Genetic heterogeneity and subtypes of major depression
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Major depression (MD) is a heterogeneous disorder; however, the extent to which genetic factors distinguish MD patient subgroups (genetic heterogeneity) remains uncertain. This study sought evidence for genetic heterogeneity in MD. Using UK Biobank cohort, the authors defined 16 MD subtypes within eight comparison groups (vegetative symptoms, symptom severity, comorbid anxiety disorder, age at onset, recurrence, suicidality, impairment, and postpartum depression; N ~ 3000-47000). To compare genetic component of these subtypes, subtype-specific genome-wide association studies were performed to estimate SNP-heritability, and genetic correlations within subtype comparison and with other related disorders/traits. The findings indicated that MD subtypes were divergent in their SNP-heritability, and genetic correlations both within subtype comparisons and with other related disorders/traits. Three subtype comparisons (vegetative symptoms, age at onset, and impairment) showed significant differences in SNP-heritability; while genetic correlations within subtype comparisons ranged from 0.55 to 0.86, suggesting genetic profiles are only partially shared among MD subtypes. Furthermore, subtypes that are more clinically challenging, e.g., early-onset, recurrent, suicidal, more severely impaired, had stronger genetic correlations with other psychiatric disorders. MD with atypical-like features showed a positive genetic correlation (+0.40) with BMI while a negative correlation (-0.09) was found in those without atypical-like features. Novel genomic loci with subtype-specific effects were identified. These results provide the most comprehensive evidence to date for genetic heterogeneity within MD, and suggest that the phenotypic complexity of MD can be effectively reduced by studying the subtypes which share partially distinct etiologies.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Several studies have explored the association between onset age and HDRS-17 score in patients with MDD, but the results were inconsistent.
“Several studies have explored the association between the onset age and HDRS-17 score in patient with MDD, but the results were inconsistent [71-74].”
From Mapping neurophysiological subtypes of major depressive disorder using normative models of the functional connectome (2023) · cites this paper as [72]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Principal components analysis corrects for stratification in genome-wide association studies
Price, A. L., Patterson, N. J., Plenge, R. M., Weinblatt, M. E., Shadick, N. A., & Reich, D. (2006) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1847 · Cited by 10,248 · see citing works
The UK Biobank resource with deep phenotyping and genomic data
Bycroft, C., Freeman, C., Petkova, D., Band, G., Elliott, L. T., Sharp, K., Motyer, A., Vukcevic, D., Delaneau, O., O’Connell, J., et al. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0579-z · Cited by 8,876 · see citing works
LD Score regression distinguishes confounding from polygenicity in genome-wide association studies
Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Bulik-Sullivan, B. K., Loh, P.-R., Finucane, H. K., Ripke, S., Yang, J., Patterson, N., Daly, M. J., Price, A. L., & Neale, B. M. (2015) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3211 · Cited by 5,559 · see citing works
Functional mapping and annotation of genetic associations with FUMA
Watanabe, K., Taskesen, E., van Bochoven, A., & Posthuma, D. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-01261-5 · Cited by 4,083 · see citing works
Fry, A., Littlejohns, T. J., Sudlow, C., Doherty, N., Adamska, L., Sprosen, T., Collins, R., & Allen, N. E. (2017) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwx246 · Cited by 3,979 · see citing works
Genetic Epidemiology of Major Depression: Review and Meta-Analysis
Sullivan, P. F., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.10.1552 · Cited by 3,431 · see citing works
Self-citationeQTLGen, Wray, N. R., 23andMe, the Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Ripke, S., Mattheisen, M., Trzaskowski, M., Byrne, E. M., Abdellaoui, A., Adams, M. J., et al. (2018) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0090-3 · Cited by 3,005 · see citing works
Self-citationHoward, D. M., Adams, M. J., Clarke, T.-K., Hafferty, J. D., Gibson, J., Shirali, M., Coleman, J. R. I., Hagenaars, S. P., Ward, J., Wigmore, E. M., et al. (2019) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0326-7 · Cited by 2,565 · see citing works
Self-citation23andMe Research Team, Lee, J. J., COGENT (Cognitive Genomics Consortium), Social Science Genetic Association Consortium, Wedow, R., Okbay, A., Kong, E., Maghzian, O., Zacher, M., Nguyen-Viet, T. A., et al. (2018) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0147-3 · Cited by 2,470 · cited 1× · see citing works
“(13, 19) We have used the summary statistics from the latest published GWAS for the calculations of rg using HDL.(19, 25-34)”
MethodMeta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies
Polderman, T. J. C., Benyamin, B., de Leeuw, C. A., Sullivan, P. F., van Bochoven, A., Visscher, P. M., & Posthuma, D. (2015) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3285 · Cited by 2,467 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Given its relatively low heritability (30–40%) [7, 8], identifying MD subtypes that are more heritable is of particular importance.”
BackgroundSelf-citationIdentification of common genetic risk variants for autism spectrum disorder
Autism Spectrum Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Grove, J., BUPGEN, Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, 23andMe Research Team, Ripke, S., Als, T. D., Mattheisen, M., Walters, R. K., Won, H., et al. (2019) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-019-0344-8 · Cited by 2,421 · see citing works
Self-citationADHD Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC), Demontis, D., Early Lifecourse & Genetic Epidemiology (EAGLE) Consortium, 23andMe Research Team, Walters, R. K., Martin, J., Mattheisen, M., Als, T. D., Agerbo, E., Baldursson, G., et al. (2019) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0269-7 · Cited by 2,203 · see citing works
Self-citationGenome-wide association study identifies 30 loci associated with bipolar disorder
eQTLGen Consortium, Stahl, E. A., BIOS Consortium, the Bipolar Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Breen, G., Forstner, A. J., McQuillin, A., Ripke, S., Trubetskoy, V., Mattheisen, M., et al. (2019) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-019-0397-8 · Cited by 1,519 · see citing works
Savage, J. E., Jansen, P. R., Stringer, S., Watanabe, K., Bryois, J., de Leeuw, C. A., Nagel, M., Awasthi, S., Barr, P. B., Coleman, J. R. I., et al. (2018) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0152-6 · Cited by 1,443 · see citing works
Self-citationPulit, S. L., Harlow, C. E., Morris, A. P., Wood, A. R., Glastonbury, C. A., Tyrrell, J., Yengo, L., Ferreira, T. C., Marouli, E., Ji, Y., et al. (2018) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddy327 · Cited by 1,169 · see citing works
Initiative, A. N. G., Watson, H. J., Eating Disorders Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Yilmaz, Z., Thornton, L. M., Hübel, C., Coleman, J. R. I., Gaspar, H. A., Bryois, J., Hinney, A., et al. (2019) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-019-0439-2 · Cited by 1,109 · see citing works
Estimating Missing Heritability for Disease from Genome-wide Association Studies
Lee, S. H., Wray, N. R., Goddard, M. E., & Visscher, P. M. (2011) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.02.002 · Cited by 1,064 · see citing works
Fried, E. I., & Nesse, R. M. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.010 · Cited by 1,043 · see citing works
Study, L. C., Okbay, A., Baselmans, B. M. L., De Neve, J.-E., Turley, P., Nivard, M. G., Fontana, M. A., Meddens, S. F. W., Linnér, R. K., Rietveld, C. A., et al. (2016) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3552 · Cited by 1,013 · see citing works
Nagel, M., Jansen, P. R., Stringer, S., Watanabe, K., de Leeuw, C., Bryois, J., Savage, J. E., Hammerschlag, A. R., Skene, N., Muñoz‐Manchado, A. B., et al. (2018) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0151-7 · Cited by 779 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Genetics of Major Depression
Flint, J., & Kendler, K. S. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.01.027 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
Comparative genetic architectures of schizophrenia in East Asian and European populations
Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Lam, M., Indonesia Schizophrenia Consortium, Genetic REsearch on schizophreniA neTwork-China and the Netherlands (GREAT-CN), Chen, C.-Y., Li, Z., Martin, A. R., Bryois, J., Ma, X., Gaspar, H., et al. (2019) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-019-0512-x · Cited by 655 · see citing works
Self-citationA resource-efficient tool for mixed model association analysis of large-scale data
Jiang, L., Zheng, Z., Qi, T., Kemper, K. E., Wray, N. R., Visscher, P. M., & Yang, J. (2019) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-019-0530-8 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Smıth, D. J., Nicholl, B. I., Cullen, B., Martin, D. J., Haq, Z. U., Evans, J. J., Gill, J. M. R., Roberts, B. A., Gallacher, J., Mackay, D., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075362 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Minimal phenotyping yields genome-wide association signals of low specificity for major depression
MDD Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Cai, N., Revez, J. A., Adams, M. J., Andlauer, T. F. M., Breen, G., Byrne, E. M., Clarke, T.-K., Forstner, A. J., Grabe, H. J., et al. (2020) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-020-0594-5 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Self-citationMeta-review of depressive subtyping models
Harald, B., & Gordon, P. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.07.015 · Cited by 328 · cited 4× · see citing works
“The studies to-date that have used genetic approaches to index the heterogeneity of MD subtypes are encouraging (summarized in Supplementary Table S1) but overall impeded by a paucity of large cohorts with similar ascertainment, phenotyping, and genotyping [5].”
BackgroundInfluentialHigh-definition likelihood inference of genetic correlations across human complex traits
Zheng, N., Yudi Pawitan, Y., & Shen, X. (2020) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-020-0653-y · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Genome-wide association study identifies 30 Loci Associated with Bipolar DisorderPreprint
Stahl, E. A., Breen, G. D., Forstner, A. J., et al. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/173062 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Beijers, L., Wardenaar, K. J., van Loo, H. M., & Schoevers, R. A. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0385-5 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Milaneschi, Y., Lamers, F., Peyrot, W. J., Baune, B. T., Breen, G., Dehghan, A., Forstner, A. J., Grabe, H. J., Homuth, G., Kan, C., et al. (2017) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.3016 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Power, R. A., Tansey, K. E., Buttenschøn, H. N., Cohen‐Woods, S., Bigdeli, T. B., Hall, L. S., Kutalik, Z., Lee, S., Ripke, S., Steinberg, S., et al. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.05.010 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Self-citationPolygenic dissection of major depression clinical heterogeneity
Milaneschi, Y., Lamers, F., Peyrot, W. J., Abdellaoui, A., Willemsen, G. A. H. M., Hottenga, J., Jansen, R., Mbarek, H., Dehghan, A., Lu, C., et al. (2015) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2015.86 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Genetic predictors of participation in optional components of UK Biobank
Tyrrell, J., Zheng, J., Beaumont, R., Hinton, K., Richardson, T. G., Wood, A. R., Davey Smith, G., Frayling, T. M., & Tilling, K. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21073-y · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Cai, N., Choi, K. W., & Fried, E. I. (2020) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddaa115 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citationHeritability of Perinatal Depression and Genetic Overlap With Nonperinatal Depression
Viktorin, A., Meltzer-Brody, S. E., Kuja‐Halkola, R., Sullivan, P. F., Landén, M., Lichtenstein, P., & Magnusson, P. K. E. (2015) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15010085 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Genetic Epidemiology of Treated Major Depression in Sweden
Kendler, K. S., Ohlsson, H., Lichtenstein, P., Sundquist, J., & Sundquist, K. (2018) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17111251 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Baselmans, B. M. L., Yengo, L., van Rheenen, W., & Wray, N. R. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.05.034 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Fernandez-Pujals, A. M., Adams, M. J., Thomson, P. A., McKechanie, A. G., Blackwood, D., Smith, B. H., Dominiczak, A. F., Morris, A. D., Matthews, K., Campbell, A. I., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142197 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Pulit, S. L., Harlow, C. E., Morris, A. P., Wood, A. R., Glastonbury, C. A., Tyrrell, J., Yengo, L., Ferreira, T. C., Marouli, E., Ji, Y., et al. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/304030 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Peyrot, W. J., & Price, A. L. (2021) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-021-00787-1 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Genome-wide meta-analyses of stratified depression in Generation Scotland and UK Biobank
Hall, L. S., Adams, M. J., Arnau‐Soler, A., Clarke, T., Howard, D. M., Zeng, Y., Davies, G., Hagenaars, S. P., Fernandez-Pujals, A. M., Gibson, J., et al. (2018) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-017-0034-1 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Comparative genetic architectures of schizophrenia in East Asian and European populations
Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Chen, C.-Y., Li, Z., Martin, A. R., Bryois, J., Ma, X., Gaspar, H. A., Ikeda, M., Benyamin, B., Brown, B. C., et al. (2019) · Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationBadini, I., Coleman, J. R. I., Hagenaars, S. P., Hotopf, M. H., Breen, G. D., Lewis, C. M., & Fabbri, C. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720002342 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
A resource-efficient tool for mixed model association analysis of large-scale dataPreprint
Jiang, L., Zheng, Z., Qi, T., et al. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/598110 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Thorp, J. G., Marees, A. T., Ong, J., An, J., MacGregor, S., & Derks, E. M. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719002526 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Multiple measures of depression to enhance validity of major depressive disorder in the UK Biobank
Glanville, K. P., Coleman, J. R. I., Howard, D. M., Pain, O., Hanscombe, K. B., Jermy, B. S., Arathimos, R., Hübel, C., Breen, G. D., O’Reilly, P. F., et al. (2021) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2020.145 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Genetic predictors of participation in optional components of UK BiobankPreprint
Tyrrell, J., Zheng, J., Beaumont, R. N., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.02.10.941328 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Schwabe, I., Milaneschi, Y., Gerring, Z. F., Sullivan, P. F., Schulte, E. C., Suppli, N. P., Thorp, J. G., Derks, E. M., & Middeldorp, C. M. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719002502 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationMisestimation of heritability and prediction accuracy of male-pattern baldness
Yap, C. X., Sidorenko, J., Marioni, R. E., Yengo, L., Wray, N. R., & Visscher, P. M. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04807-3 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Milaneschi, Y., Lamers, F., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2021) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.4373 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Genome-wide meta-analyses of stratified depression in Generation Scotland and UK BiobankPreprint
Hall, L. S., Adams, M. J., Arnau‐Soler, A., et al. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/130229 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Multiple measures of depression to enhance validity of Major Depressive Disorder in the UK BiobankPreprint
Glanville, K. P., Coleman, J. R. I., Howard, D. M., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.09.18.20196451 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [34]Ripke S, Walters JTR, Donovan MC. Mapping genomic loci prioritises genes and implicates synaptic biology in schizophrenia. medRxiv 2020: 2020.2009.2012.20192922.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Szymkowicz, S. M., Gerlach, A., Homiack, D., & Taylor, W. D. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02464-9 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
The genetic basis of major depressive disorder
Flint, J. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-01957-9 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Sun, X., Sun, J., Lu, X., Dong, Q., Zhang, L., Wang, W., Liu, J., Ma, Q., Wang, X., Wei, D., et al. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.05.021 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Meta-Analyses of Genome-Wide Association Studies for Postpartum Depression
Guintivano, J., Byrne, E. M., Kiewa, J., Yao, S., Bauer, A. E., Åberg, K. A., Adams, M. J., Campbell, A. I., Campbell, M. L., Choi, K. W., et al. (2023) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20230053 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationvon Mücke-Heim, I.-A., Urbina-Treviño, L., Bordes, J., Ries, C., Schmidt, M. V., & Deussing, J. M. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01762-w · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Ten challenges for clinical translation in psychiatric genetics
Derks, E. M., Thorp, J. G., & Gerring, Z. F. (2022) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-022-01174-0 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Mitchell, B. L., Campos, A. I., Whiteman, D. C., Olsen, C. M., Gordon, S. D., Walker, A. J., Dean, O. M., Berk, M., Hickie, I. B., Medland, S. E., et al. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.10.021 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Williams, L. M., Carpenter, W. T., Carretta, C. M., Papanastasiou, E., & Vaidyanathan, U. (2023) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852923002420 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Yao, S., Harder, A., Darki, F., Chang, Y.-W., Li, A., Nikouei, K., Volpe, G., Lundström, J. N., Zeng, J., Wray, N. R., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-55611-1 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationTang, L., Tang, R., Tang, R., Dong, S., Zheng, J., Zhao, P., Zhang, X., Zhu, R., Wang, F., & Gong, X. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03286-7 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Lyall, L. M., Sangha, N., Zhu, X., Lyall, D. M., Ward, J., Strawbridge, R. J., Cullen, B., & Smıth, D. J. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.138 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Chawla, A., Cakmakci, D., Fiori, L. M., Zang, W., Maitra, M., Yang, J., Żurawek, D., Frosi, G., Rahimian, R., Mitsuhashi, H., et al. (2025) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-025-02249-4 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Dimensional and transdiagnostic phenotypes in psychiatric genome-wide association studies
Waszczuk, M. A., Jonas, K. G., Bornovalova, M. A., Breen, G. D., Bulik, C. M., Docherty, A. R., Eley, T. C., Hettema, J. M., Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., et al. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02142-8 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Genetic Architectures of Adolescent Depression Trajectories in 2 Longitudinal Population Cohorts
Grimes, P. Z., Adams, M. J., Thng, G., Edmondson-Stait, A. J., Lu, Y., McIntosh, A. M., Cullen, B., Larsson, H., Whalley, H. C., & Kwong, A. S. F. (2024) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0983 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationMavranezouli, I., Megnin‐Viggars, O., Pedder, H., Welton, N. J., Dias, S., Watkins, E. R., Nixon, N. L., Daly, C., Keeney, E., Eadon, H., et al. (2024) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102780 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Nguyen, T.-D., Kowalec, K., Pasman, J. A., Larsson, H., Lichtenstein, P., Dalman, C., Sullivan, P. F., Kuja‐Halkola, R., & Lu, Y. (2023) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20220906 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationMaternal pregnancy-related infections and autism spectrum disorder—the genetic perspective
Nudel, R., Thompson, W. K., Børglum, A. D., HOUGAARD, D. M., Mortensen, P. B., Werge, T. M., Nordentoft, M., & Benros, M. E. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-02068-9 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Han, S., Cui, Q., Zheng, R., Li, S., Zhou, B., Fang, K., Sheng, W., Wen, B., Liu, L., Wei, Y., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39861-z · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Cameron, S., Weston–Green, K., & Newell, K. A. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-03199-x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Adams, M. J., Thorp, J. G., Jermy, B. S., Kwong, A. S. F., Kõiv, K., Grotzinger, A. D., Nivard, M. G., Marshall, S., Milaneschi, Y., Baune, B. T., et al. (2024) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291724001880 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Giollabhui, N. M., Madison, A. A., Lydston, M., Quang, E. L., Miller, A. H., & Liu, R. T. (2025) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20241115 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Long, Y., Li, X., Cao, H., Zhang, M., Lü, B., Huang, Y., Liu, M., Xu, M., Liu, Z., Yan, C., et al. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291723002234 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Gézsi, A., der Auwera, S. V., Mäkinen, H., Eszlári, N., Hullám, G., Nagy, T., Bonk, S., González, R., Gonda, X., Garvert, L., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-51467-7 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Nagai, Y., Kisaka, Y., Nomura, K., Nishitani, N., Andoh, C., Koda, M., Kawai, H., Seiriki, K., Nagayasu, K., Kasai, A., et al. (2023) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112149 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Zhang, C., Jing, H., Yan, H., Li, X., Liang, J., Zhang, Q., Liang, W., Ou, Y., Peng, C., Yu, Y., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1135337 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
A Possible Antidepressive Effect of Dietary Interventions: Emergent Findings and Research Challenges
Ceolin, G., Breda, V., Koning, E., Chinna‐Meyyappan, A., Gomes, F. A., Moreira, J. D., Gerchman, F., & Brietzke, E. M. (2022) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-022-00259-1 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Saez, E., Erkoreka, L., Moreno-Calle, T., Berjano, B., González-Pinto, A. M., Basterreche, N., & Arrúe, A. (2022) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v12.i7.884 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Fang, K., Niu, L., Wen, B., Liu, L., Tian, Y. Q., Yang, H., Hou, Y., Han, S., Sun, X., & Zhang, W. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03268-9 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Li, Q., Li, H., Long, F., Chen, Y., Wang, Y., Yang, B., DelBello, M. P., McNamara, R. K., Li, F. Y., & Gong, Q. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291725102171 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Shorter, J. R., Pasman, J. A., Kurvits, S., Jangmo, A., Naamanka, J., Harder, A., Hagen, E., Kowalec, K., Frilander, N., Zetterberg, R., et al. (2025) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-025-02396-8 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationPolygenicity of Comorbid Depression in Multiple Sclerosis
Kowalec, K., Fitzgerald, K. C., Salter, A. R., Dolovich, C., Harder, A., Bernstein, C. N., Bolton, J. M., Cutter, G., Graff, L. A., Hägg, S., et al. (2023) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000207457 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationJiang, C., Jiang, W., Chen, G., Xu, W. G., Sun, T., You, L., Chen, S., Yin, Y., Liu, X., Hou, Z., et al. (2023) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103744 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Fabbri, C. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-02899-0 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Chen, Y., Zheng, R., Xue, K., Li, S., Pang, J., Li, H., Zhang, Y., Cheng, J., & Han, S. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.091 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Heritability and polygenic load for comorbid anxiety and depression
Tabrizi, F., Rosén, J., Grönvall, H., William-Olsson, V. R., Arner, E., Magnusson, P., Palm, C., Larsson, H., Viktorin, A., Bernhardsson, J., et al. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03325-3 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Pinakhina, D. V., Yermakovich, D., Vergasova, E., Kasyanov, E. D., Rukavishnikov, G. V., Rezapova, V., Kolosov, N., Sergushichev, A., Popov, I., Kovalenko, E. V., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2022.972196 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Distinct genetic liability profiles define clinically relevant patient strata across common diseases
Trastulla, L., Dolgalev, G. V., Moser, S., Jiménez-Barrón, L. T., Andlauer, T. F. M., von Scheidt, M., Ruderfer, D. M., Ripke, S., McQuillin, A., Stahl, E. A., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-49338-2 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Jiang, H., Zeng, Y., He, P., Zhu, X., Zhu, J., & Gao, Y. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.099 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Shin, M., Crouse, J. J., Lin, T., Byrne, E. M., Mitchell, B. L., Lind, P. A., Parker, R., McKenna, S., Tonini, E., Carpenter, J. S., et al. (2026) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.01.003 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Lifetime depression, sleep disruption and brain structure in the UK Biobank cohort
Lyall, L. M., Stolicyn, A., Lyall, D. M., Zhu, X., Sangha, N., Ward, J., Strawbridge, R. J., Cullen, B., & Smıth, D. J. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.12.069 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Mulc, D., Vukojević, J., Kalafatic, E., Cifrek, M., Vidović, D., & Jović, A. (2025) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s25020409 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Gao, Y. N., Coombes, B. J., Ryu, E., Pazdernik, V., Jenkins, G. D., Pendegraft, R. S., Biernacka, J. M., & Olfson, M. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291723001745 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Munk‐Olsen, T., Florio, A. D., Madsen, K. B., Albiñana, C., Mægbæk, M. L., Bergink, V., Frøkjær, V. G., Agerbo, E., Vilhjálmsson, B. J., Werge, T. M., et al. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02649-2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Nguyen, T.-D., Meijsen, J., Sigström, R., Kuja-Halkola, R., Xiong, Y., Harder, A., Kowalec, K., Pasman, J., Scarpa, C., Hörbeck, E., et al. (2025) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2025.105576 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationAlsalloum, G. A., Dalibalta, S., & Hadijat, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1654745 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Yao, S., Harder, A., Darki, F., Chang, Y.-W., Li, A., Nikouei, K., Volpe, G., Lundström, J. N., Zeng, J., Wray, N. R., et al. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.01.18.24301478 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationHan, S., Tian, Y. Q., Zheng, R., Tao, Q., Song, X., Guo, H., Wen, B., Liu, L., Liu, H., Xiao, J., et al. (2025) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-025-07703-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Tao, S., Deng, R., Wei, M., Huang, Y., Sun, H., Yang, S., Li, S., Xiao, C., & Li, M. (2025) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/5180077 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ma, S., Li, R., Gong, Q., Lv, H., Deng, Z., Wang, B., Yao, L., Kang, L., Xiang, D., Yang, J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00389 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Guo, Z., Chen, L., Tang, L.-R., Gao, Y., Qu, M., Wang, L., & Liu, C.-H. (2024) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2024.103717 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The genetics of severe depression
Franklin, C. E., Achtyes, E. D., Altinay, M. I., Bailey, K. J., Bhati, M. T., Carr, B. R., Conroy, S. K., Husain, M. M., Khurshid, K. A., Lencz, T., et al. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02731-1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Role of Genetic Data in Dissecting Depression Heterogeneity
Mitchell, B. L., Monistrol-Mula, A., Thomas, J. T., & Byrne, E. M. (2025) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.10.029 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ohseto, H., Takahashi, I., Narita, A., Obara, T., Ishikuro, M., Kobayashi, N., Kikuchi, S., Li, X., Noda, A., Murakami, K., et al. (2024) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/2024/6622666 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Mundy, J., Hall, A. S. M., Steinbach, J., Albiñana, C., Agerbo, E., Als, T., Thapar, A., Mcgrath, J. J., Vilhjálmsson, B., Nordentoft, M., et al. (2024) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291724002186 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Fang, K., Wen, B., Liu, L., Han, S., & Zhang, W. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291725000078 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Shanta, O., Klein, M., Sacks, M., MacDonald, J. R., Maihofer, A. X., Ahangari, M. M., Engchuan, W., Thiruvahindrapuram, B., Guevara, J., Hong, O., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.07.11.25331310 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The neurobiology of major depressive disorder: Updates and perspectives from proteomics
Spero, V., D'Amelio, S., Eligini, S., Molteni, R., Banfi, C., & Cattaneo, M. G. (2025) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2025.102855 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Pan, C., Cheng, S., Li, C., Zhang, H., Zhang, Z., Zhang, J., Yao, Y., Meng, P., Yang, X., et al. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-02042-5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Izquierdo, A., Dolz-del-Castellar, B., Miret, M., Olaya, B., Haro, J. M., Ayuso‐Mateos, J. L., & Lara, E. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.08.081 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Yang, T., Ou, Y., Li, H., Liu, F., Li, P., Xie, G., Zhao, J., Cui, X., & Guo, W. (2024) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.14871 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Jing, Y., Liu, Y., Zhou, Y., Li, M., Gao, Y. H., Zhang, B., & Li, J. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.165 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ibrahim, P., Mitsuhashi, H., Taylor, L., Cleyle, J., Mechawar, N., Nagy, C., & Turecki, G. (2025) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyaf012 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Oestrogen receptor genes and perinatal depression symptoms: systematic review
Zorzini, G., & Ehlert, U. (2025) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2025.39 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Nilsson, K. K., Nygaard, S., Ebsen, S., & Østergård, O. K. (2023) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2899 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Yang, H., Chen, Y., Tao, Q., Shi, W., Tian, Y. Q., Wei, Y., Li, S., Zhang, Y., Han, S., & Cheng, J. (2024) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111052 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Hu, C., Vasileiou, E. S., Salter, A. R., Marrie, R. A., Kowalec, K., & Fitzgerald, K. C. (2024) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2024.105866 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationGál, Z., Török, D., Gonda, X., Eszlári, N., Anderson, I. M., Deakin, J. F. W., Petschner, P., Juhász, G., & Bagdy, G. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252011332 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Liloia, D., Rocca, P., Brasso, C., Tanaka, M., Manuello, J., Crocetta, A., Duca, S., Costa, T., & Cauda, F. (2026) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291726103511 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Serretti, A., Fabbri, C., Fanelli, G., Baune, B. T., Minelli, A., Serretti, A., Dierssen, M., Maron, E., Potier, M.-C., Gennarelli, M., et al. (2025) · Neuroscience Applied · doi:10.1016/j.nsa.2025.105530 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Pharmacological profiling of major depressive disorder-related multimorbidity clusters
Nagy, T., Gonda, X., Gézsi, A., Eszlári, N., Hullám, G., González, R., Mäkinen, H., Paajanen, T. I., Török, D., Gál, Z., et al. (2025) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2025.05.007 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Min, S., Rhee, S. J., Song, Y., Ha, K., Ahn, Y. M., Kendler, K. S., Flint, J., & KOMOGEN‐D Group (2025) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.33056 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Haram, M., Jangmo, A., Jahołkowski, P., Pasman, J., Meijsen, J., Shorter, J., Corfield, E., Frei, O., Reichborn-Kjennerud, T., Buil, A., et al. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03243-2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, Y., Wang, D., Fang, J., Zu, S., Xiao, L., Zhu, X., Wang, G., & Hu, Y. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05915-9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Individualized gray matter morphological abnormalities uncover two robust transdiagnostic biotypes
Fang, K., Hou, Y., Niu, L., Han, S., & Zhang, W. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.102 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Han, S., Tian, Y. Q., Zheng, R., Wen, B., Liu, L., Liu, H., Wei, Y., Chen, H., Zhao, Z., Xia, M., et al. (2024) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291724002617 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Genetic structure of major depression symptoms across clinical and community cohortsPreprint
Adams, M. J., Thorp, J. G., Jermy, B. S., Kwong, A. S. F., Kõiv, K., Grotzinger, A. D., Nivard, M. G., Marshall, S., Milaneschi, Y., Baune, B. T., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.07.05.23292214 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Integrating brain imaging features and genomic profiles for the subtyping of major depression
Yin, L., Lin, Y., Qiu, J., Xiang, Y., Li, M., Xiao, X., Lui, S. S. Y., & So, H. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291725001096 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A phenomenologically grounded specification of varieties of adolescent depression
Guerrero, H. A. S., & Wessing, I. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1322328 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Torii, K., Ohi, K., Fujikane, D., Takai, K., Kuramitsu, A., Muto, Y., Sugiyama, S., & Shioiri, T. (2024) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111019 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Eszlári, N., Hullám, G., Gál, Z., Török, D., Nagy, T., Millinghoffer, A., Baksa, D., Gonda, X., Antal, P., Bagdy, G., et al. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-02867-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Distinct genetic liability profiles define clinically relevant patient strata across common diseasesPreprint
Trastulla, L., Moser, S., Jiménez-Barrón, L. T., Andlauer, T. F. M., von Scheidt, M., Budde, M., Heilbronner, U., Papiol, S., Teumer, A., Homuth, G., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.05.10.23289788 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Jimoh-Abdulghaffaar, H., Joel, I., Jimoh, O., Ganiyu, K. O., Alatiba, T. M., Ogunyomi, V. O., Adebayo, M. S., Awoliyi, V. T., Agaka, A. O., Oyedeji, A. B., et al. (2024) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-024-04348-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pinakhina, D. V., Kasyanov, E. D., Rukavishnikov, G. V., Larin, A. K., Veselovsky, V. A., Rakitko, A., Незнанов, Н. Г., Kibitov, A. O., Mazo, G., & Artomov, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1416009 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Depression Polygenicity and Disease Activity and Disability Worsening in Multiple Sclerosis
Manouchehrinia, A., Fitzgerald, K. C., Salter, A. R., Marrie, R. A., Alfredsson, L. S., Bernstein, C. N., Bolton, J. M., Cutter, G., Fisk, J. D., Graff, L. A., et al. (2025) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.70020 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationFeinstein, A., Bar‐Or, A., Benedict, R. H. B., Filippi, M., Freedman, D., Kever, A., Meza, C., & Rocca, M. A. (2025) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awaf319 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Genetic and Phenotypic Associations With Sustained Antidepressant Use in Major Depressive Disorder
Walker, A., Mitchell, B. L., Lin, T., Crouse, J. J., Albiñana, C., Yap, C. X., Lynall, M.-E., Lind, P. A., Cipriani, A., Byrne, E. M., et al. (2026) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2025.4372 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The many-to-many problem of endophenotypes in psychiatry - a biological perspective
Dukart, J., Lotter, L. D., Paquola, C., Eickhoff, S. B., & Schilbach, L. (2026) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-026-03473-y · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A genome-wide investigation of depression among individuals with and without irritability
St‐Pierre, J., Jang, J., Nagy, C., Fiori, L. M., Turecki, G., Dupuis, J., Bhatnagar, S., & Orri, M. (2026) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-026-03548-w · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Challenges in Identifying Individualized Brain Biomarkers of Late Life Depression
Hannon, K., & Bijsterbosch, J. D. (2023) · Advances in Geriatric Medicine and Research · doi:10.20900/agmr20230010 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cao, F., Zhengyang, G., Ma, X., Li, X., & Wang, Q. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34182 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Gao, Y. N., Coombes, B. J., Ryu, E., Pazdernik, V., Jenkins, G. D., Pendegraft, R. S., Biernacka, J. M., & Olfson, M. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.06.03.22275969 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Heritability and polygenic load for combined anxiety and depressionPreprint
Tabrizi, F. F., Rosén, J., Grönvall, H., William-Olsson, V. R., Arner, E., Magnusson, P. K. E., Palm, C., Larsson, H., Viktorin, A., Bernhardsson, J., et al. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.01.31.24302045 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Genetic factors predicting risk of mood disorders in adolescents
Gangaraju, S. H., Middeldorp, C. M., & Byrne, E. M. (2025) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000001044 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Narain, P., Šušić, M., Petković, A., Antonio-Saldi, G., Arnoux, M., Sultana, M., Belete, B. A., & Chaudhury, D. (2026) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-026-03843-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Can Psychiatric Genetics Advance Without Incorporating a Life Course Perspective?
Dennis, J. K., Thorpe, H. H., Choi, K. W., Courchesne‐Krak, N. S., Miller, A. P., Johnson, E. C., Makowski, C., Chen, C., Khokhar, J. Y., Doyle, A. E., et al. (2026) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.04.004 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
New Antidepressant Development in the Treatment of Depression
Spiti, A., Caldirola, D., & Perna, G. (2026) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-6872-7_23 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Westhoff, M. S., Toto, S., Bleich, S., Grohmann, R., & Seifert, J. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.122322 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Herrera-Rivero, M., Böhn, L., Witten, A., Jüngling, K., Kaiser, S., Richter, S. H., Stoll, M., & Sachser, N. (2022) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2022.1025389 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Association of estrogen receptor single nucleotide polymorphisms and perinatal depression
Björvang, R. D., Gumbo, L. F., Årdahl, A., Lager, S., Comasco, E., Fransson, E., & Skalkidou, A. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0334705 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Genetic risk effects on psychiatric disorders act in setsPreprint
Rietkerk, J., Krebs, M. D., Mefford, J., Huang, L., Hellberg, K.-L. G., Børglum, A. D., Werge, T. M., Kendler, K. S., Jonathan Flint, C., Schork, A. J., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.07.23.25332043 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Nguyen, T.-D., Harder, A., Xiong, Y., Kowalec, K., Hägg, S., Cai, N., Kuja-Halkola, R., Dalman, C., Sullivan, P. F., & Lu, Y.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Helmholtz Munich (DE)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lu, Yi
- ORCID
- Venue
- Molecular Psychiatry
- Published
- 2022-01-08
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1667-1675
- ISSN
- 1359-4184 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5578
- PMC
- PMC9106834
- OpenAlex
- W4206146668
- Cited by
- 129
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 15.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecular Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Site cant be reached (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
- University of Manitoba
- European Commission (HORIZON2020, 610307, 847776)
- Vetenskapsrådet (05973, U01-MH-109528, R01 MH077139, 2018-, 201805973, D0886501)
- Medical Research Council (MC_PC_17228)
- Uppsala Multidisciplinary Center for Advanced Computational Science
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH077139, U01MH109528, MH123724, R01MH123724, U01 MH109528 and R01 MH077139, MH077139, R01MH124871)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, genetic heterogeneity, depression subtypes, SNP heritability, genetic correlation, atypical depression, early-onset depression, recurrent depression, suicidality, postpartum depression, anxiety comorbidity, body mass index, mental illness
- MeSH terms
- Depression, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Genetic Heterogeneity, Genome-Wide Association Study, Suicidal Ideation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
