Investigating whether a combination of higher CRP and depression is differentially associated with worse executive functioning in a cohort of 43,896 adults
Open accessAbstract
Many depressed individuals experience difficulties in executive functioning that contribute substantially to functional impairment. It is unknown whether a subtype of depression characterized by chronic inflammation is differentially associated with worse executive functioning. This study examined whether the combination of depression and higher C reactive protein (CRP) is differentially associated with worse executive functioning and whether this association is stronger in older adults. This cross-sectional study analyzed data collected from a population-representative sample of 43,896 adults aged 44.13 years (SD = 13.52) who participated in the baseline assessment of the Lifelines cohort study. Multivariate regression models tested whether depressed individuals (established via structured interview) exhibiting higher levels of inflammation (indexed via high-sensitivity CRP assay following an overnight fast) performed worse on a behavioral test of executive functioning. Depression (B = -3.66, 95% CI: -4.82, -2.49, p < .001) and higher log-transformed CRP (B = -0.67, 95% CI: -0.87,-0.47, p < .001) were associated with worse executive functioning, after adjustment for age, sex, educational attainment, body mass index, smoking status, exposure to stressful life events and chronic stressors, sedentary behavior, and number of chronic medical conditions. Depressed individuals with higher log-transformed CRP exhibited differentially poorer executive functioning (B = -1.09, 95% CI: -2.07,-0.11, p < .001). This association did not differ based on age (B = 0.01, 95% CI: -0.08, 0.10, p = .82). Executive functioning is poorer in depressed individuals with higher CRP, even in early adulthood. Interventions that reduce inflammation may improve cognitive functioning in depression.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In 43,896 adults, depression and higher CRP levels were both associated with worse executive functioning, even after covariates adjustment.
“A cross-sectional study recruiting 43,896 adults examined the association between CRP levels and depression in terms of executive functioning [56]. MINI and Ruff Figural Fluency Test (RFFT) were administered to the sample. The study reported that depression and higher CRP levels were both associated with worse executive functioning, even after covariates adjustment.”
From C-Reactive protein as a biomarker for major depressive disorder? (2022) · cites this paper as [56]
Depressed subjects with higher levels of CRP showed poorer executive functioning than the control individuals.
“Moreover, depressed subjects with higher levels of CRP showed poorer executive functioning than the control individuals [56].”
From C-Reactive protein as a biomarker for major depressive disorder? (2022) · cites this paper as [56]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
R Core Team (2000) · doi:10.32614/r.manuals · Cited by 355,706 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369 · see citing works
Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using <b>lme4</b>
Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v067.i01 · Cited by 86,835 · see citing works
(1998) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · Cited by 19,139 · see citing works
<b>mice</b>: Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations in<i>R</i>
Buuren, S. V., & Groothuis-Oudshoorn, K. (2011) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v045.i03 · Cited by 13,870 · see citing works
(1998) · PubMed · Cited by 10,216 · see citing works
Molecular Mechanisms of Depression: Perspectives on New Treatment Strategies
Lang, U. E., & Borgwardt, S. (2013) · Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1159/000350094 · Cited by 8,501 · see citing works
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Koretz, D., Merikangas, K. R., Rush, A. J., Walters, E. E., & Wang, P. S. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.23.3095 · Cited by 7,988 · see citing works
Power failure: why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience
Button, K. S., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Mokrysz, C., Nosek, B. A., Flint, J., Robinson, E. S. J., & Munafò, M. R. (2013) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3475 · Cited by 7,641 · see citing works
From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain
Dantzer, R., O'Connor, J. C., Freund, G. G., Johnson, R. W., & Kelley, K. W. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2297 · Cited by 7,395 · see citing works
Inflamm‐aging: An Evolutionary Perspective on Immunosenescence
FRANCESCHI, C., BONAFÈ, M., VALENSIN, S., OLIVIERI, F., DE LUCA, M., OTTAVIANI, E., & DE BENEDICTIS, G. (2000) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06651.x · Cited by 5,358 · see citing works
A Meta-Analysis of Cytokines in Major Depression
Dowlati, Y., Herrmann, N., Swardfager, W., Liu, H., Sham, L., Reim, E. K., & Lanctôt, K. L. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.033 · Cited by 4,729 · see citing works
The role of inflammation in depression: from evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target
Miller, A. H., & Raison, C. L. (2016) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2015.5 · Cited by 3,942 · see citing works
Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, D., Weiller, E., Amorim, P., Bonora, I., Sheehan, K. H., Janavs, J., & Dunbar, G. (1997) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(97)83296-8 · Cited by 3,513 · see citing works
Cognitive impairment in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Rock, P. L., Roiser, J. P., Riedel, W. J., & Blackwell, A. D. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713002535 · Cited by 2,161 · see citing works
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Releases Interleukin-6, But Not Tumor Necrosis Factor-α,in Vivo1
Mohamed‐Ali, V., Goodrick, S., Rawesh, A., Katz, D. R., Miles, J. M., Yudkin, J. S., Klein, S., & Coppack, S. W. (1997) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.82.12.4450 · Cited by 2,012 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Adult <i>DSM-5</i> Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States
Hasin, D. S., Sarvet, A. L., Meyers, J. L., Saha, T. D., Ruan, W. J., Stohl, M., & Grant, B. F. (2018) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.4602 · Cited by 1,737 · see citing works
Hippocampal volume and depression: a meta-analysis of MRI studies
Videbech, P., & Ravnkilde, B. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.11.1957 · Cited by 1,590 · see citing works
Generation of stress in the course of unipolar depression.
Hammen, C. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.100.4.555 · Cited by 1,446 · see citing works
So depression is an inflammatory disease, but where does the inflammation come from?
Berk, M., Williams, L. J., Jacka, F. N., O’Neil, A., Pasco, J. A., Moylan, S., Allen, N. B., Stuart, A. L., Hayley, A. C., Byrne, M. L., et al. (2013) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-200 · Cited by 1,423 · see citing works
Cytokine-Associated Emotional and Cognitive Disturbances in Humans
Reichenberg, A., Yirmiya, R., Schuld, A., Kraus, T., Haack, M., Morag, A., & Pollmächer, T. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.5.445 · Cited by 1,365 · see citing works
Generation of stress in the course of unipolar depression.
Hammen, C. L. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.100.4.555 · Cited by 1,078 · see citing works
Risk for recurrence in depression
Burcusa, S. L., & Iacono, W. G. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.02.005 · Cited by 1,023 · see citing works
The macrophage theory of depression
Smith, R. S. (1991) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/0306-9877(91)90272-z · Cited by 931 · see citing works
Low-grade inflammation, diet composition and health: current research evidence and its translation
Minihane, A. M., Vinoy, S., Russell, W. R., Baka, A., Roche, H. M., Tuohy, K. M., Teeling, J. L., Blaak, E. E., Fenech, M. F., Vauzour, D., et al. (2015) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114515002093 · Cited by 919 · see citing works
Brugha, T. S., & Cragg, D. (1990) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb01360.x · Cited by 883 · see citing works
Cohort Profile: LifeLines, a three-generation cohort study and biobank.
Scholtens, S., Smidt, N., Swertz, M. A., Bakker, S. J., Dotinga, A., Vonk, J. M., van Dijk, F., van Zon, S. K., Wijmenga, C., Wolffenbuttel, B. H., et al. (2015) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyu229 · Cited by 847 · see citing works
Rethinking IL-6 and CRP: Why they are more than inflammatory biomarkers, and why it matters
Del Giudice, M., & Gangestad, S. W. (2018) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.02.013 · Cited by 779 · see citing works
Osimo, E. F., Baxter, L. J., Lewis, G., Jones, P. B., & Khandaker, G. M. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719001454 · Cited by 774 · see citing works
Evidence for a cytokine model of cognitive function
McAfoose, J., & Baune, B. T. (2009) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.10.005 · Cited by 760 · see citing works
Admission criteria for immunogerontological studies in man: The senieur protocol
Ligthart, G. J., Corberand, J. X., Fournier, C., Galanaud, P., Hijmans, W., Kennes, B., Müller-Hermelink, H. K., & Steinmann, G. G. (1984) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/0047-6374(84)90152-0 · Cited by 754 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of cognitive deficits in first-episode Major Depressive Disorder
Lee, R. S. C., Hermens, D. F., Porter, M. A., & Redoblado-Hodge, M. A. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.10.023 · Cited by 737 · see citing works
Erskine, H. E., Moffitt, T. E., Copeland, W. E., Costello, E. J., Ferrari, A. J., Patton, G., Degenhardt, L., Vos, T., Whiteford, H. A., & Scott, J. G. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714002888 · Cited by 688 · see citing works
Depressive disorders and immunity: 20 years of progress and discovery
Irwin, M. R., & Miller, A. H. (2007) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2007.01.010 · Cited by 676 · see citing works
Cognitive function following a major depressive episode: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Semkovska, M., Quinlivan, L., O'Grady, T., Johnson, R., Collins, A., O'Connor, J., Knittle, H., Ahern, E., & Gload, T. (2019) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30291-3 · Cited by 631 · see citing works
Is depression an inflammatory disorder?
Raison, C. L., & Miller, A. H. (2011) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-011-0232-0 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
ggplot2 - Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis (2nd Edition)
Gómez‐Rubio, V. (2017) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v077.b02 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
O’Connor, M.-F., Bower, J. E., Cho, H. J., Creswell, J. D., Dimitrov, S., Hamby, M. E., Hoyt, M. A., Martin, J. L., Robles, T. F., Sloan, E. K., et al. (2009) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2009.04.005 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Cognitive functioning in major depression – a summary
Hammar, Å. (2009) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.09.026.2009 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Cognitive impairment in the remitted state of unipolar depressive disorder: A systematic review
Hasselbalch, B. J., Knorr, U., & Kessing, L. V. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.11.011 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
How many different ways do patients meet the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder?
Zimmerman, M., Ellison, W., Young, D., Chelminski, I., & Dalrymple, K. (2015) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.09.007 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Gorelick, P. B. (2010) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05726.x · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Mac Giollabhui, N., Ng, T. H., Ellman, L. M., & Alloy, L. B. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-00867-4 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Treadway, M. T., Waskom, M. L., Dillon, D. G., Holmes, A. J., Park, M. T. M., Chakravarty, M. M., Dutra, S. J., Polli, F. E., Iosifescu, D. V., Fava, M., et al. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.06.018 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Ahern, E., & Semkovska, M. (2017) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000319 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Khandaker, G. M., Zuber, V., Rees, J. M. B., Carvalho, L. A., Mason, A. M., Foley, C. N., Gkatzionis, A., Jones, P. B., & Burgess, S. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0395-3 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Socioeconomic status and inflammation: a meta-analysis
Muscatell, K. A., Brosso, S. N., & Humphreys, K. L. (2018) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0259-2 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
The ruff figural fluency test: A normative study with adults
Ruff, R. M., Light, R. H., & Evans, R. W. (1987) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565648709540362 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein as predictors of cognitive decline in late midlife
Singh-Manoux, A., Dugravot, A., Brunner, E., Kumari, M., Shipley, M., Elbaz, A., & Kivimaki, M. (2014) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000000665 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Milaneschi, Y., Lamers, F., Peyrot, W. J., Baune, B. T., Breen, G., Dehghan, A., Forstner, A. J., Grabe, H. J., Homuth, G., Kan, C., et al. (2017) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.3016 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Inflammation markers in relation to cognition in a healthy aging population
Teunissen, C. E., van Boxtel, M. P. J., Bosma, H., Bosmans, E., Delanghe, J., Bruijn, C. D., Wauters, A., Maes, M. H. J., Jolles, J., Steinbusch, H. W. M., et al. (2003) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00398-3 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies in Late-Life Depression
Sexton, C. E., Mackay, C. E., & Ebmeier, K. P. (2013) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2012.10.019 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Association of C-Reactive Protein With Cognitive Impairment
Noble, J. M., Manly, J. J., Schupf, N., Tang, M. X., Mayeux, R. P., & Luchsinger, J. A. (2010) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneurol.2009.308 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Schedlowski, M., Engler, H., & Grigoleit, J.-S. (2014) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2013.09.015 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Peripheral Blood Cell–Stratified Subgroups of Inflamed Depression
Lynall, M.-E., Turner, L., Bhatti, J., Cavanagh, J., de Boer, P., Mondelli, V., Jones, D., Drevets, W. C., Cowen, P., Harrison, N. A., et al. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.11.017 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Krogh, J., Benros, M. E., Jørgensen, M. B., Vesterager, L., Elfving, B., & Nordentoft, M. (2013) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2013.08.014 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Association of mental disorder in childhood and adolescence with subsequent educational achievement
Dalsgaard, S., McGrath, J., Østergaard, S. D., Wray, N. R., Pedersen, C. B., Mortensen, P. B., & Petersen, L. (2020) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0217 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Baune, B. T., Ponath, G. D., Golledge, J., Varga, G., Arolt, V., Rothermundt, M., & Berger, K. (2007) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.12.003 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Goldsmith, D. R., Haroon, E., Woolwine, B. J., Jung, M. Y., Wommack, E. C., Harvey, P. D., Treadway, M. T., Felger, J. C., & Miller, A. H. (2016) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2016.03.025 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Khandaker, G. M., Zuber, V., Rees, J. M. B., Carvalho, L. A., Mason, A. M., Foley, C. N., Gkatzionis, A., Jones, P. B., & Burgess, S. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-0857-7 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Maes, M. H. J., Scharpé, S., Bosmans, E., Vandewoude, M. F. J., Suy, E., Uyttenbroeck, W., Cooreman, W., Vandervorst, C., & Raus, J. (1992) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0278-5846(92)90056-k · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Giollabhui, N. M., Ellman, L. M., Coe, C. L., Byrne, M. L., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.01.023 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Inflammatory cytokines in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea
Huang, Y., Guilleminault, C., Hwang, F., Cheng, C., Lin, C.-H., Li, H., & Lee, L. (2016) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000004944 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Jenny, N. S., French, B. C., Arnold, A. M., Strotmeyer, E. S., Cushman, M., Chaves, P. H. M., Ding, J., Fried, L. P., Kritchevsky, S. B., Rifkin, D. E., et al. (2012) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glr261 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Treatment response and cognitive impairment in major depression: Association with C-reactive protein
Chang, H. H., Lee, I. H., Gean, P. W., Lee, S.-Y., Chi, M. H., Yang, Y. K., Lu, R.-B., & Chen, P. S. (2012) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2011.07.239 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Biochemical markers subtyping major depressive disorder
Kunugi, H., Hori, H., & Ogawa, S. (2015) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12299 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Cognitive Dysfunction in Depression – Pathophysiology and Novel Targets
Carvalho, A., Miskowiak, K., Hyphantis, T., Kohler, C., Alves, G., Bortolato, B., G. Sales, P., Machado-Vieira, R., Berk, M., & McIntyre, R. (2015) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871527313666141130203627 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and cognitive decline: the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
Zheng, F., & Xie, W. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717003130 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Cognitive Impairment in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Crișan, A. F., Oancea, C. I., Timar, B., Firă-Mladinescu, O., Crișan, A. F., & Tudorache, V. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102468 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Executive dysfunction in depression in adolescence: the role of inflammation and higher body mass
Giollabhui, N. M., Swistun, D., Murray, S. M., Moriarity, D. P., Kautz, M. M., Ellman, L. M., Olino, T. M., Coe, C. L., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719000564 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Review of the Relationship between C-Reactive Protein and Exercise
Michigan, A., Johnson, T. V., & Master, V. A. (2011) · Molecular Diagnosis & Therapy · doi:10.1007/bf03256418 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Cognitive functions in first-episode depression and recurrent depressive disorder.
Talarowska, M. E., Zajączkowska, M., & Gałecki, P. (2015) · PubMed · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Interleukin-6 and verbal memory in recurrent major depressive disorder.
Grassi‐Oliveira, R., Bauer, M. E., Pezzi, J. C., Teixeira, A. L., & Brietzke, E. M. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Giollabhui, N. M., Ng, T. H., Ellman, L. M., & Alloy, L. B. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.02.1146 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Cullen, A. E., Tappin, B. M., Zunszain, P. A., Dickson, H., Roberts, R. E., Nikkheslat, N., Khondoker, M. R., Pariante, C. M., Fisher, H. L., & Laurens, K. R. (2017) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2017.07.002 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Reference Data for the Ruff Figural Fluency Test Stratified by Age and Educational Level
Izaks, G. J., Joosten, H., Koerts, J., Gansevoort, R. T., & Slaets, J. P. J. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017045 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Giollabhui, N. M. (2021) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100278 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Filippi, M., Basaia, S., Canu, E., Imperiale, F., Magnani, G., Falautano, M., Comi, G., Falini, A., & Agosta, F. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0612-0 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Li, X., Robertson, C. M. T., Yu, X., Cheypesh, A., Dinu, I. A., & Li, J. (2013) · Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.07.079 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Wanders, R. B. K., van Loo, H. M., Vermunt, J. K., Meijer, R. R., Hartman, C. A., Schoevers, R. A., Wardenaar, K. J., & de Jonge, P. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716002221 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Mac Giollabhui, N., Olino, T. M., Nielsen, J., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2019) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702618794920 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationGiollabhui, N. M., Alloy, L. B., & Hartman, C. A. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.08.030 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Ross, T. P. (2014) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acu052 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Anxiety disorders and figural fluency: A measure of executive function
Gulpers, B. J. A., Lugtenburg, A., Zuidersma, M., Verhey, F. R. J., & Voshaar, R. C. O. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.038 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 87 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [55]Hendriks A, Ormel J, van de Willige G. Long-term difficulties measured by a self-report questionnaire and semi-structured interview: a comparison of methods. Gedrag en Gezondheid 1990; 18: 273– 283.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
C-Reactive protein as a biomarker for major depressive disorder?
Orsolini, L., Pompili, S., Tempia Valenta, S., Salvi, V., & Volpe, U. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23031616 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Giollabhui, N. M., Slaney, C., Hemani, G., Foley, É. M., van der Most, P. J., Nolte, I. M., Snieder, H., Smith, G. D., Khandaker, G. M., & Hartman, C. A. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03372-w · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Slaney, C., Sallis, H., Jones, H. J., Dardani, C., CHARGE Inflammation Working Group, Tilling, K. M., Munafo, M. R., Smith, G. D., Mahedy, L., & Khandaker, G. M. (2023) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2023.02.010 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Giollabhui, N. M., Madison, A. A., Lydston, M., Quang, E. L., Miller, A. H., & Liu, R. T. (2025) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20241115 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Giollabhui, N. M., & Hartman, C. A. (2022) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2022.04.020 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Madison, A. A., Andridge, R., Kantaras, A. H., Renna, M. E., Bennett, J. M., Alfano, C. M., Povoski, S. P., Agnese, D. M., Lustberg, M. B., Wesolowski, R., et al. (2023) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers15174414 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Giollabhui, N. M., Mischoulon, D., Dunlop, B. W., Kinkead, B. L., Schettler, P. J., Liu, R. T., Okereke, O. I., Lamon‐Fava, S., D, M. F. M., & Rapaport, M. H. (2023) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100666 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Magnø, M. S., Moschowits, E., Morthen, M. K., Beining, M. W., Jansonius, N. M., Hammond, C. J., Utheim, T. P., & Vehof, J. (2023) · The Ocular Surface · doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2023.09.013 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Giollabhui, N. M., Kautz, M. M., Moriarity, D. P., Chat, I. K.-Y., Murray, S. M., Ellman, L. M., & Alloy, L. B. (2024) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.106992 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Chen, B., Dong, J., Guo, W., & Li, T. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06123-1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
C-reactive protein and cognitive impairment: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
Xie, W., Kong, C., Luo, W., Zheng, J., & Zhou, Y. (2024) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2024.105359 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cavalcanti-Ribeiro, P., Souza, L. C. A. M. D., Tavares, V. D. D. O., de Almeida, R. N., Lima, N. B. D. M., Gonçalves, K. T. D. C., Lopes, E. I. T. C., Bolcont, R., de Brito, A. J. C., Falchi-Carvalho, M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120877 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Han, Y., Huang, X., Du, Y., & Yao, Z. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120015 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Iktilat, K., Isaacson, M., Tzemah-Shahar, R., & Agmon, M. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0321450 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Romundstad, S., & Hynnekleiv, T. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-12635-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wang, D., Chen, W., Liao, Y., & Tang, J. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119827 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bazanova, O. M., & Kovaleva, A. V. (2022) · Human Physiology · doi:10.1134/s0362119722030021 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Drinking habits and executive functioning: a propensity score-weighted analysis of 78,832 adultsPreprint
Schweren, L., Haavik, J., Li, L., Solberg, B. S., Larsson, H., & Hartman, C. A. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.12.22.20248655 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Никифорова, О. Л., Galinovskaya, N. V., & Козлов, А. Е. (2023) · Journal of the Grodno State Medical University · doi:10.25298/2221-8785-2023-21-1-5-11
Magnø, M. S. (2024) · doi:10.33612/diss.865358986
Feng, R., Cheng, S., Zhang, F., Xu, K., Liu, L., Yang, M., & Xu, P. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33435
Li, Y. F., He, X., Deng, X., Zhou, J., Shi, M., Tian, Y., Li, Z., Yang, D., & Yang, X. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-104287
Dyne, A. V., Wu, T., Adamowicz, D. H., Irwin, M. R., Tu, X. M., Lee, E., & Eyler, L. T. (2026) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106592
Exercise, cognition, and affective disorders
Tapia-de-Jesús, A., Buenrostro-Jáuregui, M. H., Ayala-Guzmán, C. I., & Mata-Luévanos, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2026.1801197
Giollabhui, N. M., Murray, S., Bishop, O. C., Rovere, R., Mdluli, T., Burdo, T. H., Langford, D., & Alloy, L. B. (2026) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1017/neu.2026.10099
- Authors
- Mac Giollabhui, N., Alloy, L. B., Schweren, L. J. S., & Hartman, C. A.
- Affiliations
- Temple University (US)
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Venue
- Brain Behavior and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-08
- Volume
- 96
- Pages
- 127-134
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8319077
- OpenAlex
- W3165158658
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 1.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.rug.nl
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- American Psychological Foundation
- Samenwerkingsverband Noord-Nederland
- National Institute of Mental Health (F31MH118808, MH101168, MH079369)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- depression, C-reactive protein, executive function, chronic inflammation, cognitive impairment in depression, older adults, early adulthood, Lifelines cohort, high-sensitivity CRP
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, C-Reactive Protein, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Humans, Cohort Studies, Executive Function
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
