Mouse 4T1 Breast Tumor Model
Abstract
The 4T1 mammary carcinoma is a transplantable tumor cell line that is highly tumorigenic and invasive and, unlike most tumor models, can spontaneously metastasize from the primary tumor in the mammary gland to multiple distant sites including lymph nodes, blood, liver, lung, brain, and bone The 4T1 tumor has several characteristics that make it a suitable experimental animal model for human mammary cancer. First, tumor cells are easily transplanted into the mammary gland so that the primary tumor grows in the anatomically correct site, as described in this unit. Second, as in human breast cancer, 4T1 metastatic disease develops spontaneously from the primary tumor. Also, the progressive spread of 4T1 metastases to the draining lymph nodes and other organs is very similar to that of human mammary cancer. In this unit, a protocol describes surgical removal of the primary tumor, so that metastatic disease can be studied in an animal setting comparable to the clinical situation where the primary tumor is surgically removed, and metastatic foci remain intact. Another advantage of 4T1 is its resistance to 6‐thioguanine. This property enables precise quantitation of metastatic cells, even when they are disseminated and at sub‐microscopic levels in distant organs, as described here.
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The immune-competent syngeneic 4T1 murine breast tumor model closely mimics human TNBC breast cancer tumorigenesis.
“we used the immune-competent syngeneic 4T1 murine breast tumor model that closely mimics human TNBC breast cancer tumorigenesis28.”
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- Authors
- Pulaski, B. A., & Ostrand‐Rosenberg, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County (US)
- Venue
- Current Protocols in Immunology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2000-10
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- Unit 20.2-Unit 20.2
- ISSN
- 1934-3671 (ISSN-L)
- 1934-368X
- OpenAlex
- W1551407310
- Cited by
- 912
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 88 · 2021: 92 · 2020: 90 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 0.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Protocols in Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Cells and Metastasis
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mechanisms of cancer metastasis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Cancer, Stress, Anesthesia, and Immune Response
- Keywords
- breast cancer, spontaneous metastasis, lymph node metastasis, primary tumor resection, 6-thioguanine resistance, mouse tumor model, tumor cell transplantation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Lymphatic Metastasis, Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental, Neoplasm Metastasis, Neoplasm Transplantation, Cell Line, Tumor, Mice
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