Cited by 912Cancer Cells and MetastasisMechanisms of cancer metastasisCancer, Stress, Anesthesia, and Immune Response

Mouse 4T1 Breast Tumor Model

Pulaski, Beth A., Ostrand‐Rosenberg, Suzanne·2000·Current Protocols in Immunology

Abstract

The 4T1 mammary carcinoma is a transplantable tumor cell line that is highly tumorigenic and invasive and, unlike most tumor models, can spontaneously metastasize from the primary tumor in the mammary gland to multiple distant sites including lymph nodes, blood, liver, lung, brain, and bone The 4T1 tumor has several characteristics that make it a suitable experimental animal model for human mammary cancer. First, tumor cells are easily transplanted into the mammary gland so that the primary tumor grows in the anatomically correct site, as described in this unit. Second, as in human breast cancer, 4T1 metastatic disease develops spontaneously from the primary tumor. Also, the progressive spread of 4T1 metastases to the draining lymph nodes and other organs is very similar to that of human mammary cancer. In this unit, a protocol describes surgical removal of the primary tumor, so that metastatic disease can be studied in an animal setting comparable to the clinical situation where the primary tumor is surgically removed, and metastatic foci remain intact. Another advantage of 4T1 is its resistance to 6‐thioguanine. This property enables precise quantitation of metastatic cells, even when they are disseminated and at sub‐microscopic levels in distant organs, as described here.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1002/0471142735.im2002s39

Cites

18 of 18 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Pulaski, B. A., & Ostrand‐Rosenberg, S.
Affiliations
University of Maryland, Baltimore County (US)
Venue
Current Protocols in Immunology
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2000-10
Volume
39
Issue
1
Pages
Unit 20.2-Unit 20.2
ISSN
  • 1934-3671 (ISSN-L)
  • 1934-368X
OpenAlex
W1551407310
Cited by
912
References
18
Citations by year
2026: 40 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 88 · 2021: 92 · 2020: 90 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 21
FWCI
0.15
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Current Protocols in Immunology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Cells and Metastasis
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mechanisms of cancer metastasis
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Cancer, Stress, Anesthesia, and Immune Response
Keywords
breast cancer, spontaneous metastasis, lymph node metastasis, primary tumor resection, 6-thioguanine resistance, mouse tumor model, tumor cell transplantation
MeSH terms
Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Lymphatic Metastasis, Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental, Neoplasm Metastasis, Neoplasm Transplantation, Cell Line, Tumor, Mice

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review