The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 40 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 9 of the 17 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth.
Open accessAbstract
To assess whether time spent using social media per day is prospectively associated with internalizing and externalizing problems among adolescents.
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Claims the paper makes
15 Own result · 9 Own method · 5 Own interpretation · 3 Supported · 3 Partly supported · 3 No full text of the sources · 1 Supported so far · 1 Sources not found · 1 Not checked yet · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In unadjusted analyses, spending more than 30 minutes of time on social media, compared with no use, was associated with increased risk of internalizing problems alone (Յ30 minutes: relative risk ratio [RRR], 1.30; 95% CI, 0.94-1.78;>30 minutes to Յ3 hours: RRR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.36-2.64;>3 to Յ6 hours: RRR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.74-3.49;>6 hours: RRR, 2.83; 95% CI, 1.88-4.26)”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We observed no statistically significant interaction between social media use and sex for internalizing (F 4,96 = 0.84, P = .50),externalizing (F 4,96 = 0.32, P = .86),or comorbid problems (F 4,96 = 0.73, P = .57).”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > Association Between Social Media Use and Mental Health Problems
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We observed a significant linear trend in the coefficients for both internalizing (F 1,99 = 8.86, P = .004)”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > Association Between Social Media Use and Mental Health Problems
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and comorbid internalizing and externalizing problems (>3 to Յ6 hours: RRR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.51-2.66;>6 hours: RRR, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.73-3.43)”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, we observed no association for externalizing problems (F 1,99 = 2.25, P = .14).”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > Association Between Social Media Use and Mental Health Problems
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but not externalizing problems alone.”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared with adolescents who did not use social media, the use of social media for more than 30 minutes per day was associated with greater risk of internalizing problems alone (≤30 RRR, 1.37; 95% CI, 0.98-1.92;>3 to ≤6 hours: RRR, 1.22; 95% CI, 0.86-1.72;>6 hours: RRR, 1.40; 95% CI, 0.90-2.19)(Table 2).”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > Association Between Social Media Use and Mental Health Problems
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the basis of our adjusted model assuming no confounding, 0.8% to 18.9% of internalizing problems and 0.8% to 15.3% of externalizing problems could be prevented if participants had instead used less social media.”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > Association Between Social Media Use and Mental Health Problems
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: A causal effect of social media use on mental health problems.
- The authors state this as an assumption: No confounding in the PAF analysis.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and comorbid internalizing and externalizing problems (Յ30 minutes: RRR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.06-1.82;>30 minutes to Յ3 hours: RRR, 2.34; 95% CI, 1.83-3.00;>3 to Յ6 hours: RRR, 3.15; 95% CI, 2.43-4.09;>6 hours: RRR, 4.29; 95% CI, 3.22-5.73)”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“associations with externalizing problems were inconsistent.”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 13
- Probably not a substantial claim. 19
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“A limitation of our study is that we measured overall time spent on social media; prior studies [30][31][32] have found that social media use may be positively or negatively associated with mental health depending on which platforms are used and how.”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [30] 30. Seabrook EM, Kern ML, Rickard NS. Social networking sites, depression, and anxiety: a systematic review. JMIR Ment Health. 2016;3(4): e50. doi:10.2196/mental.5842 source
The citation supports the prior-research point, not the citing authors’ description of their own measurement limitation. In Results (page unavailable), the review reports that total time spent on social networking sites had mixed associations with depression and anxiety, while findings about Facebook and Instagram varied with patterns of use and social comparison. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites [31] 31. Baker DA, Algorta GP. The relationship between online social networking and depression: a systematic review of quantitative studies. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2016;19(11):638-648. doi:10.1089/cyber.2016.0206 source
The citing authors describe their own measurement limitation; they cite this review for the point that associations with mental health can vary by platform and manner of use. The review says the nature of use may matter more than duration (p. 9), describes potentially detrimental and beneficial associations, and cautions against generalizing across platforms (p. 14). (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] 32. Ilakkuvan V, Johnson A, Villanti AC, Evans WD, Turner M. Patterns of social media use and their relationship to health risks among young adults. J Adolesc Health. 2019;64(2):158-164. doi:10.1016/j. jadohealth.2018.06.025 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Numerous cross-sectional studies and a limited number of longitudinal studies suggest that high levels of social media use are associated with internalizing problems, including depressive and anxiety symptoms, [3][4][5][6] although results are not entirely consistent.7”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > F
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [3] 3. Zink J, Belcher BR, Kechter A, Stone MD, Leventhal AM. Reciprocal associations between screen time and emotional disorder symptoms during adolescence. Prev Med Rep. 2019;13:281-288. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.01.014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Partly supportedcites [4] 4. McCrae N, Gettings S, Purssell E. Social media and depressive symptoms in childhood and adolescence: a systematic review. Adoles Res Rev. 2017;2(4):315-330. doi:10.1007/s40894-017-0053- 4 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The review reports an association between social media use and depressive symptoms, drawing on predominantly cross-sectional studies and some short longitudinal studies (p. 1); its cross-sectional and longitudinal results also vary (pp. 7–8). It does not establish a general association between high levels of social media use and anxiety symptoms: the anxiety finding on p. 8 concerns participants with poorer friendships who used the internet for purposes other than communication. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Primack BA, Swanier B, Georgiopoulos AM, Land SR, Fine MJ. Association between media use in adolescence and depression in young adulthood: a longitudinal study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66 (2):181-188. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.532 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“We used data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study, which is a nationally representative, longitudinal cohort of adolescents.15”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > F
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [15] 15. Hyland A, Ambrose BK, Conway KP, et al. Design and methods of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study. Tob Control. 2017;26(4):371-378. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016- 052934 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The PATH Study Design Features section describes PATH as a national longitudinal cohort with a nationally representative sample that includes 13,651 youths aged 12–17. The claim captures its adolescent participants but describes the study as a cohort of adolescents, omitting the 32,320 adults who were also in the cohort. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Furthermore, a previous study 4 produced mixed results regarding the possible moderating effect of sex.”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > F
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [4] 4. McCrae N, Gettings S, Purssell E. Social media and depressive symptoms in childhood and adolescence: a systematic review. Adoles Res Rev. 2017;2(4):315-330. doi:10.1007/s40894-017-0053- 4 source
The Gender section (p. 8) reports mixed findings on whether the relationship between social media use and depressive symptoms differs by sex: several studies found differences, others found none, and two found girls less likely than boys to show depressive symptoms. (LLM, conf=0.91)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Some researchers have raised concerns that studies on technology use and well-being are limited by publication bias.36 We believe that this is a legitimate concern given that many studies on this topic, including the present study, are secondary analyses of data not collected for the purpose of studying social media.36”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [36] 36. Orben A, Przybylski AK. The association between adolescent well-being and digital technology use. Nat Hum Behav. 2019;3(2):173-182. doi:10.1038/s41562-018-0506-1 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper describes secondary analyses of large-scale social datasets and warns that researchers can selectively report analytical paths (p. 3); it also says small effects are easily publishable (p. 4). These passages support a concern about biased reporting, but the paper does not specifically identify publication bias across studies as the limitation. (LLM, conf=0.79)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“To ensure that we did not improperly adjust for mediating variables, 22 we used covariates measured at wave 1 instead of wave 2.”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > Exposure (Wave 2)
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [22] 22. Schisterman EF, Cole SR, Platt RW. Overadjustment bias and unnecessary adjustment in epidemiologic studies. Epidemiology. 2009;20 (4):488-495. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181a819a1 source
The Conclusion states that controlling for an intermediate variable on the exposure-to-outcome path can introduce overadjustment bias and advises against controlling for factors affected by exposure. The choice to use wave 1 rather than wave 2 covariates is the citing authors’ own method, not a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“many studies on this topic, including the present study, are secondary analyses of data not collected for the purpose of studying social media.36”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [36] 36. Orben A, Przybylski AK. The association between adolescent well-being and digital technology use. Nat Hum Behav. 2019;3(2):173-182. doi:10.1038/s41562-018-0506-1 source
The introduction (p. 2) says household panel surveys and large-scale social datasets added digital-technology measures to surveys already assessing well-being, and that studies analysed those datasets. The authors also describe their own analysis of three existing large-scale datasets (p. 4). This supports the point about secondary analyses of data not originally collected to study social media; the citing authors’ reference to their own study is not a claim this source must establish. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During wave 3, of the sample of 6595 adolescents, 611 (9.1%) reported internalizing problems alone, 885 (14.0%) reported externalizing problems alone, 1169 (17.7%) reported comorbid internalizing and externalizing problems, and the remaining 3930 (59.3%) reported no or low problems.”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > Sample Characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During wave 2, a total of 1125 adolescents (16.8%) reported no social media use, 2082 (31.8%) reported 30 minutes or less, 2000 (30.7%) reported more than 30 minutes to 3 hours or more, 817 (12.3%) reported more than 3 hours to 6 hours or less, and 571 (8.4%) reported more than 6 hours of use per day.”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > Sample Characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and comorbid problems (F 1,99 = 35.16,P < .001)”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > Association Between Social Media Use and Mental Health Problems
plaincorrelational- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper may give no reason why it holds. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, the PAFs obtained in our study suggest that if adolescents using social media for more than 30 minutes per day had instead used it for 30 minutes or less, there would have been 9.4% fewer high internalizing problem cases and 7.3% fewer high externalizing problem cases.”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: A causal effect of social media use on mental health problems.
- The authors state this as an assumption: No confounding in the PAF analysis.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In adjusted analyses, use of social media for more than 3 hours per day compared with no use remained significantly associated with internalizing problems alone (>3 to Յ6 hours: RRR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.11-2.31;>6 hours: RRR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.15-2.77)”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: unclear — It is unclear whether the authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sixth, it remains possible that mental health problems are prospectively associated with social media use, but we could not examine this in the present study because of data limitations.”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > Limitations
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data for analyses were weighted to be representative of 12to 15-year-old adolescents living in the United States in 2013 to 2014.”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, adolescents self-reported the exposure and outcome, which may inflate the observed associations.”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fourth, social media use continues to change rapidly over time; although our data were collected relatively recently, they may not reflect current trends.”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > Limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Unlike a prior study, 16 we adjusted for mental health problems measured before the exposure, which is critical for reducing the influence of reverse causality.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
“This association remained significant after adjusting for demographics, past alcohol and marijuana use, and, most importantly, a history of mental health problems, which mitigates the possibility that reverse causality explains these findings.”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > F
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] 16. VanderWeele TJ, Jackson JW, Li S. Causal inference and longitudinal data: a case study of religion and mental health. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2016;51(11):1457-1466. doi:10.1007/ s00127-016-1281-9 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An increasing body of literature suggests that social media use is associated with mental health problems in adolescence.”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > F
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of these, 1000 adolescents (13.2%) were excluded because they were missing data on at least 1 variable required for this analysis; the remaining 6595 adolescents comprised the analytic sample (eFigure in the Supplement).”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fifth, although our study design mitigates the possibility of reverse causality, some residual confounding from imprecise measurement of prior mental health problems may have been present.”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > Limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, the validity of self-reported time spent on social media in the PATH study is unknown.”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results of analyses using multiple imputation methods did not differ appreciably from the main analyses (eTable 2 in the Supplement).”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > Association Between Social Media Use and Mental Health Problems
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seventh, it is possible that the observed associations were an artifact of unmeasured confounding.”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > Limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The weighted response rate for adolescents during wave 1 was 78.4%, and the weighted retention rate during wave 3 was 83.3%.17”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > Participants
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Food and Drug Administration Center for Tobacco Products. Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study. Ann Arbor, MI: PATH; 2017.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, we measured mental health problems with a self-report questionnaire rather than a diagnostic interview.”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The GAIN-SS is a screening measure intended to identify a probable mental health disorder and assess symptom severity; it has been validated in adolescents 19”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] 19. McDonell MG, Comtois KA, Voss WD, Morgan AH, Ries RK. Global Appraisal of Individual Needs Short Screener (GSS): psychometric properties and performance as a screening measure in adolescents. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2009;35(3): 157-160. doi:10.1080/00952990902825421 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
A causal effect of social media use on mental health problems.
“assuming a causal effect of social media use and no confounding-both strong assumptions.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
No confounding in the PAF analysis.
“On the basis of our adjusted model assuming no confounding”
“assuming a causal effect of social media use and no confounding-both strong assumptions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Evidence of the association between social media use and mental health problems in nationally representative samples is scarce, and little is known about whether reducing time spent on social media might influence the prevalence of mental health problems at a national level.
“However, evidence of this association in nationally representative samples is scarce, and little is known about whether reducing time spent on social media might influence the prevalence of mental health problems at a national level.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“For instance, results from studies with shorter follow-up periods and younger samples [17,18] suggest that the impact of social media on mental health may have a stronger influence earlier in adolescence, potentially decreasing as individuals grow older.”
From Long-Term Consequences of Time Spent on Social Media in Adolescence on Mental Health in Young Adulthood: A Cohort Study From Sweden. (2026) · cites this paper as [18]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Among a cohort of 6,595 U.S. adolescents, Riehm et al. (2019) found that although social media use is associated with increased risk of comorbid internalizing and externalizing problems, it shares no association with externalizing symptoms alone.”
From Screen Media Overuse and Associated Physical, Cognitive, and Emotional/Behavioral Outcomes in Children and Adolescents: An Integrative Review (2022) · cites this paper as Riehm et al., 2019
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, other studies have reported prospective associations between social media use and mental health problems [17–19].”
From Long-Term Consequences of Time Spent on Social Media in Adolescence on Mental Health in Young Adulthood: A Cohort Study From Sweden. (2026) · cites this paper as [18]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Research also suggests that adolescents who spend excessive time on social media (more than three hours per day) are significantly more likely to experience mental health issues, particularly increased symptoms of anxiety and depression [4].”
From The Impact of Social Media & Technology on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Research has shown that safe storage practices (eg, keeping guns in a safe or a lockbox) are associated with fewer firearm suicide attempts among adolescents at risk for suicide.25”
From Trends in the Incidence and Lethality of Suicidal Acts in the United States, 2006 to 2015 (2020) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Riehm et al prospectively noted that adolescent social media use is associated with increased risk of comorbid internalizing and externalizing problems, internalizing problems alone but not externalizing problems alone.36”
From Association of Physical Activity, Sports, and Screen Time With Adolescent Behaviors in Youth Who Visit the Pediatric Emergency Department (2022) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“In unadjusted models, the authors found that those using social media for more than 30 min per day were more likely to experience internalising problems compared to those not using social media.”
From The relationship between screen time and mental health in young people: A systematic review of longitudinal studies (2021) · cites this paper as Riehm et al., 2019
In the citing paper
“After adjusting for sex, age, race, parental education level, BMI, self-reported lifetime marijuana use and alcohol use, and lifetime internalising and externalising problems, social media use for over three hours per day was positively associated with internalising problems.”
From The relationship between screen time and mental health in young people: A systematic review of longitudinal studies (2021) · cites this paper as Riehm et al., 2019
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > Association Between Social Media Use and Mental Health Problems
“Compared with adolescents who did not use social media, the use of social media for more than 30 minutes per day was associated with greater risk of internalizing problems alone (≤30 RRR, 1.37; 95% CI, 0.98-1.92;>3 to ≤6 hours: RRR, 1.22; 95% CI, 0.86-1.72;>6 hours: RRR, 1.40; 95% CI, 0.90-2.19)(Table 2).”
§ Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth > Conclusions
“| >3 to ≤6 h | 2.47 (1.74-3.49) | 1.60 (1.11-2.31) | 1.36 (0.97-1.90) | 1.22 (0.86-1.72) | 3.15 (2.43-4.09) | 2.01 (1.51-2.66) | | >6 h | 2.83 (1.88-4.26) | 1.78 (1.15-2.77) | 1.59 (1.07-2.37) | 1.40 (0.90-2.19) | 4.29 (3.22-5.73) | 2.44 (1.73-3.43) |”
Citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sohn, S. Y., Rees, P., Wildridge, B., Kalk, N. J., & Carter, B. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2350-x · Cited by 838
“Explicitly the debate in the literature has concerned the relationship between amount of screen time, or amount of smartphone use, in CYP and clinically defined, mental health outcomes, with some studies reporting no association and others exhibiting a clear association [9, 10].”
BackgroundKecojević, A., Basch, C. H., Sullivan, M., & Davi, N. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239696 · Cited by 633
“This is consistent with previous studies which have found that increased time spent using social media per day was associated with increased odds of reporting high levels of anxiety [47].”
ResultTwenge, J. M., & Martin, G. N. (2020) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.12.018 · Cited by 582
Trends in anxiety among adults in the United States, 2008–2018: rapid increases among young adults
Goodwin, R. D., Weinberger, A. H., Kim, J. H., Wu, M., & Galea, S. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.08.014 · Cited by 426
A meta-analysis of the association between adolescent social media use and depressive symptoms
Ivie, E. J., Pettitt, A., Moses, L. J., & Allen, N. B. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.014 · Cited by 358
Boer, M., Stevens, G. W. J. M., Finkenauer, C., de Looze, M. E., & van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106645 · Cited by 335
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Not all screen time is created equal: associations with mental health vary by activity and gender
Twenge, J. M., & Farley, E. (2021) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-020-01906-9 · Cited by 252
“, social media) without comparing different types of screen media activity to each other [27, 43, 45, 47, 50].”
BackgroundThe Impact of Social Media on the Mental Health of Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review
Khalaf, A. M., Alubied, A. A., Khalaf, A. M., & Rifaey, A. A. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.42990 · Cited by 252
“Higher levels of social media usage were connected with worse mental health outcomes [19], and higher levels of social media use were associated with an increased risk of internalizing and externalizing difficulties among adolescents, especially females [20].”
BackgroundBeyond Screen Time: Identity Development in the Digital Age
Granic, I., Morita, H., & Scholten, H. (2020) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2020.1820214 · Cited by 237
“…outcomes over time (Babic et al., 2017; Boers, Afzali, Newton, & Conrod, 2019; Booker, Kelly, & Sacker, 2018; Kim, 2017; Prescott et al., 2018; Riehm et al., 2019; Viner et al., 2019), whereas other studies show little or no effect (Coyne, Rogers, Zurcher, Stockdale, & Booth, 2020; Ferguson,…”
Suicide and Suicide Risk in Adolescents
Hua, L. L., Lee, J., Rahmandar, M. H., Sigel, E. J., COMMITTEE ON ADOLESCENCE, & COUNCIL ON INJURY, V. (2024) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2023-064800 · Cited by 205
Exposure to Social Media Racial Discrimination and Mental Health among Adolescents of Color
Tao, X., & Fisher, C. B. (2021) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-021-01514-z · Cited by 167
“Most social media studies have included majority non-Hispanic white youth and found that social media use frequency is positively associated with mental health problems (Riehm et al., 2019).”
BackgroundRiehm, K. E., Holingue, C., Kalb, L. G., Bennett, D., Kapteyn, A., Jiang, Q., Veldhuis, C. B., Johnson, R. M., Fallin, M. D., Kreuter, F., et al. (2020) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2020.06.008 · Cited by 150
Self-citationLiu, J., Riesch, S., Tien, J., Lipman, T., Pinto-Martin, J., & O'Sullivan, A. (2022) · Journal of Pediatric Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2021.06.003 · Cited by 123
Health Risks of Mobile Phone Addiction Among College Students in China
Mei, S., Hu, Y., Xiao-gang, W., Cao, R., Kong, Y., Zhang, L., Lin, X., liu, Q., Hu, Y., & Li, L. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-021-00744-3 · Cited by 124
“In addition, increased duration of smartphone usage in adolescents was related to physical and psychological health problems, such as the development of depressive symptoms (Riehm et al., 2019), decreased general happiness, physical symptoms, and poor sleep quality (Buxton et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSocial Media Use and Depressive Symptoms Among United States Adolescents
Kreski, N., Platt, J., Rutherford, C., Olfson, M., Odgers, C., Schulenberg, J., & Keyes, K. M. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.07.006 · Cited by 97
“Several nationally-representative [16,17] studies and other large samples [18,19] have documented a small association between amount of digital technology use, including social media, and depressive symptoms.”
BackgroundA Systematic Review of Social Media Use and Adolescent Identity Development
Avci, H., Baams, L., & Kretschmer, T. (2025) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-024-00251-1 · Cited by 104
“Time spent on social media has been linked to depression (Brunborg & Burdzovic Andreas, 2019 ), lower well-being (Huang, 2017 ), and a range of behavioral and emotional problems (Riehm et al., 2019 ).”
Longitudinal association between social media use and psychological distress among adolescents
Thorisdottir, I. E., Sigurvinsdottir, R., Kristjansson, A. L., Allegrante, J. P., Lilly, C. L., & Sigfusdottir, I. D. (2020) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106270 · Cited by 90
“Consistent with some previous work (Boers et al., 2019; Riehm et al., 2019; Vannucci and McCauley Ohannessian, 2019), we found a relationship between time spent on social media and symptoms of psychological distress, although in our study this relationship was negligible.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBeeres, D. T., Andersson, F., Vossen, H. G. M., & Galanti, M. R. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.07.042 · Cited by 102
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“have shown girls to have lower well-being as indicated by, for example, depressive symptoms [6, 37, 45], anxiety [6, 45] and internalizing problems [16].”
BackgroundResultTrends in the Incidence and Lethality of Suicidal Acts in the United States, 2006 to 2015
Wang, J., Sumner, S. A., Simon, T. R., Crosby, A. E., Annor, F. B., Gaylor, E., Xu, L., & Holland, K. M. (2020) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0596 · Cited by 78
Reviewing the Impact of Social Media on the Mental Health of Adolescents and Young Adults
Gupta, C., Jogdand, S., & Kumar, M. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.30143 · Cited by 144
“A rising body of research tries to provide more in-depth understanding of the factors that influence adolescent development [15].”
BackgroundSocial media use in adolescents with and without mental health conditions
Fassi, L., Ferguson, A. M., Przybylski, A. K., Ford, T. J., & Orben, A. C. (2025) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-025-02134-4 · Cited by 116
Hilty, D. M., Stubbe, D. E., McKean, A. J. S., Hoffman, P. E., Zalpuri, I., Myint, M. T., Joshi, S. V., Pakyürek, M., & Li, S. T. (2023) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2023.523 · Cited by 94
“…or active engagement, are associated with better mood and psychological well-being, whereas longer periods of social media use predict depression (and often anxiety) or poorer psychological function 22,25,27,28,31,35,48,59,65,87 (particularly browsing 30,89 ), partly because of sleep disruptions.”
BackgroundMougharbel, F., & Goldfield, G. S. (2020) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-020-00401-1 · Cited by 67
Mental Health, Smartphone Use Type, and Screen Time Among Adolescents in South Korea
Woo, K. S., Bong, S. H., Choi, T. Y., & Kim, J. W. (2021) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s324235 · Cited by 66
Dekkers, T. J., & van Hoorn, J. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12121625 · Cited by 89
“We discuss recent longitudinal studies and meta-analyses, which allow for the most robust conclusions about individual differences and changes over time [25], complemented by empirical work that differentiates between the intensity of social media use, which is not necessarily related to impairment [26], but see [27],…”
BackgroundMougharbel, F., Chaput, J., Sampasa‐Kanyinga, H., Hamilton, H. A., Colman, I., Leatherdale, S. T., & Goldfield, G. S. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1190390 · Cited by 77
“For example, some studies reported sex differences in the association between social media use and mental health or performed stratified analyses by sex without statistically examining whether sex moderated the association (35–39), and in the few that considered the moderating role of sex on the relationship (13, 40,…”
ResultDahlgren, C. L., Sundgot‐Borgen, J., Kvalem, I. L., Wennersberg, A. L., & Wisting, L. (2024) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-024-00992-3 · Cited by 89
“In fact (pre)adolescents have been found to be particularly vulnerable for adverse outcomes of SM usage, with research showing associations between time spent on SM and the risk of developing mental health problems [55].”
BackgroundSharp, H., Hudson, S. M., Weatherby-Fell, N., Charteris, J., Brown, B., Lodge, J. M., McKay‐Brown, L., Sempowicz, T., Buchanan, R., Imig, S. R., et al. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009571234 · Cited by 55
Hasking, P. A., Lewis, S. P., Bloom, E. L., Brausch, A. M., Kaess, M., & Robinson, K. (2020) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/0143034320974414 · Cited by 59
“Nonetheless, similar to data outside the COVID-19 pandemic (e.g., Riehm et al., 2019), extensive social media use among adults has been shown to be related to increased anxiety and depression among individuals during COVID-19 lock downs (Gao et al., 2020).”
ResultRutter, L. A., Thompson, H. M., Howard, J., Riley, T. N., De Jesús-Romero, R., & Lorenzo-Luaces, L. (2021) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/26134 · Cited by 51
“Of the 7 studies and meta-analyses that addressed the relationship between symptoms of internalizing disorders (anxiety, depression, and loneliness or fear of missing out) and social media use, 6 studies found positive correlations [13-17,23] and 1 study did not find a relationship [24].”
BackgroundAteq, K., Alhajji, M., & Alhusseini, N. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1324092 · Cited by 49
Shiraly, R., Roshanfekr, A., Asadollahi, A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2024) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-024-05988-w · Cited by 74
“For example, a large cohort study reported that US adolescents who spent more than three hours per day on social media were particularly at risk of developing internalizing problems [10].”
BackgroundScreen media activity in youth: A critical review of mental health and neuroscience findings
Paulus, M. P., Zhao, Y., Potenza, M. N., Aupperle, R. L., Bagot, K. S., & Tapert, S. F. (2023) · Journal of Mood and Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.xjmad.2023.100018 · Cited by 44
The Impact of Social Media & Technology on Child and Adolescent Mental Health
Masri-zada, T., Martirosyan, S., Abdou, A., Barbar, R., Kades, S., Makki, H., Haley, G., & K Agrawal, D. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Disorders · doi:10.26502/jppd.2572-519x0242 · Cited by 45
Increased Screen Time for Children and Youth During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Toombs, E., Mushquash, C. J., Mah, L., Short, K., Young, N. L., Cheng, C., Zhu, L., Strudwick, G., Birken, C. S., Hopkins, J. P., et al. (2022) · doi:10.47326/ocsat.2022.03.59.1.0 · Cited by 41
Social networking and symptoms of depression and anxiety in early adolescence
Mundy, L. K., Canterford, L. D., Moreno‐Betancur, M., Hoq, M., Sawyer, S. M., Allen, N. B., & Patton, G. C. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23117 · Cited by 40
“Our results are consistent with other studies showing a link between social networking and mental health problems (Lin et al., 2016; Riehm et al., 2019), although other studies have reported no relationship (Coyne et al., 2020; Jensen et al., 2019) and some have found users experience decreased…”
ResultMcAllister, C., Hisler, G. C., Blake, A. B., Twenge, J. M., Farley, E., & Hamilton, J. L. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-021-00832-x · Cited by 38
Tibber, M., Zhao, J., & Butler, S. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106371 · Cited by 33
Non-Substance Addiction in Childhood and Adolescence: The Internet, Computer Games and Social Media
Geisel, O., Lipinski, A., & Kaess, M. (2020) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt international · doi:10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0002 · Cited by 38
Zhu, X., GRIFFITHS, H. M., Xiao, Z., Ribeaud, D., Eisner, M., Yang, Y., & Murray, A. L. (2023) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-023-01782-x · Cited by 48
“These are consistent with some previous findings, for example, suggesting that spending more time on social media may lead to a particularly high risk of internalizing problems (Riehm et al., 2019).”
ResultGansner, M., Nisenson, M., Carson, N. J., & Torous, J. B. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113428 · Cited by 36
Digital Media and Developing Brains: Concerns and Opportunities
Hutton, J., Piotrowski, J. T., Bagot, K. S., Blumberg, F. C., Canli, T., Chein, J. M., Christakis, D., Grafman, J. H., Griffin, J. A., Hummer, T. A., et al. (2024) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-024-00545-3 · Cited by 38
“A longitudinal study of 6595 adolescents found that spending more than 3 h/day on social media was associated with an increased risk for mental health problems, particularly depression [63], consistent with a recent US Surgeon’s General report [64].”
Peer Connectedness and Social Technology Use During COVID-19 Lockdown
James, K. M., Silk, J. S., Scott, L. N., Hutchinson, E., Wang, S., Sequeira, S. L., Lu, C., Oppenheimer, C. W., & Ladouceur, C. D. (2023) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-023-01040-5 · Cited by 42
“…2018; Lee et al., 2020; Nesi & Prinstein, 2015; Riehm et al., 2019) and may have negative effects on emotional health (Alonzo et al., 2021; Cauberghe et al., 2021; Riehm et al., 2019; Rutter et al., 2021; Tao & Fisher, 2022), particularly for girls(McAllister et al., 2021; Nishida et al., 2019).”
BackgroundInfluentialRiboldi, I., Capogrosso, C. A., Piacenti, S., Calabrese, A., Paioni, S. L., Bartoli, F., Crocamo, C., Carrà, G., Armes, J., & Taylor, C. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20054071 · Cited by 41
Rudolf, K., Soffner, M., Bickmann, P., Froböse, I., Tholl, C., Wechsler, K., & Grieben, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2022.665604 · Cited by 40
“However, the risk for mental health problems is especially increased by a use of social media for more than 3 h per day (Riehm et al., 2019), which none of the player groups reached on average.”
BackgroundImpact of Racial Discrimination on the Mental Health of Minoritized Youth
Njoroge, W., Forkpa, M., & Bath, E. P. J. (2021) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-021-01297-x · Cited by 39
Problematic social media use and psychological symptoms in adolescents
Mojtabai, R. (2024) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-024-02657-7 · Cited by 36
“This explanation is consistent with the results of past research suggesting that social media use is a risk factor for increased prevalence of psychological symptoms [6–16].”
Self-citationRouleau, R. D., Beauregard, C., & Beaudry, V. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01141-2 · Cited by 46
“Social media use has been associated with various psychiatric conditions, such as depression [8], poor sleep quality [9, 10], social anxiety [11], internalizing problems [12] and suicidal behaviours [13, 14].”
BackgroundExamining the interlink of social media use, purchase behavior, and mental health
Hassan, H., Hsbollah, H. M., & Mohamad, R. (2022) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2021.11.076 · Cited by 32
Brand, C., Fochesatto, C. F., Gaya, A. R., Schuch, F. B., & López‐Gil, J. F. (2024) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-024-00805-0 · Cited by 55
“Previous literature has shown that excessive social network use (more than 3 h a day) is linked to psychosocial distress and internalizing problems among adolescents [8, 38].”
BackgroundHoare, E., Werneck, A. O., Stubbs, B., Firth, J., Collins, S., Corder, K., & van Sluijs, E. M. F. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.11381 · Cited by 30
The effect of social media use on mental health of college students during the pandemic
Fruehwirth, J. C., Weng, A. X., & Perreira, K. M. (2024) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.4871 · Cited by 40
Smartphone Addiction and Anxiety in Adolescents – A Cross-sectional Study
Kim, K., Yee, J., Chung, J. E., Kim, H. J., Han, J. M., Kim, J. H., Lee, K. E., & Gwak, H. S. (2021) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.45.5.9 · Cited by 37
Jenkins, R. H., Shen, C., Dumontheil, I., Thomas, M. S. C., Elliott, P., Röösli, M., & Toledano, M. B. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106320 · Cited by 30
“In US adolescents aged 12 - 15, high SNS use associated with increased odds of mental health problems, even after adjusting for history of mental health problems (Riehm et al., 2019).”
Tao, X., & Fisher, C. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/46604 · Cited by 29
“Longer time spent on social media has been associated with greater mental health risk among general adolescent populations [11], specifically adolescents from racial and ethnic minoritized groups [12].”
Sansakorn, P., Mushtaque, I., Awais‐E‐Yazdan, M., & Dost, M. K. B. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21091168 · Cited by 50
“The word “cyberchondria”, a combination of “cyber” and “hypochondria”, describes a disorder in which a person’s health-related worry levels are raised by an obsessive obsession with searching out medical information online [1].”
BackgroundInfluentialPhubbing and its impact on the individual's psychological well-being
Garrido, E. C., Delgado, S. C., & Esteban, P. G. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104388 · Cited by 43
Social networks as tools for the prevention and promotion of health among youth
del Castillo, J. A. G., del Castillo‐López, Á. G., Dias, P. C., & García-Castillo, F. (2020) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1186/s41155-020-00150-z · Cited by 37
“…(2015); Brezing, Derevensky, & Potenza, (2010); García del Castillo et al., (2014a); Kuss & Griffiths, (2017); Young, (2010) or their potential to facilitate other mental health problems (Andreassen et al., (2016); Keles, McCrae, & Grealish, (2020); Pantic, (2014); Riehm et al., (2019).”
BackgroundRisk factors for depression in Pacific adolescents in New Zealand: A network analysis
Gossage, L., Narayanan, A., Dipnall, J. F., Iusitini, L., Sumich, A. L., Berk, M., Wrapson, W., Tautolo, E., & Siegert, R. J. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.076 · Cited by 27
Zewude, G. T., Natnael, T., Woreta, G. T., & Bezie, A. E. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22010057 · Cited by 41
“According to long-term cohort research conducted in the US, adolescents who spent time on social media had an increased chance of suffering negative mental health outcomes [22] and social media usage restrictions have improved mental their health [23].”
Concurrent Use of Tobacco and Cannabis and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems in US Youths
Vuong, V., Ling, P. M., Chaffee, B. W., & Nguyen, N. T. H. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.19976 · Cited by 29
Shen, X., Zhou, X., Liao, H., McDonnell, D., & Wang, J. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.01.025 · Cited by 31
A nationwide study on time spent on social media and self-harm among adolescents
Tørmoen, A. J., Myhre, M. Ø., Kildahl, A. T., Walby, F. A., & Rossow, I. M. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-46370-y · Cited by 31
“In a study on the associations between the time spent using social media and mental health problems, it was found that adolescents who spent more than 3 h per day using social media were at heightened risk 23 .”
BackgroundRozgonjuk, D., Blinka, L., Löchner, N., Faltýnková, A., Husárová, D., & Montag, C. (2023) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-023-00620-z · Cited by 30
“, various emotional difficulties) could be risk factors for various forms of problematic online behavior [34, 36, 49], whereas resilience is a protective factor in these cases [55, 56].”
BackgroundThe Effects of Social Media Consumption on Adolescent Psychological Well-Being
Fumagalli, E., Shrum, L. J., & Lowrey, T. M. (2023) · Journal of the Association for Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/728739 · Cited by 24
“For example, a 3-year study of US adolescents found between-person effects of social media usage on internalizing and externalizing problems (Riehm et al. 2019; within-person effects were not reported).”
BackgroundHuang, S., Lai, X., Li, Y., Cui, Y., & Wang, Y. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10050770 · Cited by 27
“Several recent longitudinal studies have shown that screen time [8], the frequency of Facebook use [9], social media use time [10], and internet use time [11] negatively predicted adolescents’ future well being.”
BackgroundUse of social media and online dating among individuals with a history of affective disorder
Rydahl, K. F. K., Brund, R. B. K., Medici, C. R., Hansen, V., Straarup, K. N., Straszek, S. P. V., & Østergaard, S. D. (2020) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1017/neu.2020.36 · Cited by 24
Moroney, E., Lee, S. S., Ebbert, A. M., & Luthar, S. S. (2022) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13591045221108834 · Cited by 26
“These patterns are evident cross-sectionally and prospectively (Boers et al., 2019; Riehm et al., 2019) and represent internalizing and externalizing domains.”
BackgroundChoi, J. (2022) · Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2022-1-2 · Cited by 19
“Although some longitudinal studies support the relationship between SNS use and well-being indicators (Mundy et al., 2021; Riehm et al., 2019), some are not (Aalbers et al.”
ResultProbing the digital exposome: associations of social media use patterns with youth mental health
Pagliaccio, D., Tran, K. T., Visoki, E., DiDomenico, G. E., Auerbach, R. P., & Barzilay, R. (2024) · NPP—Digital Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s44277-024-00006-9 · Cited by 23
“Meta-analyses and large survey studies also suggest small associations between greater child and adolescent use of social media and worse depressive, internalizing, and externalizing symptoms, though substantial heterogeneity is noted [27, 29, 30, 34, 35].”
Ahorsu, D. K. (2024) · Journal of Social Media Research · doi:10.29329/jsomer.9 · Cited by 24
“It is reported that those who use social media for more than 3 hours per day may likely develop mental health problems (Riehm et al., 2019).”
van Eeden, A. E., van Hoeken, D., Hendriksen, J. M. T., & Hoek, H. W. (2023) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.24064 · Cited by 25
Gansner, M., Nisenson, M., Lin, V., Pong, S., Torous, J., & Carson, N. (2022) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/33114 · Cited by 22
Social media use and systemic inflammation: The moderating role of self-esteem
Lee, D. S., & Way, B. M. (2021) · Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100300 · Cited by 21
“Way). is an open access article under t 2015; Lee et al., 2016; Morin-Major et al., 2016; Reinecke et al., 2016), depression (e.g., Riehm et al., 2019; Twenge et al., 2018), or lower quality of sleep (e.g., Cain and Gradisar, 2010; Thomee et al., 2011)— processes closely linked to physical health…”
BackgroundBinDhim, N. F., Althumiri, N. A., Al-Duraihem, R. A., Al-Asmary, S. M., Alkhamaali, Z., & Alhabeeb, A. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1254603 · Cited by 22
Yu, Z., & Song, X. (2021) · Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research · doi:10.3390/jtaer16070159 · Cited by 23
Martínez-Sanz, R., & Urrutia, A. A. (2021) · Cuadernos info · doi:10.7764/cdi.49.27869 · Cited by 21
“Asimismo, se comprueba que el smartphone, lejos de ser utilizado como una herramienta facilitadora, se ha convertido en una carga, siendo constantes las reafirmaciones de dependencia y exigencia de uso (Riehm et al., 2019).”
BackgroundFrequency of Text Messaging and Adolescents' Mental Health Symptoms Across 4 Years of High School
George, M. J., Beron, K., Vollet, J. W., Burnell, K., Ehrenreich, S. E., & Underwood, M. K. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.06.012 · Cited by 21
Association Between Social Media Use and Substance Use Among Middle and High School-Aged Youth
Liu, J., Charmaraman, L., & Bickham, D. S. (2024) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2024.2320372 · Cited by 25
“Youth receive much of their knowledge and interact with their peers online, thus youth are highly influenced by the content they see on social media and this may translate to their in-person social behaviors (Riehm et al., 2019; Lenhart et al., 2015; Nesi et al., 2018; Crone & Konijn, 2018).”
BackgroundAwad, M. N., & Connors, E. H. (2023) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/ser0000749 · Cited by 18
Oh, Y., Kim, Y., & Joung, Y. (2021) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2021.0133 · Cited by 22
Guo, N., Zhao, S. Z., Weng, X., Wu, Y. S., Luk, T. T., Wong, J. Y. H., Lam, T. H., & Wang, M. P. (2021) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibab086 · Cited by 18
Students in High-Achieving Schools: Perils of Pressures to Be “Standouts”
Luthar, S. S., Suh, B. C., Ebbert, A. M., & Kumar, N. L. (2020) · Adversity and Resilience Science · doi:10.1007/s42844-020-00009-3 · Cited by 22
Smartphone use and well-being of adolescent girls: a population-based study
Kosola, S. K., Mörö, S., & Holopainen, E. (2024) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2023-326521 · Cited by 23
Social media use, online experiences, and loneliness among young adults: A cohort study
Matthews, T., Arseneault, L., Bryan, B. T., Fisher, H. L., Gray, R., Henchy, J., Moffitt, T. E., & Odgers, C. L. (2025) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.15370 · Cited by 21
Barnes, C., Hall, A., Mantach, S., Oldmeadow, C. J., Attia, J., Backholer, K., Williams, C., Tefera, Y., Kay, F. A., & Wolfenden, L. (2026) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2026-363695 · Cited by 18
Frielingsdorf, H., Fomichov, V., Rystedt, I., Lindstrand, S., Korhonen, L., & Henriksson, H. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-83951-x · Cited by 21
“Many previous studies reporting associations between digital media and health indicators have focused on either time spent on all types of digital media combined or specifically time spent on social media or gaming 10,12,16,17,20,30–34 .”
Helping Students Make Meaningful Connections: A Cross-Sectional Survey of College Student Loneliness
Wodika, A. B., Lanier, J., Almeda, J., Richter, A., & Schalasky, G. (2024) · American Journal of Health Education · doi:10.1080/19325037.2024.2396586 · Cited by 24
“…youth including openness to discussing mental health needs and challenges (Armstrong, 2020), usage of social and digital media (Hagan et al., 2017; Riehm et al., 2019; Twenge et al., 2018), increasing academic pressures (Eckersley & Dear, 2002; Kasser & Ryan, 1996; Twenge et al., 2010),…”
Zhang, L.-X., Ao, S., & Zhao, X.-S. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-17059-8 · Cited by 16
“However, excessive social media use may have adverse effects on adolescent health [23, 24, 35].”
BackgroundInfluentialSun, Y., Lam, C. B., & Chung, K. K. H. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01892-w · Cited by 18
Gatta, M., Raffagnato, A., Mason, F., Fasolato, R., Traverso, A., Zanato, S., & Miscioscia, M. (2022) · The Italian Journal of Pediatrics/Italian journal of pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s13052-022-01213-w · Cited by 17
Griffioen, N., Lichtwarck‐Aschoff, A., van Rooij, M. M. J. W., & Granic, I. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.789302 · Cited by 18
Tibbs, M., Deschênes, S., van der Velden, P., & Fitzgerald, A. (2025) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-024-02093-5 · Cited by 16
“…have demonstrated small to moderate positive associations between total time spent on social media and internalizing dif fi culties, such as anxiety and depression, during adolescence and emerging adulthood, especially for young girls (Leo et al., 2021; Riehm et al., 2019; Thorisdottir et al. 2019).”
The association of social media with dietary behaviors among adults in the United Arab Emirates
Ismail, L. C., Osaili, T., Naja, F., Wartanian, M., Elkabat, G., Arnous, M., Alkoukou, H., Mohamad, M. N., Saleh, S. T., Daour, R. A., et al. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35574 · Cited by 14
“This is of particular concern since several studies indicate that spending more than 3 h on social media daily increases the risks for mental health issues [35] and suggest that limiting social media use to less than 30 min per day may improve health and well-being [36].”
BackgroundSocial media and e-cigarette use: The mediating role of mental health conditions
Azagba, S., Ebling, T., & Korkmaz, A. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.053 · Cited by 16
Reducing problematic social media use via a package intervention
Stinson, L. A., & Dallery, J. (2023) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.975 · Cited by 17
Luchtefeld, C., & Jordan, K. D. (2022) · Telematics and Informatics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.teler.2022.100025 · Cited by 19
Metadata
- Authors
- Riehm, K. E., Feder, K. A., Tormohlen, K. N., Crum, R. M., Young, A. S., Green, K. M., Pacek, L. R., La Flair, L. N., & Mojtabai, R.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Duke University (US)
- Washington State Department of Health, Olympia
- Corresponding author
- Riehm, Kira E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- JAMA Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2019-12-01
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1266
- ISSN
- 2168-622X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6739732
- OpenAlex
- W2972459530
- Semantic Scholar
- e7f11d4a6b31685c0d541592b17e545ecd6342f7
- Cited by
- 511
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 103 · 2025: 100 · 2024: 88 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 78.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K23DA044288, K01DA043413, F31DA044699, T32DA007292)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- social media use, adolescents, internalizing problems, externalizing problems, adolescent mental health, screen time, attributable proportion, Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study, longitudinal cohort, substance use, gender identity, sexual minority youth, peer victimization, bullying victimization, academic performance
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Mental Disorders, Behavioral Symptoms, Child, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Risk, Time Factors, United States, Social Media
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