and this could potentially also apply to other psychiatric problems such as aggressive behavior, which are (genetically) related to depressed mood (39,40).”
Background
Disentangling genes, attachment, and environment: A systematic review of the developmental psychopathology literature on gene–environment interactions and attachment
Golds, L., de Kruiff, K., & MacBeth, A. M. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579419000142 · Cited by 23
How to Utilize Clinical and Genetic Information for Personalized Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder: Step by Step Strategic Approach
Fabbri, C., & Serretti, A. (2020) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.2020.18.4.484 · Cited by 18
“body max index (BMI), and triglycerides [7-9].”
Background
Repeated use of SSRIs potentially associated with an increase on serum CK and CK-MB in patients with major depressive disorder: a retrospective study
Wu, S., Zhou, Y., Xuan, Z., Xiong, L., Ge, X., Ye, J., Liu, Y., Yuan, L., Xu, Y., Ding, G., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-92807-7 · Cited by 18
The structure of the symptoms of major depression: Factor analysis of a lifetime worst episode of depressive symptoms in a large general population sample
van Loo, H. M., Aggen, S. H., & Kendler, K. S. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.03.064 · Cited by 22
The Co-occurrence of Depression and Obesity
McIntyre, R. S. (2024) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.24com15322 · Cited by 18
Exploring the Bidirectional Relationship Between Depression and Obesity
Park, S., Kato, T. A., Lee, J.-H., & Yu, S. H. (2025) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2024.10.010 · Cited by 17
Exploratory study of association between blood immune markers and cognitive symptom severity in major depressive disorder: Stratification by body mass index status
Fourrier, C., Sampson, E., Hori, H., Schubert, K. O., Clark, S. R., Mills, N. T., & Baune, B. T. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.06.007 · Cited by 16

Authors: Milaneschi, Y., Lamers, F., Peyrot, W. J., Baune, B. T., Breen, G., Dehghan, A., Forstner, A. J., Grabe, H. J., Homuth, G., Kan, C., Lewis, C., Mullins, N., Nauck, M., Pistis, G., Preisig, M., Rivera, M., Rietschel, M., Streit, F., Strohmaier, J., Teumer, A., Van der Auwera, S., Wray, N. R., Boomsma, D. I., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & for the CHARGE Inflammation Working Group and the Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium
Affiliations: Amsterdam Neuroscience (NL)
The University of Adelaide (AU)
King's College London (GB)
Imperial College London (GB)
University of Bonn (DE)
Universitätsmedizin Greifswald (DE)
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CH)
Universidad de Granada (ES)
Heidelberg University (DE)
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
The University of Queensland (AU)
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
Corresponding author: Milaneschi, Yuri
ORCID: Milaneschi, Yuri
Lamers, Femke
Peyrot, Wouter J.
Baune, Bernhard T.
Breen, Gerome
Dehghan, Abbas
Grabe, Hans J.
Homuth, Georg
Kan, Carol
Lewis, Cathryn
Mullins, Niamh
Pistis, Giorgio
Preisig, Martin
Rivera, Margarita
Rietschel, Marcella
Streit, Fabian
Strohmaier, Jana
Teumer, Alexander
Wray, Naomi R.
Boomsma, Dorret I.
Penninx, Brenda W. J. H.
Venue: JAMA Psychiatry
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 2017-12-01
Volume: 74
Issue: 12
Pages: 1214
ISSN: 2168-622X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.3016
PMC: PMC6396812
OpenAlex: W2766503838
Cited by: 233
References: 56
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 1
FWCI: 12.71
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: JAMA Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
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Iris (University of Trento) (submittedVersion)
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Funders: National Science Foundation (33CS30-139468, 33CS30-148401, 33CSCO-122661)
Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (1RC2 MH089995)
Amgen
Pfizer
GlaxoSmithKline (3200B0–105993, 33CSCO-122661, 3200B0-118308, 33CS30-148401, 33CS30-139468)
Brigham and Women's Hospital
Massachusetts General Hospital
University of Southern California
Kaiser Permanente
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Emory University
F. Hoffmann-La Roche
Washington University in St. Louis
Aarhus Universitet
Aarhus Universitetshospital
Johns Hopkins University
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Universität Basel
Virginia Commonwealth University
South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust
Wellcome Trust (104036/Z/14/Z)
QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute
Broad Institute
Universitätsmedizin Göttingen
National Institute for Health and Care Research (CL-2017-17-003)
King's College London
University College London
University of Oxford
Newcastle University
European Commission (QLG2-CT-2002-01254, LSHB-CT-2003–503428, 503428, 230374, 01ZZ0103, 01ZZ0403, 01254, 03ZIK012, 01ZZ9603, 334065, LSHB-CT-2003)
University of Glasgow
Cardiff University
Trinity College Dublin
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Gr1912/5‐1, 01ZZ0403, 01ZZ9603, 03ZIK012, 01ZZ0103)
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (148401, 122661, 33CSCO, 118308, 105993, 230374, 3200B0, 33CS30, 139468)
Universiteit Leiden (10‐000‐1002)
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (10‐000‐1002)
Stiftelsen för Strategisk Forskning
James Cook University
Queensland University of Technology
University of Queensland
ZonMw (Middelgroot‐911‐09‐032, 56-464-14192, 184.021.007, 911‐09‐032, 1RC2 MH089995, 10‐000‐1002)
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (2008.024)
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (01ZZ9603, 01ZZ0103, and 01ZZ0403, 01ZX1314G, 01GS08147, 03ZIK012, 01ZZ0403, and 01ZZ0403, 01ZX1314D, 01GS08144, 01ZZ0103, 01ZX1314A, 01ZZ9603)
Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
Gentofte Hospital
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Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (184021007, 10-000-1002, 56‐464‐14192, Spinozapremie 56-464-14192)
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GGZ Friesland
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Nederlands Instituut voor Onderzoek van de Gezondheidszorg (10-000-1002)
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University of Toronto
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Karolinska Institutet
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Vetenskapsrådet (M-2005-1112)
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Universität Greifswald
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National Institutes of Health (184.021.007, 389875, EU/QLRT-2001-01254, 1s10od018164-01, 1r01mh081802-01, MH66206, N01MH90003, AA13321, MH059542, AA13320, MH059541, DA12854)
School of Medicine, Emory University
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
University of California, San Diego
McDonnell Center for Systems Neuroscience
Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute
Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto
Medical Research Council (G0701420, MR/K026992/1)
Australian Research Council (FT0991360, FT0991022, 389875, QLG2-CT-2002-01254)
Queensland Brain Institute
Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology
Statens Serum Institut
Medizinische Fakultät der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01AA014041, R01AA007535)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH66206, MH068457, N01‐MH‐90003, U01MH109528, MH-081802, RC2MH089995, MH089951, MH109532, U24MH068457, MH085520, R01MH060912, U01MH109532, R01MH059552, RC2MH089951, R01MH061686, MH089995, R01MH080403)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (K08DA019951)
National Cancer Institute
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (U01DK066134)
Janssen Research and Development
Institute of Genetics
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute
NHLBI Division of Intramural Research
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
Keywords: major depressive disorder, atypical depression, obesity, genetic correlation, body mass index, C-reactive protein, leptin, polygenic risk, genetic overlap, Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, heritability
MeSH terms: Adult, C-Reactive Protein, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, International Cooperation, Male, Obesity, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Weight Gain, Body Mass Index, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Genome-Wide Association Study, Craving

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Genetic Association of Major Depression With Atypical Features and Obesity-Related Immunometabolic Dysregulations

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