The DOI matches its Crossref record; 231 of the 231 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 245 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The projected rise in the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) could develop into a substantial health problem worldwide. Whether diet, physical activity or both can prevent or delay T2DM and its associated complications in at-risk people is unknown. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of diet, physical activity or both on the prevention or delay of T2DM and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing T2DM. SEARCH METHODS: This is an update of the Cochrane Review published in 2008. We searched the CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, ICTRP Search Portal and reference lists of systematic reviews, articles and health technology assessment reports. The date of the last search of all databases was January 2017. We continuously used a MEDLINE email alert service to identify newly published studies using the same search strategy as described for MEDLINE up to September 2017. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with a duration of two years or more. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard Cochrane methodology for data collection and analysis. We assessed the overall quality of the evidence using GRADE. MAIN RESULTS: We included 12 RCTs randomising 5238 people. One trial contributed 41% of all participants. The duration of the interventions varied from two to six years. We judged none of the included trials at low risk of bias for all 'Risk of bias' domains.Eleven trials compared diet plus physical activity with standard or no treatment. Nine RCTs included participants with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), one RCT included participants with IGT, impaired fasting blood glucose (IFG) or both, and one RCT included people with fasting glucose levels between 5.3 to 6.9 mmol/L. A total of 12 deaths occurred in 2049 participants in the diet plus physical activity groups compared with 10 in 2050 participants in the comparator groups (RR 1.12, 95% CI 0.50 to 2.50; 95% prediction interval 0.44 to 2.88; 4099 participants, 10 trials; very low-quality evidence). The definition of T2DM incidence varied among the included trials. Altogether 315 of 2122 diet plus physical activity participants (14.8%) developed T2DM compared with 614 of 2389 comparator participants (25.7%) (RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.64; 95% prediction interval 0.50 to 0.65; 4511 participants, 11 trials; moderate-quality evidence). Two trials reported serious adverse events. In one trial no adverse events occurred. In the other trial one of 51 diet plus physical activity participants compared with none of 51 comparator participants experienced a serious adverse event (low-quality evidence). Cardiovascular mortality was rarely reported (four of 1626 diet plus physical activity participants and four of 1637 comparator participants (the RR ranged between 0.94 and 3.16; 3263 participants, 7 trials; very low-quality evidence). Only one trial reported that no non-fatal myocardial infarction or non-fatal stroke had occurred (low-quality evidence). Two trials reported that none of the participants had experienced hypoglycaemia. One trial investigated health-related quality of life in 2144 participants and noted that a minimal important difference between intervention groups was not reached (very low-quality evidence). Three trials evaluated costs of the interventions in 2755 participants. The largest trial of these reported an analysis of costs from the health system perspective and society perspective reflecting USD 31,500 and USD 51,600 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) with diet plus physical activity, respectively (low-quality evidence). There were no data on blindness or end-stage renal disease.One trial compared a diet-only intervention with a physical-activity intervention or standard treatment. The participants had IGT. Three of 130 participants in the diet group compared with none of the 141 participants in the physical activity group died (very low-quality evidence). None of the participants died because of cardiovascular disease (very low-quality evidence). Altogether 57 of 130 diet participants (43.8%) compared with 58 of 141 physical activity participants (41.1%) group developed T2DM (very low-quality evidence). No adverse events were recorded (very low-quality evidence). There were no data on non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, blindness, end-stage renal disease, health-related quality of life or socioeconomic effects.Two trials compared physical activity with standard treatment in 397 participants. One trial included participants with IGT, the other trial included participants with IGT, IFG or both. One trial reported that none of the 141 physical activity participants compared with three of 133 control participants died. The other trial reported that three of 84 physical activity participants and one of 39 control participants died (very low-quality evidence). In one trial T2DM developed in 58 of 141 physical activity participants (41.1%) compared
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from a shortened version of the paper’s full text (it is longer than we read).
TL;DR
This Cochrane review update found moderate-quality evidence that diet plus physical activity reduces or delays type 2 diabetes in people with impaired glucose tolerance, but there is no firm evidence that diet alone or physical activity alone affects type 2 diabetes risk or its complications. Data on patient-important outcomes such as mortality, cardiovascular events, microvascular complications, and quality of life remain sparse.
Key findings
- In 11 trials comparing diet plus physical activity with standard or no treatment, T2DM developed in 315 of 2122 intervention participants (14.8%) versus 614 of 2389 comparator participants (25.7%) (RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.64; 4511 participants; moderate-quality evidence).
- All-cause mortality was 12 deaths in 2049 diet-plus-physical-activity participants versus 10 in 2050 comparator participants (RR 1.12, 95% CI 0.50 to 2.50; 4099 participants, 10 trials; very low-quality evidence). Cardiovascular mortality was 4 of 1626 versus 4 of 1637 (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.24 to 3.65; 3263 participants, 7 trials; very low-quality evidence).
- One trial compared diet only with physical activity only in participants with IGT: 57 of 130 diet participants (43.8%) versus 58 of 141 physical activity participants (41.1%) developed T2DM; 3 of 130 diet participants versus none of 141 physical activity participants died (very low-quality evidence).
- Two trials compared physical activity with standard treatment in 397 participants: one reported T2DM in 58 of 141 physical activity participants (41.1%) versus 90 of 133 controls (67.7%); the other reported 10 of 84 (11.9%) versus 7 of 39 (18%) (very low-quality evidence).
Methods
- Systematic review and meta-analysis; update of a Cochrane Review published in 2008. Searches included CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, ICTRP, and reference lists, with the last database search in January 2017 and MEDLINE alerts through September 2017.
- Included 12 RCTs randomising 5238 people at increased risk of T2DM, defined by intermediate hyperglycaemia/prediabetes. Interventions were diet, physical activity, or both versus standard treatment or no intervention, with a minimum intervention duration of two years; pharmacological intervention trials were excluded.
- Ten trials were parallel RCTs and two were cluster-randomised. Analyses used random-effects meta-analysis with risk ratios or mean differences, 95% prediction intervals, trial sequential analysis, and GRADE assessment.
Limitations
- The paper states that none of the included trials was at low risk of bias for all domains; most outcomes were low- or very low-quality evidence, and reporting on patient-important outcomes was insufficient. It also states that the diagnosis of intermediate hyperglycaemia varied across trials, results may not apply to people defined by other glycaemic categories or to children/adolescents, and only four investigators provided additional data.
- The paper states that many included trials were not designed or powered to detect the review’s predefined patient-important outcomes, individual participant data were unavailable, and funnel plots could not be drawn for most outcomes. Review authors were not blinded during data extraction.
- Evident from the text: three trials contributed about 70% of all data, and one trial contributed 41% of all participants; most trials included people with IGT, with little evidence for IFG or elevated HbA1c; interventions and diagnostic criteria were heterogeneous; and complications such as blindness, end-stage renal disease, and non-fatal myocardial infarction/stroke were rarely or not reported.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
223 Own method · 214 Not checked yet · 166 Own result · 38 No basis given · 13 Own interpretation · 1 Supported so far
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“10 systematic reviews included people with an increased risk of T2DM defined by additional variables with intermediate hyperglycaemia being one risk factor only (e.g.obesity, metabolic risk factors, family history of diabetes etc) (Ali 2012; Ashra 2015; Balk 2015; Cardona-Morrell 2010; Dunkley 2014; Merlotti 2014a; Merlotti 2014b; Modesti 2016; Schellenberg 2013; Zhang 2017).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ali 2012 source
- Not checked yetcites Ashra 2015
- Supportedcites Balk 2015 source
The Results report that the review included studies restricted to people with prediabetes and studies selecting people by a diabetes risk score; most studies included predominantly overweight or obese participants. Methods > Study Selection also includes participants with metabolic syndrome, while excluding studies where obesity was the only risk factor. This supports citing Balk 2015 as one of the reviews that considered risk factors beyond intermediate hyperglycaemia; it does not establish the citing document’s count of ten reviews. (LLM, conf=0.89)
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In one trial T2DM developed in 58 of 141 physical activity participants (41.1%) compared with 90 of 133 control participants (67.7%).”
- Also stated in: § Key results · plain
“in one study 58 of 141 participants (41%) in the physical activity group compared with 90 of 133 participants (68%) in the control group developed type 2 diabetes”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plainn = 141- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Key results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no data on non-fatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, blindness, end-stage renal disease, health-related quality of life or socioeconomic effects.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no data on blindness or end-stage renal disease.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The other trial reported that three of 84 physical activity participants and one of 39 control participants died (very low-quality evidence).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plainn = 84- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One trial investigating health-related quality of life in 123 participants showed no substantial differences between intervention groups (very low-quality evidence).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plainn = 123- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cardiovascular mortality was rarely reported (four of 1626 diet plus physical activity participants and four of 1637 comparator participants (the RR ranged between 0.94 and 3.16; 3263 participants, 7 trials; very low-quality evidence).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plainn = 1,637- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“None of the participants died because of cardiovascular disease (very low-quality evidence).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No adverse events were recorded (very low-quality evidence).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only one trial reported that no non-fatal myocardial infarction or non-fatal stroke had occurred (low-quality evidence).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One trial investigated health-related quality of life in 2144 participants and noted that a minimal important difference between intervention groups was not reached (very low-quality evidence).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plainn = 2,144- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two trials reported that none of the participants had experienced hypoglycaemia.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effects on health-related quality of life were inconclusive.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Key results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Non-fatal myocardial infarction or stroke were rarely observed in the one trial randomising 123 participants (very low-quality evidence).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plainn = 123- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most RCTs did not investigate patient-important outcomes.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Authors' conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the other trial one of 51 diet plus physical activity participants compared with none of 51 comparator participants experienced a serious adverse event (lowquality evidence).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our included studies did not report on complications of diabetes such as kidney or eye disease.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Key results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One trial compared a diet-only intervention with a physical-activity intervention or standard treatment.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three trials evaluated costs of the interventions in 2755 participants.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plainn = 2,755- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Altogether 315 of 2122 diet plus physical activity participants (14.8%) developed T2DM compared with 614 of 2389 comparator participants (25.7%) (RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.64; 95% prediction interval 0.50 to 0.65; 4511 participants, 11 trials; moderate-quality evidence).”
- Also stated in: § Key results · plain
“Diet plus physical activity decreased the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, which occurred in 315 of 2122 participants (15%) in the diet plus physical activity group compared with 614 of 2389 participants (26%) in the standard treatment group.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plaindirectn = 4,511- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Key results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One trial contributed 41% of all participants.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plainn = 5,238- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The largest trial of these reported an analysis of costs from the health system perspective and society perspective reflecting USD 31,500 and USD 51,600 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) with diet plus physical activity, respectively (low-quality evidence).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plainn = 2,755- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only one trial reported on cardiovascular mortality (none of 274 participants died -very low-quality evidence).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plainn = 274- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two trials reported serious adverse events.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plainn = 51- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“One trial reported that none of the participants in the trial experienced hypoglycaemia.”
- Also stated in: § Hypoglycaemia · plain
“One trial reported that none of the participants in the trial experienced hypoglycaemia.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Hypoglycaemia · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nine RCTs included participants with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plainn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eleven trials compared diet plus physical activity with standard or no treatment.”
- Also stated in: § Key results · plain
“Eleven studies compared diet plus physical activity with standard or no treatment.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plainn = 4,511- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Key results · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The participants had IGT.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One trial reported that none of the 141 physical activity participants compared with three of 133 control participants died.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plainn = 141- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three of 130 participants in the diet group compared with none of the 141 participants in the physical activity group died (very lowquality evidence).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plainn = 130- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 12 deaths occurred in 2049 participants in the diet plus physical activity groups compared with 10 in 2050 participants in the comparator groups (RR 1.12, 95% CI 0.50 to 2.50; 95% prediction interval 0.44 to 2.88; 4099 participants, 10 trials; very low-quality evidence).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plainn = 4,099- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the other trial 10 of 84 physical activity participants (11.9%) compared with seven of 39 control participants (18%) developed T2DM (very low-quality evidence).”
- Also stated in: § Key results · plain
“in the other study 10 of 84 participants (12%) in the physical activity group compared with seven out of 39 participants (18%) in the control group developed type 2 diabetes.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plainn = 84- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Key results · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data are lacking for the effect of diet plus physical activity for people with intermediate hyperglycaemia defined by other glycaemic variables.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Authors' conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two trials compared physical activity with standard treatment in 397 participants.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plainn = 397- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Altogether 57 of 130 diet participants (43.8%) compared with 58 of 141 physical activity participants (41.1%) group developed T2DM (very low-quality evidence).”
- Also stated in: § Key results · plain
“Fifty-seven of 130 participants (44%) in the diet-only group compared with 58 of 141 participants (41%) in the physical activity-only group developed type 2 diabetes.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plainn = 130- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Key results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Serious adverse events were rarely reported (one trial noted no events, one trial described events in three of 66 physical activity participants compared with one of 39 control participants -very low-quality evidence).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plainn = 66- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We detected neither an advantage nor a disadvantage of diet, physical activity or both with regard to heart attacks or strokes.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Key results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall quality of evidence was very low because of risk of reporting and other bias and serious imprecision (very sparse data)”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diet versus physical activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In Da Qing each clinic was randomised to carry out the intervention on each of the eligible participants attending the clinic (Da Qing 1997).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Trial design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The design effect was therefore estimated to be 1+ (average cluster size -1) x 0.05 = 1 + ((530/33) -1) x 0.05 = 1.75.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Trial design
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three out of 130 participants in the diet-only trial arm compared with none out of 141 participants in the physical activity-only trial arm died during the intervention period (when adjusting for cluster-RCT design: 2/74 versus 0/81).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > All-cause mortality
plainn = 130- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After screening the full-texts and evaluating the existing references from the 2008 review, 12 RCTs published in 127 records met our inclusion criteria.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Results of the search
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The diagnosis applied in the included trials for identifying intermediate hyperglycaemia varied.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diagnosis of intermediate hyperglycaemia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fifty-seven out of 130 participants in the diet only group compared with 90 participants out of 133 in the standard treatment group developed T2DM during the intervention period (when adjusting for cluster design: 33/74 versus 51/76).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of T2DM
plainn = 90- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“FPG at the end of follow-up after six years of intervention in the diet only group was 7.0 mmol/L (SD 4.4) based on 130 participants (74 participants when adjusting for clustering) compared with 7.6 mmol/L (SD 2.6) in 133 participants (76 participants when adjusting for clustering) in the standard treatment group.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Fasting glucose
plainn = 130- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Of the overweight participants (BMI at baseline ≥ 25 kg/m 2 ), 43 (51.2%)out of 84 participants in the physical activity only group compared with 60 (72.3%) out of 83 participants in the standard treatment group developed T2DM during the intervention period (when adjusting for clustering 25/48 versus 34/47) (Da Qing 1997).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
plainn = 84- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall quality of evidence was very low mainly because of risk of bias and imprecision (sparse data)”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Physical activity versus standard treatment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Trial sequential analysis (TSA) showed that 0.61% of the diversity-adjusted information size was accrued so far to detect or reject a 10% relative risk reduction (RRR).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diet plus physical activity versus standard treatment
plainn = 4,099- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eleven trials compared the combination of diet plus physical activity with standard treatment or no intervention”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diet plus physical activity versus standard treatment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the lean participants (BMI at baseline < 25 kg/m 2 ), 15 (26.3%) out of 57 participants in the physical activity only group compared with 30 (60%) out of 50 in the standard treatment group developed T2DM during the intervention period (when adjusting for clustering 9/33 versus 17/29).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
plainn = 57- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“One trial reported that one (1.5%)out of 66 participants in the physical activity group compared with one (3.2%)out of 31 participants in the standard treatment group experienced a non-fatal stroke.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Non-fatal stroke
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ten trials reported data on all-cause mortality (Da Qing 1997; DPP 2002; DPS 2001; EDIPS 2009; HELP PD 2011; IDPP 2006; JDPP 2013; Oldroyd 2005; PODOSA 2014; SLIM 2003).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diet plus physical activity versus standard treatment
plainn = 4,099- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The HR (adjusted for age and clustering) when combining diet only, physical activity only and diet plus physical activity compared with standard treatment was 1.33 (95% CI 0.45 to 3.92) at the end of the intervention period.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > All-cause mortality
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the end of follow-up after six years of intervention, two-hour glucose after an oral glucose load in the diet only group was 10.5 mmol/L (SD 4.9) based on 130 participants (74 participants when adjusting for clustering) compared with 10.5 mmol/L (SD 3.9) in 141 participants (81 participants when adjusting for clustering) in the physical activity group.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Glucose two hours after an oral glucose load
plainn = 130- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“None of these trials had predefined all-cause mortality as a primary outcome (see Appendix 6).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diet plus physical activity versus standard treatment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Funnel plot asymmetry was not present.”
- Also stated in: § Incidence of type 2 diabetes · plain
“Funnel plot asymmetry was not present (Analysis 2.8).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diet plus physical activity versus standard treatment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Incidence of type 2 diabetes · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall quality of evidence was very low because of risk of reporting and other bias and serious imprecision (very sparse data)”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diet versus physical activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When analysing the incidence according to FPG 7.8 mmol/L or higher, the rate was 3.7/100 person years (95% CI 2.1 to 5.3) in the diet only group compared with 9.6/ 100 person years (95% CI 7.2 to 12.0) in the standard treatment group (not adjusted for clustering).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of T2DM
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The cumulative incidence of T2DM at six years was 41.1% (95% CI 33.4 to 49.4) in the physical activity only group compared with 67.7% (95% CI 59.8 to 75.2) in the standard treatment group (not adjusted for clustering).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
plainn = 141- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Da Qing 1997 five out of 126 participants died in the diet plus physical activity group versus three out of 133 participants in the standard treatment group (when adjusted for clustering; diet plus physical activity three out of 72 participants versus standard treatment two out of 76 participants).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diet plus physical activity versus standard treatment
plainn = 126- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When analysing the incidence according to FPG 7.8 mmol/L or above, the rate was 3.7/100 person years (95% CI 2.1 to 5.3) in the diet only group compared with 5.3/100 person years (95% CI 3.6 to 7.0) in the physical activity only group (not adjusted for clustering).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of T2DM
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fifty-seven out of 130 participants in the diet-only group compared with 58 participants out of 141 in the physical activity only group developed T2DM during the intervention period (when adjusting for cluster-RCTdesign: 33/74 versus 33/81).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of T2DM
plainn = 58- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the lean participants (BMI at baseline < 25 kg/m 2 ) 21 (38.2%)out of 55 participants in the diet only group compared with 30 (60%) out of 50 participants in the standard treatment group developed T2DM during the intervention period (when adjusting for clustering 12/31 versus 17/29).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of T2DM
plainn = 55- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One trial reported a HR (adjusted for age and clustering) when combining diet only, physical activity only and diet plus physical activity compared with control to be 0.96 (95% CI 0.65 to 1.41) after 20 years of follow-up (i.e. 14 years after the intervention had stopped) (Da Qing 1997).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diet plus physical activity versus standard treatment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“None of the participants who died had developed T2DM before death.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > All-cause mortality
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 12 deaths were reported in 2049 participants in the diet plus physical activity group versus 10 out of 2050 participants in the comparator group (RR 1.12, 95% CI 0.50 to 2.50; P = 0.86; 4099 participants, 10 trials; very low-quality evidence).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diet plus physical activity versus standard treatment
plainn = 4,099- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the obese participants (BMI at baseline ≥ 25 kg/m 2 ) 36 (48%) out of 75 participants in the diet only group compared with 60 (72.3%) out of 83 participants in the standard treatment group developed T2DM during the intervention period (when adjusting for clustering 21/43 versus 34/47).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of T2DM
plainn = 75- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The HR was 0.57 (95% CI 0.21 to 1.58) (unknown adjusting) (DPS 2001).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diet plus physical activity versus standard treatment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPS 2001
plaincorrelationaln = 257- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the diet only group, the incidence rate of T2DM (defined according to WHO 1985) was 10.0/100 person years (95% CI 7.5 to 12.5) compared with 15.7/100 person years (95% CI 12.7 to 18.7) in the standard treatment group (not adjusted for clustering).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of T2DM
plainn = 130- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nine trials exclusively included people with IGT (Da Qing 1997; DPP 2002; DPS 2001; EDIPS 2009; IDPP 2006; JDPP 2013; Kosaka 2005; Oldroyd 2005; SLIM 2003).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diet plus physical activity versus standard treatment
plainn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Mortality in the former diet plus physical activity group was 2.2/1000 person years (95% CI 1.0 to 0.35) compared with 3.8/1000 person years (95% CI 2.0 to 7.0) in the former control group.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diet plus physical activity versus standard treatment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPS 2001
plainn = 257- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fifty-eight out of 141 participants in the physical activity only group compared with 90 participants out of 133 in the standard treatment group developed T2DM during the intervention period (when adjusting for cluster design: 33/84 versus 51/76) -Analysis 1.2.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
plainn = 90- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One trial reported that six out of 257 participants originally randomised to diet plus physical activity group died compared with 10 out of 248 participants in the control arm after a median followup of 10.6 years (i.e.6.6 years after the intervention had stopped) (DPS 2001).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diet plus physical activity versus standard treatment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPS 2001
plainn = 257- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the diet only group the incidence rate of T2DM was 10.0/100 person years (95% CI 7.5 to 12.5) compared with 8.3/100 person years (95% CI 6.4 to 10.3) in the physical activity only group (not adjusted for clustering).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of T2DM
plainn = 130- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The number of the participants included in the subgroups of different glycaemic definitions of intermediate hyperglycaemia did not add up to the total number of participants developing T2DM provided by the investigators of the trial (physical activity 81 versus 84 and standard treatment 32 versus 39) (Hellgren 2016).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“One trial reported that none of the 66 participants in the physical activity group compared with three (9.7%) of 31 participants in the standard treatment group experienced a non-fatal myocardial infarction.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Non-fatal myocardial infarction
plainn = 31- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three out of 130 participants in the diet only group compared with three participants out of 133 in the standard treatment group died during the intervention period (when adjusting for clusterdesign: 2/74 versus 2/76).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > All-cause mortality
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the end of follow-up after six years of intervention, FPG in the diet only group was 7.0 mmol/L (SD 4.4) based on 130 participants (74 participants when adjusting for clustering) compared with 6.8 mmol/L (SD 2.2) in 141 participants (81 participants when adjusting for clustering) in the physical activity group.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Fasting glucose
plainn = 130- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The HR for the incidence of T2DM (adjusted for age and clustering) of physical activity versus standard treatment after 20 years of followup was 0.51 (95% CI 0.31 to 0.83) (Da Qing 1997).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“None of the participants died due to cardiovascular disease.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > All-cause mortality
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the overweight participants (BMI at baseline ≥ 25 kg/m 2 ), 36 (48%) out of 75 participants in the diet only compared with 43 (51.2%)out of 84 participants in the physical activity group developed T2DM during the intervention period (when adjusting for clustering 21/ 43 versus 26/46).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of T2DM
plainn = 75- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ten (11.9%) out of 84 participants in the physical activity group compared with seven (17.9%) out of 39 participants in the standard treatment group developed T2DM during the intervention period (Analysis 1.2).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
plainn = 84- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the physical activity only group the incidence of T2DM (defined according to WHO 1985) was 8.3/100 person years (95% CI 6.4 to 10.3) compared with 15.7/ 100 person years (95% CI 12.7 to 18.7) in the standard treatment group (not adjusted for clustering).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
plainn = 141- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 95% prediction interval ranged from 0.44 to 2.88 (Analysis 2.1).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diet plus physical activity versus standard treatment
plainn = 4,099- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The same trial reported 23 years of follow-up (i.e. 17 years after the intervention had stopped); 121 out of 430 participants (after cluster-adjustment: 69/246) allocated to the former intervention group (combined diet only, physical activity only and diet plus physical activity) versus 53 out of 138 (after cluster-adjustment 30/79) in the former control group died (Da Qing 1997).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diet plus physical activity versus standard treatment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plainn = 430 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No (serious) adverse events occurred in both groups.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Serious adverse events
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“FPG after six years of intervention in the physical activity group was 6.8 mmol/L (SD 2.2) based on 141 participants (81 participants when adjusting for clustering) compared with 7.6 mmol/L (SD 2.6) in 133 participants (76 participants when adjusting for clustering) in the standard treatment group (Da Qing 1997).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Fasting glucose
plainn = 141- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“One trial reported that none of the 141 participants in the physical activity only group compared with three participants out of 133 in the standard treatment group died during the intervention period (when adjusting for cluster-RCT design: 0/81 versus 2/76) (Da Qing 1997).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > All-cause mortality
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After 20 years of follow-up (i.e. 14 years after the intervention had stopped) the HR (adjusted for age and clustering) for the diet only group versus standard treatment group was 0.58 (95% CI 0.38 to 0.89).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of T2DM
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the lean participants (BMI at baseline < 25 kg/m 2 ), 21 (38.2%)out of 55 participants in the diet only compared with 15 (26.5%) out of 57 participants in the physical activity only group developed T2DM during the intervention period (when adjusting for clustering 12/31 versus 9/33).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of T2DM
plainn = 55- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subgroup analyses according to the duration of the intervention ((≥ 4 years) versus trials with short duration (< 4 years)), diagnostic criteria (IGT versus other); age (≥ 50 years versus < 50 years); ethnicity (Asian only versus other and mixed ethnicities); morbidity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 versus < 30 kg/m 2 ) showed no statistical significant interactions (Appendix 18).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diet plus physical activity versus standard treatment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The cumulative incidence of T2DM at six years was 43.8% (95% CI 35.3 to 52.3) in the diet only group compared with 67.7% (95% CI 59.8 to 75.2) in the standard treatment group (not adjusted for clustering).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of T2DM
plaincorrelationaln = 130- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“When analysing the incidence according to FPG 7.8 mmol/L or higher, the incidence of T2DM was 5.3/100 person years (95% CI 3.6 to 7.0) in the physical activity only group compared with 9.6/100 person years (95% CI 7.2 to 12.0) in the standard treatment group (not adjusted for clustering) (Da Qing 1997).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Three (4.5%) out of 66 participants in the physical activity group versus one (2.6%)out of 39 participants in the standard treatment group experienced a serious adverse event (Hellgren 2016) (Analysis 1.3).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Serious adverse events
plainn = 66- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Glucose two hours after an oral glucose load at the end of followup after six years of intervention in the diet only group was 10.5 mmol/L (SD 4.9) based on 130 participants (74 participants when adjusting for clustering) compared with 12.4 mmol/L (SD 4.2) in 133 participants (76 participants when adjusting for clustering) in the standard treatment group.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Glucose two hours after an oral glucose load
plainn = 130- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Deaths per 1000 person years were 14.3 (95% CI 11.8 to 16.9) in the combined former intervention group compared with 19.9 (95% CI 14.5 to 25.2) in the former comparator group.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diet plus physical activity versus standard treatment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plainn = 430- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Of the lean participants (BMI at baseline < 25 kg/m 2 ), 16 (34.8%)out of 46 participants in the diet plus physical activity group compared with 30 (60%) out of 50 in the control group developed T2DM during the intervention period (when adjusting for clustering 9/26 versus 17/29).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plainn = 46- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“TSA showed firm evidence for a 10% RRR in favour of diet plus physical activity.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 95% prediction interval ranged from 0.50 to 0.65.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
plaindirectn = 4,511- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The incidence rate of T2DM in the Japan Diabetes Prevention Program (JDPP 2013) trial was 2.7/100 person years in the diet plus physical activity group compared with 5.1/100 person years in the control group.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites JDPP 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 315 out of 2122 participants developed T2DM in the diet plus physical activity group versus 614 out of 2389 participants in the comparator group (RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.64; P < 0.00001; 4511 participants, 11 trials; moderate quality evi-dence).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
plaindirectn = 4,511- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The HR (adjusted for sex, age, BMI, waist circumference, fasting and two-hour glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment -insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), estimated risk with The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC)) was 0.54 (95% CI 0.37 to 0.78) in favour of the diet plus physical activity group.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPS 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The HR for the incidence of T2DM was 0.42, (95% CI 0.29 to 0.60; P < 0.001) in favour of diet plus physical activity.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Penn 2013
plaindirectn = 749- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Plasma glucose two-hour after an OGTT, fasting and two-hour insulin showed independent influence on the development of T2DM (IDPP 2006).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites IDPP 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“When analysing the incidence rate of T2DM according to fasting plasma glucose of 7.8 mmol/L or higher, the incidence rate of T2DM was 5.5/100 person years (95% CI 3.7 to 7.3) in the diet plus physical activity group compared with 9.6/100 person years (95% CI 7.2 to 12.0) in the control group (not adjusted for clustering) (Da Qing 1997).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The HR for developing T2DM (adjusted for sex, age, family history of diabetes, BMI, waist circumference, baseline fasting and two-hour glucose and corresponding insulin values, hypertension and smoking) for the diet plus physical activity group compared with the control group was 0.62 (95% CI 0.23 to 1.02; P = 0.018) (IDPP 2006).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites IDPP 2006
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The interaction between age at baseline as a continuous variable and intervention effect was statistically significant (P = 0.0130) (Appendix 19).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPS 2001
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subgroup analysis: analysing trials according to the duration of the intervention and diagnostic criteria showed no interaction between the subgroups (P = 0.88 and P = 0.42) (Analysis 2.9; Analysis 2.10) (Appendix 18).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The number needed to treat to prevent one case of T2DM was 5.2.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPS 2001
plaindirectn = 100- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The HR (adjusted for age and clustering) when combining diet only, physical activity only and diet plus physical activity compared with control was 0.49 (95% CI 0.33 to 0.73).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plaincorrelationaln = 263- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Post-hoc subgroup analyses after 23 years of follow-up showed that, among women, the cumulative incidence of all-cause mortality in the former comparator group was elevated compared with the combined former intervention group (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.87; P = 0.02).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diet plus physical activity versus standard treatment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plaincorrelationaln = 200- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“We performed multivariable analyses in order to test if different baseline characteristics could explain the differences (e.g.smoking, age), but the difference between men and women persisted.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diet plus physical activity versus standard treatment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For men the intervention did not show statistically significant differences (91 deaths among 230 male participants in the combined former intervention group compared with 36 deaths out of 79 participants in the former comparator group; HR 0.97 (95% CI 0.97 to 1.46).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diet plus physical activity versus standard treatment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plainn = 230- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, when the time to onset of T2DM was included in the multivariable models, then the intervention variable was no longer significant (Da Qing 1997).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diet plus physical activity versus standard treatment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Subgroup analysis for the participants with BMI more than 22.5 kg/m 2 revealed a significant decrease in the cumulative incidence of T2DM with the intervention (P = 0.027).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites JDPP 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In DPS 2001 the incidence rate of T2DM after a median of four years' intervention was 4.2/100 person years in the diet plus physical activity group compared with 7.4/100 person years in the control group.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPS 2001
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Of the obese participants (BMI at baseline ≥ 25 kg/m 2 ), 42 (52.5%)out of 80 participants in the diet plus physical activity group compared with 60 (72.3%) out of 83 in the control group developed T2DM during the intervention period (when adjusting for clustering 24/46 versus 34/47) (Da Qing 1997).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plainn = 80- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The Indian Diabetes Prevention Programmes (IDPP 2006) trial reported a cumulative incidence of T2DM at 39.3% (95% CI 30.4 to 48.5) in the diet plus physical activity group compared with 55.0% (95% CI 46 to 63.5) in the control group (IDPP 2006).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites IDPP 2006
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the post-intervention follow-up (median seven years), 62 out of 200 participants in the former diet plus physical activity group, compared with 68 out of 166 participants in the former control group were newly diagnosed with T2DM.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPS 2001
plainn = 200- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subgroup analyses stratifying the included trials according to age, ethnicity and obesity showed statistically significant interactions (Appendix 18) (Analysis 2.11; Analysis 2.12; Analysis 2.13).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One trial reported the incidence of T2DM after nine years (i.e.five years after the end of the intervention period).A total of 106 in the diet plus physical activity group out of 265 participants versus 140 out of 257 participants in the control group were diagnosed with T2DM (DPS 2001).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPS 2001
plainn = 257- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The number of participants needed to be treated to prevent one T2DM case was 6.4.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites IDPP 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“T2DM developed in five out of 52 participants in the lowest quartile (two from the control group and three from the intervention group) during the three years.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites JDPP 2013
plainn = 52- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In Da Qing 1997 the incidence rate of T2DM in the diet plus physical activity group was 9.6/100 person years (95% CI 7.2 to 12.0) compared with 15.7/100 person years (95% CI 12.7 to 18.7) in the control group (not adjusted for clustering).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“After 15 years of follow-up in the DPPOS the incidence of T2DM was reduced by 27% in the former diet plus physical activity group (HR 0.73, 95% CI 0.65 to 0.83; P < 0.0001) (DPP 2002).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
plaindirectn = 480 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The other trial reported that no adverse events were experienced in the intervention arms (low-quality evidence) (Da Qing 1997) (Analysis 2.29)).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Serious adverse events
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Another trial reported three (3.6%)out of 84 participants in the diet plus physical activity group compared with four (4.8%) out of 83 participants in the control group experienced a non-serious adverse event (PODOSA 2014).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Non-serious adverse events
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites PODOSA 2014
plainn = 84- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Only 26% of the participants diagnosed with T2DM according to FPG or glucose values after an OGTT had previous or simultaneous HbA1 6.5% or higher.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“After 23 years of follow-up 78 participants died as a result of cardiovascular disease; 51 in the combined former intervention groups versus 27 in the former control group (when adjusting for clustering 29 versus 15).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Cardiovascular mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plainn = 78- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Da Qing 1997 reported a cumulative incidence of any first cardiovascular event to be 5.2 (95% CI 3.0 to 7.3) in the combined intervention group (diet only, physical activity only, diet plus physical activity) compared with 5.4 (95% CI 1.5 to 9.2) in the control group during the intervention period.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Non-fatal myocardial infarction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One trial reported composite cardiovascular morbidity after a total followup of 10.6 years (i.e. about 6.6 years after the end of intervention); 57 cardiovascular events were reported in 257 participants of the former diet plus physical activity group compared with 54 events in 248 participants in the former control group (DPS 2001).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Non-fatal myocardial infarction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPS 2001
plainn = 257- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two trials reported that none of the participants experienced hypoglycaemia (IDPP 2006: diet plus physical activity 0/133 compared with control 0/136; EDIPS 2009: diet plus physical activity 0/51 compared with control 0/51).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Hypoglycaemia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites IDPP 2006
- Not checked yetcites EDIPS 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The incidence rate per 100 person years was 0.9 (95% CI 0.2 to 1.6) in the intervention group compared with 0.9 (95% CI 0.5 to 1.3) in the control group during the intervention period.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Non-fatal myocardial infarction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The prevalence of microvascular outcomes after 15 years did not differ substantially between the intervention and control group despite group differences in the incidence of T2DM (former diet plus physical activity group 11.3% (95% CI 10.1 to 12.7) compared with former control 12.4% (95% CI 11.1 to 13.8)).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Blindness or severe vision loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One trial reported that no non-serious adverse events were reported (diet plus physical activity 0/126 (adjusted for clustering 0/72 versus control 0/76)) (Da Qing 1997).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Non-serious adverse events
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plainn = 72- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The median delay to the onset of T2DM was 3.6 years after 20 years of follow-up.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The women but not the men in the former diet plus physical activity group experienced a reduction in microvascular disease (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.64 to 0.98) compared with the former control group.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Blindness or severe vision loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of participants who died due to cardiovascular disease was low (four out of 1626 participants in the diet plus physical activity group compared with four out of 1637 participants in the control group) (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.24 to 3.65; P = 0.93; 3263 participants, 7 trials; very low-quality evidence).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Cardiovascular mortality
plainn = 3,263- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“All participants with severe retinopathy had developed T2DM by the time the retinopathy was recognised (Da Qing 1997).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Blindness or severe vision loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The HR (adjusted for age and clustering) of the former diet plus physical activity group (diet only, physical activity only, diet plus physical activity) versus control after 20 years of follow-up was 0.57 (95% CI 0.41 to 0.81).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Da Qing 1997 reported the cumulative incidence of any first cardiovascular event to be 40.9(95% CI 36.0 to 45.9) in the combined former intervention group (diet only, physical activity only, diet plus physical activity) compared with 44.1 (95% CI 35.3 to 53.0) in the former control group after a total follow-up period of 20 years (i.e. 14 years after the intervention had stopped).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Non-fatal myocardial infarction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Severe retinopathy occurred in 31 participants out of 238 in the intervention group (cumulative incidence 9.2%) compared with 17 out of 93 in the control group (cumulative incidence 16.2%) (Da Qing 1997).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Blindness or severe vision loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plainn = 31 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“On the other hand, 55% of those first attaining an HbA1c 6.5% or higher had current or previous diagnosis of T2DM defined according to FPG 7.0 mmol/L or higher and/or two-hour plasma glucose 11.1 mmol/L or higher (DPP 2002).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Over the 15 years of follow-up the average annual T2DM incidence rate was 5.2% in the former diet plus physical activity group and 7.0% in the former control group.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“After 10 years of follow-up (i.e. about seven years after the intervention period had stopped) 23% in the former diet plus physical activity group compared with 19% in the former control group had become normoglycaemic (fasting glucose < 6.1 mmol/L, two-hour glucose < 7.8 mmol/L, and no previous diagnosis of T2DM) (DPP 2002).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The median delay to onset of T2DM after 10 years was about four years by diet plus physical activity compared with control.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The incidence rate per 100 person years was 2.3 (95% CI 1.9 to 2.7) in the intervention group compared with 2.5 (95% CI 1.9 to 3.2) in the control group after 20 years of follow-up.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Non-fatal myocardial infarction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Post hoc analyses comparing women with men after 23 years of follow-up showed a HR of 0.28 (95% CI to 0.11 to 0.71; P = 0.01) and 0.91 (95% CI 0.50 to 1.65), respectively (Da Qing 1997).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Cardiovascular mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In one trial the investigators provided information that one out of 51 participants in the diet plus physical activity group compared with none out of 51 participants in the control group experienced a serious adverse event (EDIPS 2009).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Serious adverse events
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites EDIPS 2009
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The HR adjusted for age and clustering was 0.96 (95% CI 0.76 to 1.44).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Non-fatal myocardial infarction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The IDPP also only reported the total number of cardiovascular events with four (3.3%) out of 120 participants in the diet plus physical activity group compared with two (1.5%) out of 133 participants in the control group (IDPP 2006).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Non-fatal myocardial infarction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites IDPP 2006
plainn = 120- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The HR adjusted for age and clustering was 0.98 (95% CI 0.71 to 1.37) (Da Qing 1997).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Non-fatal myocardial infarction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The HR (adjusted for clustering and age) was 0.53 (95% CI 0.29 to 0.99; P = 0.048) in favour of the intervention (Da Qing 1997).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Blindness or severe vision loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plaindirectn = 31 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The trial reported the HR (adjusted for age and clustering) after a total follow-up period of 20 years (i.e. 14 years after the intervention had stopped) for the combined former diet only, physical activity only and diet plus physical activity group versus former control to be 0.83 (95% CI 0.48 to 1.05).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Cardiovascular mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plainn = 78- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“At year 15, the cumulative incidence of T2DM was 562 participants (62%) in the former control group versus 480 participants (55%) in the former diet plus physical activity group (DPP 2002).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
plainn = 562- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Seven out of 441 participants (when adjusting for clustering: 4 out of 252 participants) of the combined former intervention group compared with two out of 136 participants (when adjusting for clustering 1 out of 78 participants) in the former control group developed end-stage renal disease (Da Qing 1997).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > End-stage renal disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plainn = 441- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 95% prediction interval ranged between -0.43 mmol/L to 0.09 mmol/L.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Fasting glucose
plainn = 3,530- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Direct medical costs (hospital days, emergency room visits, urgent care visits, outpatient visits, calls to providers, supplies, laboratory tests, and pre-scription medications within the intervention groups) outside the DPP were estimated to be USD 5182 for the diet plus physical activity group compared with USD 5680 for the control group.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Socioeconomic effects
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The cost-effectiveness to prevent one case of diabetes with diet plus physical activity was USD 1052.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Socioeconomic effects
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites IDPP 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two hours after an oral glucose load glucose values were higher in the control group compared with the diet plus physical activity group (random MD -0.46 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.79 to -0.12; P = 0.008; fixed MD -0.29 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.44 to -0.15; P < 0.00001; 9 trials; 3261 participants; Analysis 2.24).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Fasting glucose
plaincorrelationaln = 3,261 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The mean HbA1c was 7.34% (SD 1.7) in 271 participants (155 participants when adjusting for clustering) in the combined former intervention group compared with 7.83% (SD 2.0) in 81 participants (46 participants when adjusting for clustering) in the former control group (Da Qing 1997).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Sensitivity analysis:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plainn = 271- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The mean HbA1c was 6.2% (SD 1.2) in 751 participants in the former diet plus physical activity group compared with 6.3% (SD 1.2) in 780 participants in the former control group (DPP 2002).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Sensitivity analysis:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
plainn = 751- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 95% prediction interval ranged between -1.64% and 1.42%.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Four trials reported data on HbA1c (DPP 2002; DPS 2001; EDIPS 2009; SLIM 2003).
plainn = 2,453- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“From the perspective of the health system (direct medical costs of the interventions plus direct medical costs of care outside the trial) the cost was USD 31,500 per quality-adjusted life years (QALY) gained with diet plus physical activity compared with control.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Socioeconomic effects
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Among the participants who developed T2DM the median time to the onset of T2DM was 15 years (95% CI 13 to 17) in the former intervention group compared with 10 years (95% CI 8 to 12 years) in the former control group (95% CI 8 to 12 years) (DPS 2001).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Time to progression to type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPS 2001
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subgroup analyses: according to duration of the intervention ((≥ 4 years) versus trials with short duration (< 4 years)), diagnostic criteria of participants with IGT versus other; age (included participants ≥ 50 years versus < 50 years); ethnicity (Asian versus predominantly White); morbidity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 versus < 30 kg/m 2 ); showed no statistically significant interactions (Appendix 18).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Fasting glucose
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“From the perspective of society (direct medical costs plus non medical costs (expenditure on medical treatment but not involving purchase of medical services or products) plus indirect costs (costs to society due to morbidity and mortality, e.g.absent from work due to medical treatment)) the cost was USD 51,600 per QALY gained with diet plus physical activity compared with control.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Socioeconomic effects
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Analysing trials according to geographies for trials performed in Asia showed a MD of -0.18 mmol/L (95% CI -0.49 to 0.13; P = 0.15) (Da Qing 1997; IDPP 2006; JDPP 2013).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Fasting glucose
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
- Not checked yetcites IDPP 2006
- Not checked yetcites JDPP 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 95% prediction interval ranged between -1.41 mmol/L to 0.49 mmol/ L.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Fasting glucose
plainn = 3,261- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Effect-estimates in both random-effects and fixed-effect models showed differences (random MD -0.17 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.27 to -0.06; P = 0.003; fixed MD -0.21 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.27 to -0.15; P < 0.00001; 10 trials; 3530 participants; Analysis 2.18).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Fasting glucose
plaincorrelationaln = 3,530 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“FPG was 6.8 mmol/L (SD 2.0) in 751 participants in the former diet plus physical activity group compared with 6.8 mmol/L (SD 1.9) in 780 participants in the former control group (DPP 2002).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Fasting glucose
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
plainn = 751- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Trials performed in Europe showed a MD of -0.08 mmol/ L (95% CI -0.80 to 0.08; P = 0.15) (DPS 2001; EDIPS 2009; Oldroyd 2005; PODOSA 2014; SLIM 2003).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Fasting glucose
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPS 2001
- Not checked yetcites EDIPS 2009
- Not checked yetcites Oldroyd 2005
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The mean two-hour glucose value was 11.5 mmol/L (SD 5.0) in 100 participants (57 participants when adjusting for clustering) in the combined former intervention groups compared with 13.8 mmol/L (SD 5.8) in 28 participants (16 participants when adjusting for clustering) in the former control group (Da Qing 1997).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Glucose two hours after an oral glucose load
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plainn = 100- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Sensitivity analysis restricted to only trials with low risk of selection bias showed MD -0.15%, 95% CI -0.27 to -0.04; P = 0.009 (DPP 2002;DPS 2001;EDIPS 2009).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Sensitivity analysis:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
- Not checked yetcites DPS 2001
- Not checked yetcites EDIPS 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“to trials with low risk of selection bias showed a MD of -0.14 mmol/L (95% CI -0.26 to -0.01; P = 0.03) (DPP 2002; DPS 2001; EDIPS 2009;HELP PD 2011; JDPP 2013; Oldroyd 2005; PODOSA 2014).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Fasting glucose
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
- Not checked yetcites DPS 2001
- Not checked yetcites EDIPS 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The mean FPG was 7.9 (SD 3.2) in 260 participants (149 participants when adjusting for clustering) in the combined former intervention groups compared with 8.7 (SD 3.1) in 80 participants (46 participants when adjusting for clustering) in the former control group (Da Qing 1997).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Fasting glucose
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plainn = 260- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“IDPP 2006 estimated direct medical costs of interventions over the three-year trial period to be USD 61 per participant in the control group compared with USD 225 in the diet plus physical activity group.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Socioeconomic effects
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites IDPP 2006
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“During DPP 2002, the diet plus physical activity groups were substantially more expensive than the standard treatment intervention.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Socioeconomic effects
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Direct medical costs of the interventions during the DPP were estimated to be USD 3628 for the diet plus physical activity group versus USD 184 for the control group.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Socioeconomic effects
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subgroup analyses: according to duration of the intervention ((≥ 4 years) versus trials with short duration (< 4 years)), ethnicity (Asian versus predominantly white); morbidity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 versus < 30 kg/m 2 ); showed no statistically significant interactions (Appendix 18).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Fasting glucose
plainn = 3,261- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“27%, 43% and 29% of participants in the physical activity group experienced worse, unchanged and better health-related quality of lif e, respectively (Hellgren 2016 -data provided by trial authors) 35%, 43% and 22% in the standard treatm ent group experienced worse, unchanged and better health-related quality of lif e, respectively (Hellgren 2016 -data provided by trial authors)”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hellgren 2016 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Three of the included trials contributed about 70% of all data (Da Qing 1997; DPP 2002; DPS 2001).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
- Not checked yetcites DPS 2001
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“3/ 130 participants died in the diet group vs 0/ 141 participants in the physical activity group 3/ 133 participants died in the standard treatm ent group”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > A D D I T I O N A L S U M M A R Y O F F I N D I N G S [Explanation]
plainn = 130- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“57/ 130 participants developed T2DM in the diet group vs 58/ 141 participants in the physical activity group 90/ 133 participants developed T2DM in the standard treatm ent group”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > A D D I T I O N A L S U M M A R Y O F F I N D I N G S [Explanation]
plainn = 130- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The diversity-adjusted required information size of TSA to confirm a 10% RRR was reached.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > D I S C U S S I O N Summary of main results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The only data on microvascular complications were available after an extended follow-up period.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, similar trials have not been performed in people with IFG or moderately elevated HbA1c.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No participants in any group died of cardiovascular reasons”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > A D D I T I O N A L S U M M A R Y O F F I N D I N G S [Explanation]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, the trial found a delay in the onset of T2DM of 3.6 years (Da Qing 1997).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No (serious) adverse events occurred in any group”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > A D D I T I O N A L S U M M A R Y O F F I N D I N G S [Explanation]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No participants in any group died of cardiovascular reasons”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > A D D I T I O N A L S U M M A R Y O F F I N D I N G S [Explanation]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In all trials reporting the direct costs of the diet and physical activity programmes, the intervention was significantly more expensive than control (DPP 2002; EDIPS 2009; HELP PD 2011; IDPP 2006).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
- Not checked yetcites EDIPS 2009
- Not checked yetcites HELP PD 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In HELP PD 2011, direct medical costs for each participant in the diet plus physical activity group were USD 850 compared with USD 142 in the control group.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Socioeconomic effects
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites HELP PD 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In DPP 2002 there was no influence on microvascular outcomes after 15 years of follow-up.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The three major trials all included people with IGT.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The meta-analysis comparing diet plus physical activity with standard or no treatment showed moderate-quality evidence of a reduced incidence of T2DM after the end of the intervention.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > D I S C U S S I O N Summary of main results
plaindirectn = 5,238- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In both DPP 2002 and DPS 2001, diet plus physical activity was most effective in reducing T2DM incidence in people aged 60 years or more.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
- Not checked yetcites DPS 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The number of participants diagnosed with T2DM in the control groups in the included trials was higher than that estimated from observational studies (Cheng 2006; Morris 2013).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Direct costs of care outside the trial were USD 5177 for the diet plus physical activity group compared with USD 7454 for the control group.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Socioeconomic effects
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites HELP PD 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The trial did not find an impact on the risk of T2DM in participants with isolated IFG after 36 months of intervention (HR 1.17, 95% CI 0.50 to 2.74) (Saito 2011).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Saito 2011 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There was discrepancy in the longterm effects of the diet plus physical activity intervention in the DPP 2002 and the Da Qing 1997 follow-up.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Da Qing 1997 reported a reduction of severe retinopathy after 20 years of follow-up in the former intervention group (HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.99; P = 0.048).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, all trials except one had IGT as an inclusion criterion (HELP PD 2011).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites HELP PD 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We were dealing with a substantially heterogeneous group of trials.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Potential biases in the review process
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is no clear evidence whether diet alone or physical ac-tivity alone influences the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > A U T H O R S ' C O N C L U S I O N S Implications for practice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Unfortunately only four investigators (33%) of the included trials either just confirmed a question or provided additional data that could be implemented for the 'Risk of bias' assessment or the meta-analyses of outcomes (EDIPS 2009; Hellgren 2016; IDPP 2006; PODOSA 2014).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Quality of the evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites EDIPS 2009
- Not checked yetcites Hellgren 2016 source
- Not checked yetcites IDPP 2006
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, the only long-term RCT assessing the effects of diet plus physical activity in people with T2DM was stopped early due to futility after a median follow-up of 9.6 years (Look AHEAD 2013).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Look AHEAD 2013 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, the diet plus physical activity intervention programmes were estimated to be cost-effective due to the reduction of T2DM with these programmes (DPP 2002).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Observational data of trials with extended follow-up periods could also not prove long-term beneficial effects regarding patient-important outcomes (DPP 2002;DPS 2001).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Agreements and disagreements with other studies or reviews
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
- Not checked yetcites DPS 2001
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Female (N = 350); incidence (cases/100 person years); I: 4.3 (95% CI 3.0 to 6.2); C: 6.9 (95% CI 5.2 to 9.2); HR diet plus physical activity versus control 0.61 (95% CI 0.39 to 0.97)”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > DPS 2001
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“≥ 60 years; incidence (cases/100 person years); I: 3.1; C: 10.8; reduction in incidence diet plus physical activity versus control 71 (95% CI 51 to 83)”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Unclear risk
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Male (N = 172); incidence (cases/100 person years); I: 3.7 (95% CI 2.2 to 6.2); C: 6.8 (95% CI 5.8 to 12.6); HR diet plus physical activity versus control 0.43 (95% CI 0.22 to 0.81)”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > DPS 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“25-44 years; incidence (cases/100 person years); I: 6.2 ; C: 11.6; reduction in incidence diet plus physical activity versus control 48 (95% CI 27 to 63)”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Unclear risk
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The relative decrease in the rate of development of T2DM in the physical activity compared with control was similar in overweight and lean at the end of intervention”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Unclear risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“45-59 years; incidence (cases/100 person years); I: 4.7; C: 10.8; reduction in incidence diet plus physical activity versus control 59 (95% CI 44 to 70)”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Unclear risk
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Only one trial focused exclusively on physical activity interventions for the prevention of T2DM (Hellgren 2016).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hellgren 2016 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Test for subgroup differences: Chi 2 = 6.88, df = 1 (P = 0.01), I 2”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Update: diet plus physical activity reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in people with impaired glucose tolerance.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Event Description
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| 12 Incidence of type 2 diabetes: | 11 | 4511 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Random, 95% CI) | 0.57 [0.50, 0.64] |”
- Also stated in: § Additional information · plain
“| 11 | 4511 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Random, 95% CI) | 0.57 [0.50, 0.64] |”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Additional information
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Additional information · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| 12.1 Asian | 5 | 1235 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Random, 95% CI) | 0.68 [0.56, 0.81] |”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Additional information
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All participants; diet plus physical activity 4.3/100 person years (N = 932); control 8. 6/100 person years (N = 922)”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data are lacking for the effect of diet plus physical activity for people with intermediate hyperglycaemia defined by other glycaemic variables”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Event Description
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“P interaction 0.0130”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > DPS 2001
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“> 61 years; incidence (cases/100 person years); I: 2.4 (95% CI 1.3 to 4.7); C: 6.6 (95% CI 4.2 to 10.3); HR diet plus physical activity versus control 0.36 (95% CI 0. 17 to 0.80)”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > DPS 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Test for subgroup differences: Chi 2 = 5.36, df = 1 (P = 0.02), I 2”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| 12.2 (Predominantly)White | 6 | 3276 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Random, 95% CI) | 0.50 [0.43, 0.58] |”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Additional information
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Analysing trials performed in Asia showed a MD of -1.10 mmol/L (95% CI -2.3 to 0.11; P = 0.07) (Da Qing 1997; IDPP 2006; JDPP 2013).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
- Not checked yetcites IDPP 2006
- Not checked yetcites JDPP 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“P < 0.05 for the test of heterogeneity across strata by FPG ≥ 7. 0 mmol/L and/or 2-hour plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L according to ethnicity at the end of intervention”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| 11.2 age < 50 years | 2 | 401 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Random, 95% CI) | 0.70 [0.57, 0.85] |”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Additional information
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Total events: 315 (Diet + physical activity), 614 (Comparator) Heterogeneity: Tau 2 = 0.00; Chi 2 = 10.65,df = 10 (P = 0.39); I 2 =6% Test for overall effect: Z = 8.70 (P < 0.00001)”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Trials performed in Europe showed a MD of -0.35 mmol/L (95% CI -0.78 to 0.08; P = 0.11) (DPS 2001; EDIPS 2009; Oldroyd 2005; PODOSA 2014).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPS 2001
- Not checked yetcites EDIPS 2009
- Not checked yetcites Oldroyd 2005
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| 13.1 BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 | 6 | 3318 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Random, 95% CI) | 0.50 [0.43, 0.58] |”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Additional information
plaindirectn = 3,318- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Diabetes incidence defined by HbA1c ≥ 6.5% according to ethnicity at the end of intervention All participants; diet plus physical activity 4.6/100 person years (N = 932); control 8. 8/100 person years (N = 922)”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
plainn = 932- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| 11.1 age ≥ 50 years | 9 | 4110 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Random, 95% CI) | 0.50 [0.44, 0.58] |”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Additional information
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| 25.1 Long duration (≥ 4 | 3 | 697 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | -0.91 [-1.77, -0.05] |”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Additional information
plaindirectn = 697 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| 25.2 Short duration (< 4 | 6 | 2564 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | -0.31 [-0.70, 0.08] |”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Additional information
plainn = 2,564- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| 27.1 Asian | 4 | 760 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | -0.93 [-1.72, -0.14] |”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Additional information
plaindirectn = 760 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| 23.1 BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 | 6 | 2822 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | -0.16 [-0.30, -0.03] |”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Additional information
plaindirectn = 2,822 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| 13.2 BMI < 30 kg/m 2 | 5 | 1193 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Random, 95% CI) | 0.66 [0.55, 0.80] |”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Additional information
plaindirectn = 1,193- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| 26.2 Age < 50 years | 2 | 380 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | -1.62 [-2.49, -0.76] |”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Additional information
plaindirectn = 380 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| 20.2 Other criteria | 1 | 261 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | -0.30 [-0.46, -0.14] |”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Additional information
plaindirectn = 261 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| 19.2 Short duration (< 4 | 7 | 2833 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | -0.17 [-0.30, -0.03] |”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Additional information
plaindirectn = 2,833 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| 20.1 IGT | 9 | 3269 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | -0.14 [-0.26, -0.01] |”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Additional information
plaindirectn = 3,269 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| 19.1 Long duration (≥ 4 | 3 | 697 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | -0.12 [-0.24, 0.01] |”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Additional information
plainn = 697- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| 26.1 Age ≥ 50 years | 7 | 2881 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | -0.27 [-0.49, -0.05] |”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Additional information
plaindirectn = 2,881 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| 24 2h plasma glucose | 9 | 3261 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | -0.46 [-0.79, -0.12] |”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Additional information
plaindirectn = 3,261 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| 22.2 (Predominantly) White | 6 | 2770 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | -0.17 [-0.30, -0.04] |”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Additional information
plaindirectn = 2,770 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| 23.2 < 30 kg/m 2 | 4 | 708 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | -0.15 [-0.34, 0.05] |”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Additional information
plainn = 708- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| 21.2 Age < 50 years | 2 | 380 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | -0.41 [-0.78, -0.04] |”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Additional information
plaindirectn = 380 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| 21.1 Age ≥ 50 years | 8 | 3150 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | -0.14 [-0.26, -0.03] |”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Additional information
plaindirectn = 3,150 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| 22.1 Asian | 4 | 760 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | -0.13 [-0.30, 0.05] |”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Additional information
plainn = 760- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| 18 Fasting plasma glucose | 10 | 3530 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | -0.17 [-0.27, -0.06] |”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Additional information
plaindirectn = 3,530- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| 14 Cardiovascular mortality | 7 | 3263 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Random, 95% CI) | 0.94 [0.24, 3.65] |”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Additional information
plainn = 3,263- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the other comparisons the number of participants was small, resulting in a high risk of random errors (play of chance).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Quality of the evidence
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All included trials had deficiencies in the way that they were conducted or how key items were reported.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Quality of the evidence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We judged none of the included trials at low risk of bias for all 'Risk of bias' domains.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For diet plus physical activity compared with standard treatment, we found rather good evidence that the development of new type 2 diabetes was reduced or delayed.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Quality of the evidence
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is no firm evidence that diet alone or physical activity alone compared to standard treatment influences the risk of T2DM and especially its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing T2DM.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Authors' conclusions
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, diet plus physical activity reduces or delays the incidence of T2DM in people with IGT.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Authors' conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Three large clinical trials in people with IGT have shown a relative risk reduction of about 50% in the progression to T2DM with restricted diet and increased physical activity (Da Qing 1997;DPP 2002;DPS 2001).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > How the intervention might work
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
- Not checked yetcites DPS 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There are prospective cohort studies that have shown that increased physical activity, independent of other risk factors, has a protective effect against the development of T2DM (Helmrich 1991;Manson 1992).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > How the intervention might work
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We applied TSA as it decreases the risk of type I and II errors due to sparse data and multiple updating in a cumulative meta-analysis, and it provides us with important information in order to estimate the risks of imprecision when the required information size is not reached.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Trial sequential analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies have shown poor correlations between HbA1c and IFG/IGT (Gosmanov 2014; Selvin 2011).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Quality of the evidence
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Interventional as well as observational studies have shown a reduction in the incidence of T2DM with reduced calorie intake and increased physical activity in people at risk of T2DM (Da Qing 1997;DPP 2002;Helmrich 1991;Smith 2016).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Description of the intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
- Not checked yetcites Helmrich 1991 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These epidemiological prospective studies demonstrated that various levels of regular physical activity once to several times a week were associated with a decreased incidence of the disease at long-term follow-up (14 years and five years respectively) (Helmrich 1991;Manson 1992).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > How the intervention might work
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, the various glycaemic tests do not seem to identify the same people (Gosmanov 2014; Selvin 2011).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Quality of the evidence
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, one large-scale, randomised, controlled trial in people overweight or obese people with T2DM did not show a substantial effect on mortality and cardiovascular outcomes with intensive diet plus physical activity compared with control after 9.6 years (Look AHEAD 2013).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Description of the intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Look AHEAD 2013 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Double-blinding was not possible or practical in the included trials due to the type of intervention.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Blinding
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No trial was free from risk of bias in all 'Risk of bias' domains.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Risk of bias in included studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“None of the remaining trials reported that a blinded outcome committee was instituted to assess outcomes during the intervention period.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Blinding
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We judged four trials to be at high risk of other bias, either because the trial was terminated early for benefit (DPP 2002; DPS 2001; IDPP 2006) or because trial authors did not report an ICC coefficient in their cluster-RCT making it necessary to estimate this coefficient (Da Qing 1997).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incomplete outcome data
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Non-serious adverse events and mild hypoglycaemia were partly or exclusively self-reported in all trials.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Blinding
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three trials had an unclear risk of selective outcome reporting bias (Oldroyd 2005; PODOSA 2014; SLIM 2003).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incomplete outcome data
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We judged eight of the included trials to be at high risk of reporting bias on one or more of the outcomes of relevance for our review (Da Qing 1997; DPP 2002; DPS 2001; EDIPS 2009; HELP PD 2011; IDPP 2006; JDPP 2013; Kosaka 2005).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incomplete outcome data
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, we considered the risk of performance bias and detection bias to be low or unclear for our secondary outcomes.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Blinding
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One trial reported that they did not observe any adverse events.However, this seems unlikely, because the publications indicated that serious adverse events were experienced (e.g.cardiovascular events) (Da Qing 1997).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Serious adverse events
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Sensitivity analyses including only trials with low risk of selection bias (DPP 2002; DPS 2001; EDIPS 2009; HELP PD 2011; JDPP 2013; Oldroyd 2005; PODOSA 2014) did not substantially change the effect estimate (RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.42 to 3.12; P = 0.79).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diet plus physical activity versus standard treatment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
- Not checked yetcites DPS 2001
- Not checked yetcites EDIPS 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As only a minor fraction of the diversity-adjusted required information size to detect or reject a 10% RRR was accrued, we could not calculate the TSA-adjusted 95% CIs with diversity at 20%.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diet plus physical activity versus standard treatment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Heterogeneity is likely to increase when future trials are included.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If a diversity of 0% was applied, then 0.77% of the diversity-adjusted information size was accrued to detect or reject a 10% RRR.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diet plus physical activity versus standard treatment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“An effect of the behaviour-changing intervention was therefore not apparent in this lowest BMI quartile.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites JDPP 2013
plainn = 52- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The excess of events in the diet plus physical activity group was due to hospitalisations because of cardiovascular disease and revascularisation procedures (DPP 2002).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Non-fatal myocardial infarction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
plaindirectn = 1,079- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“TSA showed that 0.13% of the diversity-adjusted information size was accrued to detect or reject a 10% RRR.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Cardiovascular mortality
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Applying diversity at 0%, 0.16% of the diversity-adjusted information size was accrued to detect or reject a 10% RRR.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Cardiovascular mortality
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We could not perform any meta-analysis or subgroup analysis due to lack of data.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Serious adverse events
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Sensitivity analysis restricted to trials with low risk of selection bias showed a MD of -0.14 mmol/L (95% CI -0.26 to -0.01; P = 0.03) (DPP 2002; DPS 2001; EDIPS 2009;HELP”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Fasting glucose
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
- Not checked yetcites DPS 2001
- Not checked yetcites EDIPS 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall quality of evidence for this outcome measure was very low.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Health-related quality of life
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Detailed information about the participants was lacking in most trials.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, the implementation of diet and physical activity programmes outside a clinical trial often shows less pronounced effects in surrogate markers (e.g.glycaemic measures) (Ashra 2015).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ashra 2015
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The amount of evidence on patient-important outcomes was limited.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > D I S C U S S I O N Summary of main results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, because of the technical complexities of performing an OGTT compared with measuring fasting glucose or HbA1c, most people with intermediate hyperglycaemia are expected to be diagnosed with these modalities (International Expert Committee 2009).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites International Expert Committee 2009 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We judged all trials as at unclear or high risk of bias in one or more 'Risk of bias' domains.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > D I S C U S S I O N Summary of main results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The reason for the lack of reliable data on diabetic complications T2DM in our review might be explained by the low rate of these complications in the people with the largest intervention effect and the time it takes to develop these complications (Vijan 1997).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vijan 1997 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reporting of complications associated with T2DM during the intervention period was lacking.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall quality of evidence was low for this outcome measure.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Socioeconomic effects
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is therefore unclear whether similar effects in reducing or delaying T2DM incidence will be found in the majority of people with intermediate hyperglycaemia.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, a Cochrane Review observed that clinical outcomes in people participating in RCTs are comparable to similar individuals outside trials (Vist 2008).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vist 2008
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results of this review might therefore not be applicable to people defined by other glycaemic categories of intermediate hyperglycaemia.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, many of those diagnosed with T2DM in a RCT may not be diagnosed in a 'real-world' setting.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is moderate-quality evidence that diet plus physical activity reduces or delays the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in people with impaired glucose tolerance.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > A U T H O R S ' C O N C L U S I O N S Implications for practice
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) measures of blood glucose control Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The remaining trials had insufficient reporting of one or more outcomes of relevance to our review.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Quality of the evidence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many of the included trials were not designed or powered to detect our predefined patient-important outcomes.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Potential biases in the review process
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the comparisons 'diet only versus comparator' and 'physical activity only versus comparator', we judged the quality of evidence to be very low because of sparse data and various risks of bias.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Quality of the evidence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, these observational extension periods of interventional trials need to be interpreted with caution because the long-term cohort may not be comparable with the originally randomised participants.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Agreements and disagreements with other studies or reviews
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our meta-analyses were limited by the inability to use individual participant data to assess whether distinct clinical characteristics may have influenced the effect estimates of the interventions.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Potential biases in the review process
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Trial terminated early: yes (the trial was prematurely terminated in March 2000 by an independent end point committee, since the incidence of diabetes in the intervention group was highly significantly lower than in the control group)”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) all-cause/cardiovascular mortality Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) incidence of T2DM Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The independent end-points committee that confirmed newly diagnosed cases of diabetes in DPS 2001 was blinded.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Selective reporting (reporting bias) High risk Comment: morbidity was described as being reported in design article, but no data available”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, we were able to assess one or more of our predefined outcomes in all of the included trials.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Quality of the evidence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, for one of our primary outcomes -the incidence of T2DM -we were able to draw a funnel plot, which did not indicate publication bias.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Potential biases in the review process
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Random sequence generation (selection bias) Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Number of study centres: 27
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Selective reporting (reporting bias) High risk Comment: It is apparent from an abstract of the trial that cardiovascular outcomes were collected, but they were not reported in a format suitable for meta-analyses.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Da Qing 1997
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) measures of blood glucose control Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data on patient-important outcomes such as mortality, macrovascular and microvascular diabetic complications and health-related quality of life are sparse.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > A U T H O R S ' C O N C L U S I O N S Implications for practice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) incidence of T2DM Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Allocation concealment (selection bias) Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Number of study centres: 27
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) amputation, blindness/severe vision loss, end-stage renal disease Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) incidence of T2DM Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) time to progression to T2DM Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The independent end-points committee that confirmed newly diagnosed cases of diabetes in DPS 2001 was blinded.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“thus, the study was only partly blinded.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other bias High risk Comment: the study was cluster-randomised, and no ICC was reported.Therefore, all data in the meta-analyses are based on an assumed intra-cluster coefficient”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Da Qing 1997
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even though we focused on long-term trials, the reporting of clinical outcomes in the included trials was poor.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Potential biases in the review process
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Selective reporting (reporting bias) High risk Comment: several outcome are likely to be measured and analysed, but not reported, e.g.hypoglycaemia, non-serious adverse events.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) all-cause/cardiovascular mortality High risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plainn = 36- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: self-reported and investigatorassessed outcome measure.No blinding.The outcome could have been influenced by lack of blinding.No hypoglycaemic events in the groups of interest for this review were reported”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > IDPP 2006 (Continued)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: adequate generation of random sequence ensured”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Random sequence generation (selection bias)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: investigator-assessed outcome measure, unclear if this outcome also was assessed by the blinded independent outcome committee.The outcome was not likely to be influenced by lack of blinding”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Selective reporting (reporting bias) High risk Comment: more outcomes of relevance to this review defined but not published (e.g.glycaemic measures).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: missing outcome data balanced in numbers across intervention groups, with similar reasons for missing data across groups.Detailed flow chart provided in publication.However, only 69% of the par-Oldroyd 2005 (Continued) ticipants completed the study.This proportion of missing outcomes could have induced clinically relevant bias in intervention effect estimate”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Unclear risk
hedgedconditionaln = 69- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: investigator-assessed outcome measure.The outcome was not likely to be influenced by lack of blinding”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: outcome evaluated by an independent outcome committee and investigator-assessed outcome measure”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: investigator-assessed outcome measure, unclear if this outcome also was assessed by the blinded independent outcome committee.The outcome was not likely to be influenced by lack of blinding”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: missing outcome data balanced in numbers across intervention groups, with similar reasons for missing data across groups.Detailed flow chart provided in Oldroyd 2005 (Continued) publication.However, only 69% of the participants completed the study.This proportion of missing outcomes could have induced clinically relevant bias in intervention effect estimate”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Unclear risk
hedgedconditionaln = 69- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: investigator-assessed outcome measure.The outcome was not likely to be influenced by lack of blinding”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: outcome evaluated by an independent outcome committee and investigator-assessed outcome measure”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: 88.8% of the originally randomised participants in the intervention group and 86.2% of the originally randomised participants in the control group had complete data for the diabetes outcome.Method of handling missing data as well as explanation of dropouts was not stated in the paper”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Unclear risk
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Selective reporting (reporting bias) High risk Comment: several outcomes of interest for this review were measured but not reported (see table Appendix 7)”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: self-reported and investigatorassessed outcome measure.No blinding.The outcome could have been influenced by lack of blinding.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > IDPP 2006 (Continued)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: adequate allocation concealment ensured”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Random sequence generation (selection bias)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: missing outcome data balanced in numbers across intervention groups, with similar reasons for missing data across groups.Detailed flow chart provided in publication.However, only 69% of the participants completed the study.This proportion of missing outcomes could have induced clinically relevant bias in intervention effect estimate”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Unclear risk
hedgedconditionaln = 69- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: outcome evaluated by an independent outcome committee.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: outcome evaluated by an independent outcome committee”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: unknown whether mortality status known for participants lost to followup.7 participants in the DPPA group and 2 participants in the control group were lost to follow-up; 5 participants in the DPPA group were mentioned as not willing.However, the proportion of missing outcomes compared with observed event risk may have had a clinically relevant impact on the intervention effect estimate”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
hedgedn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: adequate allocation concealment ensured”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Random sequence generation (selection bias)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Only one trial was classified as having low risk of bias for selective outcome reporting (Hellgren 2016).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hellgren 2016 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The description of randomisation and allocation was insufficient in 33% of the included trials (Da Qing 1997; IDPP 2006; Kosaka 2005; SLIM 2003).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
- Not checked yetcites IDPP 2006
- Not checked yetcites Kosaka 2005 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Some findings indicate that the progression from 'prediabetes' to T2DM is reduced or maybe just delayed (Diabetes Prevention Program 2002; Diabetes Prevention Program FU 2009).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Diabetes Prevention Program 2002
- Not checked yetcites Diabetes Prevention Program FU 2009
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“None of the 11 included trials in our review was classified as having low risk of bias in all 'Risk of bias' domains.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Sixteen of these systematic reviews included exclusively people with intermediate hyperglycaemia (Aguiar 2014; Gillett 2012; Gillies 2007; Glechner 2015; Gong 2015; Hopper 2011; ICER 2016; Norris 2005; Santaguida 2005; Selph 2015; Stevens 2015; Yamaoka 2005; Yates 2007; Yoon 2013; Yuen 2010; Zheng 2016);”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 86
- Probably not a substantial claim. 243
- The quote only partly states this claim. 3
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We included 12 RCTs randomising 5238 people.”
- Also stated in: § Study characteristics · plain
“We found 12 randomised controlled trials (clinical studies where people are randomly put into one of two or more treatment groups) with 5238 participants.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plainn = 5,238- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Study characteristics · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no data on blindness or socioeconomic effects.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In one trial no adverse events occurred.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One trial included participants with IGT, the other trial included participants with IGT, IFG or both.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plainn = 397- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The duration of the interventions varied from two to six years.”
- Also stated in: § Study characteristics · plain
“The duration of the treatments varied from two years to six years.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Study characteristics · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Very few participants died in the course of the studies and side-effects were also rare.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Key results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“one RCT included people with fasting glucose levels between 5.3 to 6.9 mmol/L”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The definition of T2DM incidence varied among the included trials.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“one RCT included participants with IGT, impaired fasting blood glucose (IFG) or both”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In this update we excluded two of these trials as they did not have intermediate hyperglycaemia as an inclusion criterion (Bo 2007; Wing 1998).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Results of the search
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bo 2007
- Not checked yetcites Wing 1998
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The original Cochrane Review published in 2008 included eight RCTs.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Results of the search
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Thirteen percent of the participants included in the DPP had HbA1c ≥ 6.5% at baseline (DPP 2002).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diagnosis of intermediate hyperglycaemia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All the participants in the included trials were treatment-naive with regard to pharmacological glucose-lowering interventions.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Interventions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ten included trials were parallel RCTs and two trials had a clusterrandomised design (Da Qing 1997; PODOSA 2014).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Trial design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A total of 33 health care clinics were included (Da Qing 1997).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Trial design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this updated search we identified a total of 56 additional references for four of the already included trials of the 2008 review (Da Qing 1997;DPP 2002;DPS 2001;IDPP 2006).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Results of the search
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All the ongoing trials assessed one or more outcomes of interest for our review.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Ongoing studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The updated search of the databases identified 2072 records after duplicates were removed (Figure 1).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Results of the search
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found three ongoing randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in nine references (NCT01530165; PREVIEW; PROPELS).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Ongoing studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Twenty-two participants of the initially randomised 147 participants had a two-hour glucose value above 11 mmol/L in this trial (SLIM 2003).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diagnosis of intermediate hyperglycaemia
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As the treatment effect was almost identical in both groups, they analysed the two groups together and thereafter designated them as the combined intervention group.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Interventions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We evaluated 181 references further.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Results of the search
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ten trials aimed for weight reduction for all participants allocated to the intervention groups or only for participants with a BMI above a certain limit (this BMI limit varied among the included trials) (Da Qing 1997; DPP 2002; DPS 2001; EDIPS 2009; HELP PD 2011; JDPP 2013; Kosaka 2005; Oldroyd 2005; PODOSA 2014; SLIM 2003).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Interventions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants with BMI above 25 kg/m 2 allocated to the diet-only group in Da Qing 1997 were encouraged to reduce their calorie intake, so they lost 0.5 kg to 1.0 kg per month until they achieved”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Interventions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the PODOSA 2014 trial participants constituted 156 family clusters that were randomised (78 families with 85 participants were allocated to the intervention group and 78 families with 86 participants were allocated to the control group).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Trial design
plainn = 156- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“One trial included people with IGT defined by FPG < 7.8 mmol/L and two-hour plasma glucose after 100 g OGTT between 8.9 mmol/L and 13.3 mmol/ L, which roughly corresponds to 7.8 mmol/L to 11 mmol/L after a 75 g OGTT (Kosaka 2005).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diagnosis of intermediate hyperglycaemia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We excluded a total of 62 references from the updated search after full-text evaluation.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Results of the search
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“One trial included people with fasting glucose levels between 5.3 mmol/L and 6.9 mmol/L (HELP PD 2011).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diagnosis of intermediate hyperglycaemia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, in addition to the six included trials of the Cochrane Review published in 2008 we included six more trials (EDIPS 2009; Hellgren 2016; HELP PD 2011; JDPP 2013; PODOSA 2014; SLIM 2003).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Results of the search
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We classified five trials in six references as studies awaiting classification (see 'Characteristics of studies awaiting classification' table).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Studies awaiting classification
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Diet advice was identical in both intervention groups and the comparator group.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Interventions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Da Qing 1997 had four intervention arms: physical activity only, diet only, physical activity plus diet and control group.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Interventions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both the intervention arms in Hellgren 2016 had a more intense physical activity strategy than the comparator group.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Interventions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“One trial applied the WHO 1999 criteria for the definition of IFG (FPG ≥ 6.1 and < 7.8 mmol/L and twohour glucose < 7.8 mmol/L) and/or IGT (FPG < 7.0 mmol/L and two-hour plasma glucose after OGTT between ≥ 7.8 mmol/L and < 11.1 mmol/L) (PODOSA 2014).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diagnosis of intermediate hyperglycaemia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two of the ongoing trials' predefined outcomes stated that they would assess one of our primary outcomes (incidence of T2DM) (NCT01530165; PREVIEW).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Ongoing studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, six trials of the original review remained (Da Qing 1997;DPP 2002;DPS 2001;IDPP 2006;Kosaka 2005;Oldroyd 2005).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Results of the search
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three trials applied the World Health Organization (WHO) 1985 diagnostic criteria for the definition of IGT (fasting plasma glucose (FPG) < 7.8 mmol/L and two-hour plasma glucose after oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) between ≥ 7.8 mmol/L and < 11.1 mmol/L) (Da Qing 1997; DPS 2001; Oldroyd 2005).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diagnosis of intermediate hyperglycaemia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The definition of intermediate hyperglycaemia varied among the ongoing trials; one trial included participants with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (NCT01530165), one trial included participants with IGT, impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or both (PREVIEW), and one trial included participants with IFG or moderately elevated glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (PROPELS).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Ongoing studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“One trial applied the diagnostic criteria for impaired glucose de-fined by ADA 1997 (FPG 5.3 mmol/L to 6.9 mmol/L and twohour plasma glucose after OGTT between 7.8 and 11.0 mmol/ L) (ADA 1997) (DPP 2002).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diagnosis of intermediate hyperglycaemia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites ADA 1997
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“One trial defined IGT by FPG < 7.8 mmol/L and two-hour plasma glucose after OGTT between ≥ 7.8 mmol/L and < 12.5 mmol/L (SLIM 2003).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diagnosis of intermediate hyperglycaemia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We estimate the ongoing trials to include 23,808 participants.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Ongoing studies
hedgedn = 23,808- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two of the included trials had more than one intervention group of relevance for this review (Da Qing 1997; Hellgren 2016).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Interventions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hellgren 2016 initially analysed data from the two intervention groups separately.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Interventions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three trials applied the WHO 1999 criteria for the definition of IGT (fasting plasma glucose (FPG) < 7.0 mmol/L and two-hour plasma glucose after OGTT between ≥ 7.8 mmol/L and < 11.1 mmol/L) (EDIPS 2009; IDPP 2006; JDPP 2013).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diagnosis of intermediate hyperglycaemia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A total of 54 participants (total in all three intervention groups) included in the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) had FPG above 7.0 mmol/L at baseline (DPP 2002).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diagnosis of intermediate hyperglycaemia
plainn = 54- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“One trial defined IFG as FPG > 6.0 mmol/L to < 7.0 mmol/L with two-hour plasma glucose after OGTT < 8.9 mmol/L, while IGT was defined as two-hour plasma glucose after OGTT between 8.8 mmol/L and < 12.2 mmol/L, and fasting glucose < 7.0 mmol/L (Hellgren 2016).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diagnosis of intermediate hyperglycaemia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, we estimated it to be 0.05.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Trial design
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We combined data for the physical activity only, diet only and physical activity plus diet group as one intervention group in the post-intervention followup period.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Interventions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No intra-cluster correlation (ICC) coefficient was reported.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Trial design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The cumulative incidence of T2DM at six years was 43.8% (95% CI 35.3 to 52.3) in the diet only group compared with 41.1% (95% CI 33.4 to 49.4) in the physical activity only group (not adjusted for clustering).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of T2DM
plainn = 130- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the standard treatment group 15 participants had IGT only; 21 had IFG only and six had IGT and IFG combined.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
plainn = 15- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of the trials reporting death were from trials with low risk of selection bias (DPP 2002; DPS 2001; EDIPS 2009; HELP PD 2011; JDPP 2013; Oldroyd 2005; PODOSA 2014).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diet plus physical activity versus standard treatment
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Of the 32 participants with IGT at baseline in the physical activity group, seven (22%) developed T2DM; of the 38 with IFG at baseline, three (7.8%)developed T2DM; of the 11 with combined IFG and IGT, two (18.2%)developed T2DM.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
plainn = 32- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The investigators reported that 13 participants (27%) in the physical activity group reported that HrQoL from baseline to end of follow-up worsened, in 21 participants (43%) it was unchanged and in 14 participants (29%) it increased -the total number of participants in the physical activity group included in the analyses was 48 participants.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Health-related quality of life
plainn = 48- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“One trial reported that none of the participants in the trial experienced an amputation of the lower extremity.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Amputation of lower extremity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One trial included people with IGT, IFG or both (PODOSA 2014).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diet plus physical activity versus standard treatment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Of the 15 participants with IGT at baseline in the standard treatment group five (33%) developed T2DM; of the 21 with IFG at baseline, two (7.8%) developed T2DM; of the six with combined IFG and IGT, four (66.7%) developed T2DM (Hellgren 2016).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
plainn = 15- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The other trial reported that four participants died; three out of 84 in the physical activity group and one out of 39 in the standard treatment group.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > All-cause mortality
plainn = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 263 diabetes diagnoses made in all the intervention groups during the six years of intervention, 55 (21%) diagnoses were initially made by local physicians and confirmed by the city hospital with an OGTT; 208 (79%) were made as a result of the systematic OGTT during the trial.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of T2DM
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The two-hour glucose after an oral glucose load in the physical activity group was 10.5 mmol/L (SD 3.9) based on 141 participants (81 participants when adjusting for clustering) compared with 12.4 mmol/L (SD 4.2) in 133 participants (76 participants when adjusting for clustering) in the standard treatment group (Da Qing 1997).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Glucose two hours after an oral glucose load
plainn = 141- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“One trial included people with FPG levels between 5.3 to 6.9 mmol/L (HELP PD 2011).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diet plus physical activity versus standard treatment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The investigators reported that eight participants (35%) in the standard treatment group rated themselves worsened, 10 participants (43%) remained unchanged and five participants (22%) improved -the total number of participants in the standard treatment group included in the analyses was 23 (Hellgren 2016).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Health-related quality of life
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Da Qing 1997 reported the incidence of severe retinopathy among the participants originally assigned to diet only (4.5/1000 person years (95% CI 1.8 to 7.1)) compared with physical activity only (5.3/1000 person years (95% CI 2.5 to 8.0)) after 20 years of follow-up (i.e. 14 years after the end of intervention).This difference was not statistically significant.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Blindness or severe vision loss
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the physical activity group 32 participants had IGT only; 38 had IFG only and 11 had IGT and IFG combined.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
plainn = 32- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Subgroup analyses found that treatment effects did not differ substantially according to sex, race or ethnic group; however, the effect of the behaviour-changing intervention was greater among participants with lower baseline glucose concentrations two hours after a glucose load.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The incidence of T2DM per 100 person years was 4.5 (95% CI 3.8 to 5.5) in the diet plus physical activity group versus 7.2 (95% CI 6.1 to 8.5) in the control group; the HR (adjusted for sex, age, BMI and two-hour glucose) was 0.61 (95% CI 0.48 to 0.79; P < 0.001) and the absolute risk reduction was 19%.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPS 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A total of 749 participants were included in the analyses with a mean follow-up of 3.1 years (Penn 2013).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Penn 2013
plainn = 749- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There was a 32% relative risk reduction and a 15% absolute risk reduction during the post-intervention follow-up period in favour of the former diet plus physical activity group (DPS 2001).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPS 2001
plaindirectn = 166 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The incidence of T2DM in the former diet plus physical activity group was 4.9 (95% CI 3.8 to 6.3) compared with 7.0 (95% CI 5.5 to 8.9) in the control group (DPS 2001); the HR (adjusted for sex, age, BMI and two-hour glucose) was 0.67 (95% CI 0.48 to 0.95; P = 0.023).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPS 2001
plaincorrelationaln = 166 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On average 7.4 people had to undergo diet plus physical activity for a mean of 3.1 years to prevent one case of T2DM (number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome 22.9 for one year).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Penn 2013
plaindirectn = 749- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The cumulative incidence of all-cause mortality was 28.1% (95% CI 23.9 to 32.4) in the combined former intervention group and 38.4% (95% CI 30.3 to 46.5) in the former comparator group, with a HR (adjusted for clusterrandomisation) of 0.71 (95% CI 0.51 to 0.99; P = 0.049).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diet plus physical activity versus standard treatment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plaincorrelationaln = 430 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The cumulative incidence of T2DM was significantly lower in the diet plus physical activity group compared with controls among participants with baseline HbA1c levels of 5.7% or higher, while this was not found among participants with baseline HbA1c levels less than 5.7% (JDPP 2013).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites JDPP 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Analysing trials performed in Asia showed a RR of 0.67 (95% CI 0.56 to 0.82; P <0.0001) (Da Qing 1997; IDPP 2006; JDPP 2013; Kosaka 2005); for trials performed in Europe, the RR was 0.54 (95% CI 0.41 to 0.72; P < 0.0001) (DPS 2001; EDIPS 2009; Oldroyd 2005; PODOSA 2014; SLIM 2003).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
- Not checked yetcites IDPP 2006
- Not checked yetcites JDPP 2013
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Baseline glycaemic (fasting and twohour glucose) status was directly associated with diabetes incidence in the diet plus physical activity group and the control group.However, the effect of intervention was independent of glycaemic status (Appendix 19).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPS 2001
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A total of 263 participants were diagnosed with T2DM during the six years of intervention; 55 diagnoses (21%) were initially made by local physicians and confirmed by the city hospital with an OGTT; 208 (79%) were made as a result of the systematic OGTTs during the trial (Da Qing 1997).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plainn = 263- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“After 23 years of follow-up 312 out of 430 participants of the combined former intervention group versus 124 out of 138 participants in the former control group developed T2DM.The HR (adjusted for clustering) was 0.55 (95% CI 0.40 to 0.76; P = 0.001).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plaincorrelationaln = 430 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The incidence rate of cardiovascular morbidity was 22.9 in the former diet plus physical activity group versus 22.0 per 1000 person years in the former control group; the HR was 1.04( 95% CI 0.72 to 1.51).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Non-fatal myocardial infarction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPS 2001
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There were no substantial differences in the treatment effects on aggregate microvascular complications in subgroups defined by age or ethnicity, except that Hispanic Americans had a lower microvascular disease prevalence in the former diet plus physical activity group than in the former control group (RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.91) (DPP 2002).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Blindness or severe vision loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Post hoc analysis defining T2DM by HbA1c at 6.5% or higher showed that the incidence rate was reduced with diet plus physical activity compared with control during the DPP (4.6 cases/100 person years versus 8.8 cases/100 person years) and at 10 years of follow-up (3.5 cases/100 person years versus 5.0 cases/100 person years) (DPP 2002).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“MCS improved in the placebo group compared with the diet plus physical activity group during the intervention period with 0.28 (SD 0.32).No exact Pvalue was provided, the value was more than 5%.The MID was not achieved (DPP 2002).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Health-related quality of life
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“analysing trials according to the duration of the intervention (≥ 4 years) versus trials with short duration (< 4 years) showed no interaction between subgroups (P = 0.99) ( Analysis 2.34; Appendix 18).Analysing trials according to the BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 versus < 30 kg/m 2 showed no interaction between subgroups (P = 0.10) (Analysis 2.35).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Subgroup analysis:
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the random-effects model the MD was -0.11% (95% CI -0.23 to 0.02; P = 0.09; 4 trials; 2453 participants) (Analysis 2.31), in the fixed-effect model the MD was -0.18%, 95% CI -0.23 to -0.13; P < 0.00001).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Four trials reported data on HbA1c (DPP 2002; DPS 2001; EDIPS 2009; SLIM 2003).
plainn = 2,453 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“TSA showed that 36.5% diversity-adjusted information size was accrued to detect or reject a HbA1c difference of -0.11% between the intervention groups.Alfa-spending-adjusted 95% CI was -0.34 to 0.12.Diversity was 86%.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Four trials reported data on HbA1c (DPP 2002; DPS 2001; EDIPS 2009; SLIM 2003).
plainn = 2,453- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Primary-care visits and costs did not differ between groups, but there were more outpatient visits in the intervention group (costing GBP 327 more than in the control group).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Socioeconomic effects
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites PODOSA 2014
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“After a mean of 3.2 years of follow-up there were improvements in the SF-6D (0.008; P = 0.04) in the diet plus physical activity group compared with control, however, the MID of 3% between the intervention groups was not achieved.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Health-related quality of life
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
plaindirectn = 1,070 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The subgroups of trials according to age (≥ 50 years versus < 50 years) showed significant interaction between subgroups (P = 0.003).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Fasting glucose
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“However, due to the high direct medical costs of T2DM, the diet plus physical activity intervention was estimated to be cost-effective.The quality of evidence was low.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Socioeconomic effects
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In both the diet plus physical activity arm as well as the control arm HrQoL summary scores worsened during the trial, but the decline for SF-6D (P < 0.05) and PCS (P < 0.01) was slower in diet plus physical activity participants compared to the changes in the control group; however, none reached the MID of 3%.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Health-related quality of life
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“TSA showed that diversity-adjusted information size was accrued to detect or reject a difference in two-hour plasma glucose at -0.46 mmol/L in favour of the diet plus physical activity group.Diversity was 82%.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Fasting glucose
plaindirectn = 3,261- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The PCS (1.57; P < 0.0001) also improved in the diet plus physical activity group compared with control (DPP 2002).Again, the MID between the intervention groups was not achieved.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Health-related quality of life
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
plaindirectn = 1,070 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“PODOSA 2014 reported that the extra mean cost for the diet plus physical activity group was GBP 1126 (95% CI -2414 to 4666) after three years, with GBP 615 of the difference being dietitian costs.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Socioeconomic effects
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites PODOSA 2014
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“All trials reporting HbA1c included people with IGT, all included participants aged 50 years or more, and all included only white or mainly white people (DPP 2002;DPS 2001;EDIPS 2009;SLIM 2003).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Subgroup analysis:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
- Not checked yetcites DPS 2001
- Not checked yetcites EDIPS 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“1 trial reported that 58/ 141 participants in the physical activity group com pared with 90/ 133 participants in the standard treatm ent group developed T2DM (Da Qing 1997) 1 trial reported that 10/ 84 participants in the physical activity group com -m m ol/ L (Hellgren 2016) Follow-up: 3 and 6 years pared with 7/ 39 participants in the standard treatm ent group developed T2DM (Hellgren 2016)”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
- Not checked yetcites Hellgren 2016
plainn = 141- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, after 23 years of follow-up, all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality were reduced in one study (Da Qing 1997).This effect was only found in women.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“1 trial reported no (serious) adverse events occurred (Da Qing 1997). 1 trial reported that 3/ 66 participants in the physical activity group compared with 1/ 39 participants in the standard treatm ent group experienced a serious adverse event (Hellgren 2016data provided by trial authors)”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
- Not checked yetcites Hellgren 2016
plainn = 66- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The included trials applied different intensities of diet and physical activity.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“One of the excluded trials included 379 overweight Japanese people with IFG only.However, the intervention group and the control group received similar diet and physical activity advice, but with less frequent visits in the control group, and was consequently not included in this review (Saito 2011).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Saito 2011 source
plainn = 379- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The diagnosis of intermediate hyperglycaemia varied among trials and some trials used a definition that may have included participants judged to be euglycaemic or having T2DM.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most trials included participants aged above 50 years.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“1 trial reported that 0/ 141 participants in the physical activity group compared with 3/ 133 participants in the standard treatm ent group died (Da Qing 1997) 1 trial reported that 3/ 84 participants in the physical activity group and 1/ 39 participants in the standard treatm ent group died (Hellgren 2016 -data provided by trial authors)”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Not reported
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
- Not checked yetcites Hellgren 2016
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In general, the adherence to diet and lifestyle advice was low in the included trials, and might even be lower in a non-trial setting.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, long-term follow-up data for DPP 2002 have not shown any substantial effect on mortality or diabetes-related complications after 15 years of follow-up, even though the incidence of T2DM was reduced with the diet plus physical activity intervention.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The only trial reporting long-term benefits was Da Qing 1997, however, few participants were included in the analyses.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Agreements and disagreements with other studies or reviews
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“P interaction 0.33”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > DPS 2001
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“White participants; diet plus physical activity 4.7/100 person years (N = 539); control 8.5/100 person years (N = 534) African American; diet plus physical activity 4.1/100 person years (N = 161); control 8.0/100 person years (N = 147)”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 5238 participants were randomised; 11 trials evaluated diet plus physical activity (Da Qing 1997; DPP 2002; DPS 2001; EDIPS 2009; HELP PD 2011; IDPP 2006; JDPP 2013; Kosaka 2005; Oldroyd 2005; PODOSA 2014; SLIM 2003).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
plainn = 5,238- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 5238 participants were randomised; 11 trials evaluated diet plus physical activity (Da Qing 1997; DPP 2002; DPS 2001; EDIPS 2009; HELP PD 2011; IDPP 2006; JDPP 2013; Kosaka 2005; Oldroyd 2005; PODOSA 2014; SLIM 2003).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Heterogeneity: Tau 2 = 0.00; Chi 2 = 10.65,df = 10 (P = 0.39); I 2 =6%”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Test for subgroup differences: Chi 2 = 0.14, df = 1 (P = 0.71), I 2”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Test for subgroup differences: Chi 2 = 0.64, df = 1 (P = 0.42), I 2”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The number of participants varied from 78 (Oldroyd 2005) to 2161 (DPP 2002).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Oldroyd 2005
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Total events: 315 (Diet + physical activity), 614 (Comparator)”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Nine trials reported glucose values two hours after an oral glucose load (Da Qing 1997; DPP 2002; DPS 2001; EDIPS 2009; IDPP 2006; JDPP 2013; Oldroyd 2005; PODOSA 2014; SLIM 2003).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Da Qing 1997
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
- Not checked yetcites DPS 2001
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Test for overall effect: Z = 8.70 (P < 0.00001)”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“One trial contributed 41% of the total number of all randomised participants (DPP 2002).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“7.7-8.5 mmol/L; incidence (cases/100 person years); I: 1.8; C: 7.1; reduction in incidence diet plus physical activity versus control 76 (95% CI 58 to 86) 8.6-9.5 mmol/L; incidence (cases/100 person years); I: 4.4; C: 10.3; reduction in incidence diet plus physical activity versus control 60 (95% CI 41 to 72) 9.6-11.0mmol/L; incidence (cases/100 person years); I: 8.5; C: 16.1; reduction in incid”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In 1997 the ADA and later on the WHO introduced the IFG concept to define 'prediabetes' (ADA 1997; WHO 1999).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Quality of the evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites ADA 1997
- Not checked yetcites WHO 1999
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The first glycaemic measurement used to define the prediabetic stage by the US National Diabetes Data Group was IGT (NDDG 1979).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Quality of the evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites NDDG 1979
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, this lower cut-off point for IFG to define 'prediabetes' was not endorsed by the WHO (WHO/IDF 2006).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Quality of the evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites WHO/IDF 2006
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Studies have indicated that IGT is caused by insulin resistance and defective insulin secretion (Abdul-Ghani 2006).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Quality of the evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Abdul-Ghani 2006
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Later on, the ADA reduced the lower threshold for defining IFG to 5.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) (ADA 2003).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Quality of the evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites ADA 2003
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two review authors (BH and GG) independently assessed the risk of bias of each included trial.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Assessment of risk of bias in included studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We presented the overall quality of the evidence for each outcome according to the GRADE approach, which takes into account issues relating not only to internal validity (risk of bias, inconsistency, imprecision, publication bias) but also to external validity, such as directness of results.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Quality of evidence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In case of high risk of selection bias, we excluded the trial.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Risk of bias for a trial across outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We resolved discrepancies through consensus or by recourse to a third review author (MM).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Selection of studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We distinguished between self-reported, investigator-assessed and adjudicated outcome measures.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Other bias
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other concomitant interventions had to be the same in the intervention and comparator groups to establish fair comparisons.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Comparison of interventions • Diet versus physical activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In 2009, the International Expert Committee (IEC) suggested the HbA1c to identify people with a high risk of T2DM.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Quality of the evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites IEC 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If adequate information was not available from the trial publication, trial protocol or both, we contacted trial authors for missing data on 'Risk of bias' items.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Assessment of risk of bias in included studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It has been shown that diet plus physical activity reduces cardiovascular risk factors, thereby indicating a potential beneficial effect on mortality and cardiovascular outcomes (Balk 2015).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Description of the intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Balk 2015 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“We created the 'Summary of findings' tables on the basis of methods described in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (Schünemann 2011) by means of the table editor in Review Manager 5 (RevMan 2014)”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Quality of evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schünemann 2011
- Not checked yetcites RevMan 2014
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“We evaluated the risk of detection bias separately for each outcome (Hróbjartsson 2013).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Blinding of outcome assessment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hróbjartsson 2013 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“We assessed outcome reporting bias by integrating the results of Appendix 6, 'Matrix of trial endpoints (publications and trial documents)' (Mathieu 2009), with those of Appendix 7 'High risk of outcome reporting bias according to ORBIT classification' (Kirkham 2010).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Selective reporting
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Currently, ADA recommends reduced calorie intake and increased physical activity for people with increased risk of T2DM (ADA 2017).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Quality of the evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites ADA 2017
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One review author (BH) extracted key characteristics of participants and interventions and another (GG) checked them.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Data extraction and management
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We presented a 'Risk of bias' graph and a 'Risk of bias' summary figure.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Other bias
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two review authors (BH and BR) rated the quality of evidence for each outcome.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Quality of evidence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Unlike IFG and IGT, HbA1c reflects longer-term glycaemic control, that is, how the blood glucose levels have been during the previous two to three months (Inzucchi 2012).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Quality of the evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Inzucchi 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“We used the Cochrane 'Risk of bias' assessment tool (Higgins 2011a) and judged risk of bias criteria as either low, high, or unclear”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Assessment of risk of bias in included studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Higgins 2011a
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Most importantly, 'prediabetes' is commonly an asymptomatic condition, and naturally often remains 'undiagnosed' (CDC 2015).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Quality of the evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites CDC 2015
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two review authors (BH and BR) independently scanned the abstract or title, or both, of every record we retrieved, to determine which trials should be assessed further.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Selection of studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Shortly after, the ADA redefined this HbA1c level as 5.7% to 6.4% to identify people with a high risk of developing T2DM (ADA 2010).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Quality of the evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites ADA 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We justified all decisions to downgrade the quality of the evidence using footnotes”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Quality of evidence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Diet plus physical activity is recommended as an initial intervention not only for people with intermediate hyperglycaemia but also for people with T2DM (ADA 2017).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Description of the intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites ADA 2017
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“People with HbA1c measurements between 6.0% to 6.4% fulfilled this criterion (IEC 2009).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Quality of the evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites IEC 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This evidence is up to date as of January 2017.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Study characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“IFG seems to be associated with ß-cell dysfunction (impaired insulin secretion) and an increase of the hepatic glucose output (DeFronzo 1989).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Quality of the evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DeFronzo 1989 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We evaluated the risk of performance bias separately for each outcome (Hróbjartsson 2013).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Blinding of participants and study personnel
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hróbjartsson 2013 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“IFG and HbA1c are both thought to predict a different risk spectrum for developing T2DM (Cheng 2006; Morris 2013).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Quality of the evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cheng 2006
- Not checked yetcites Morris 2013
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For trials that fulfilled the inclusion criteria, two review authors (BH and GG) independently extracted outcome data and assessed the risk of bias.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Data extraction and management
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We resolved any disagreements by consensus, or by consultation with a third review author (BR).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Assessment of risk of bias in included studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Unless good evidence showed homogeneous effects across trials of different methodological quality, we primarily summarised low risk of bias data using a random-effects model (Wood 2008).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Data synthesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wood 2008 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The remaining trials reported that the participants were randomised but provided no further description (Da Qing 1997; IDPP 2006; Kosaka 2005; SLIM 2003).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Risk of bias in included studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three trials had an unclear risk of other bias (HELP PD 2011; Kosaka 2005; SLIM 2003).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incomplete outcome data
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One trial mentioned that an independent outcome committee evaluated the incidence of T2DM (DPS 2001).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Blinding
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Six of the trials had a published protocol (DPP 2002; DPS 2001; EDIPS 2009; HELP PD 2011; JDPP 2013; PODOSA 2014).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incomplete outcome data
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All the included trials reported blood glucose measurements performed by the investigators and we judged these outcomes measures to be at low risk of performance and detection bias.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Blinding
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We considered overall risk of attrition bias to be unclear for most of our outcomes.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incomplete outcome data
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Where measured, all primary outcomes of this review were investi-gator assessed and we judged these to be at low risk of performance and detection bias.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Blinding
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Four of the included trials had received grants from a pharmaceutical company and we judged these as unclear risk of other bias (DPP 2002; DPS 2001; HELP PD 2011; IDPP 2006).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incomplete outcome data
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We judged five trials to be at low risk of other bias (EDIPS 2009; Hellgren 2016; JDPP 2013; Oldroyd 2005; PODOSA 2014).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incomplete outcome data
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One trial did not report funding source (Kosaka 2005).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incomplete outcome data
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three trials provided details on the participants not completing the trial (DPS 2001; JDPP 2013; PODOSA 2014).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incomplete outcome data
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We judged eight of the trials to be at low risk of selection bias with regard to the method of randomisation and allocation concealment (DPP 2002; DPS 2001; EDIPS 2009; Hellgren 2016; HELP PD 2011; JDPP 2013; Oldroyd 2005; PODOSA 2014).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Risk of bias in included studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two trials did not describe how many participants were initially randomised to each intervention group but reported the number analysed (Da Qing 1997; Hellgren 2016).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incomplete outcome data
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We investigated attrition rates (e.g.dropouts, losses to follow-up, withdrawals), and critically appraised issues concerning missing data and imputation methods (e.g. last observation carried forward).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Dealing with missing data
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If we included 10 or more trials investigating a particular outcome, we used funnel plots to assess small-trial effects.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Assessment of reporting biases
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two of the judgments of unclear risk of selective outcome reporting bias were based on lack of trial protocol (Oldroyd 2005; SLIM 2003) and one trial because the primary outcome was changed during the trial (PODOSA 2014).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incomplete outcome data
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ten trials reported the number of participants randomised and finishing the trial for each intervention group (DPP 2002; DPS 2001; EDIPS 2009; HELP PD 2011; IDPP 2006; JDPP 2013; Kosaka 2005; Oldroyd 2005; PODOSA 2014; SLIM 2003).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incomplete outcome data
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We judged one trial as low risk of selective outcome reporting bias after the investigators provided additional information (Hellgren 2016).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incomplete outcome data
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We tried to obtain missing data from trial authors and carefully evaluated important numerical data such as screened, randomly assigned participants as well as intention-to-treat, and as-treated and per-protocol populations.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Dealing with missing data
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another trial reported that physical activity was significantly higher at baseline in the diet plus physical activity group than in the control group (Da Qing 1997).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Risk of bias in included studies
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One trial prolonged the intervention period without any explanation (SLIM 2003).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incomplete outcome data
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It is known that receiving funding or provision of free drugs or devices from a pharmaceutical company leads to more favourable results and conclusions than sponsorship from other sources (Lundh 2017).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incomplete outcome data
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lundh 2017
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This definition did not adhere to the definition by the WHO or American Diabetes Association (ADA), however, the definition was very close to the glycaemic levels recommended by ADA 2003 (FPG 5.6 mmol/L to 6.9 mmol/L) (ADA 2003).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diagnosis of intermediate hyperglycaemia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites ADA 2003
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two trials explicitly stated that glycaemic measures were masked for the investigators and participants until diabetes was confirmed (DPP 2002;DPS 2001).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Blinding
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In one trial a significantly larger proportion of control participants reported engaging in regular physical activity at least once a week compared with intervention participants (53% versus 24%) and there were fewer women (10/32 (32%)) than men (22/32 (69%)) in the control group compared with the diet plus physical activity group (Oldroyd 2005).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Risk of bias in included studies
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We could not perform subgroup analyses according to sex and previous gestational diabetes due to lack of data.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diet plus physical activity versus standard treatment
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We did not perform subgroup or sensitivity analyses due to lack of data.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Cardiovascular mortality
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sensitivity analysis: we could not perform sensitivity analysis according to publication status (all included trials were published) and language of publication (all included trials were published in English).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Glucose two hours after an oral glucose load
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We could not perform subgroup analyses according to sex, diagnostic criteria of participants with IGT versus other and previous gestational diabetes due to lack of data.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Fasting glucose
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“TSA showed that diversity-adjusted information size was accrued to detect or reject a difference in fasting plasma glucose at -0.17 mmol/L in favour of the diet plus physical activity group.Diversity was 70%.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Fasting glucose
plaindirectn = 3,530- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A person aged 65 years or more with newly diagnosed T2DM with a HbA1c of 7% has a theoretical life-time risk of blindness or endstage renal disease of less than 0.5% (Vijan 1997).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vijan 1997
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reporting on mortality and macrovascular as well as microvascular diabetes complications was insufficient and we judged the quality of evidence for these outcome measures as low or very low.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > D I S C U S S I O N Summary of main results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This might be explained by the regular glycaemic testing of people participating in a RCT.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A potential selection bias exists as more healthy and motivated people may participate in a clinical trial.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our review, all programmes were conducted in adults.Therefore, our results may not apply to children and adolescents.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Trial terminated early: yes, the trial was stopped one year earlier than originally planned due to larger intervention effect of diet and physical activity than anticipated”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Number of study centres: 27
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other bias High risk Comment: trial terminated early for benefit Comment: received funding from a pharmaceutical company”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) incidence of T2DM”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We were unable to draw funnel plots to assess small-study bias due to lack of data for most outcomes.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Potential biases in the review process
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Random sequence generation (selection bias) Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Number of study centres: 27
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two review authors carried out data extraction.However, the review authors extracting the data were not blinded as to which trial they were extracting data from.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Potential biases in the review process
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Not only people with intermediate hyperglycaemia but also people with manifest T2DM are recommended to increase physical activity and lower calorie intake (ADA 2017).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites ADA 2017
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) non-fatal myocardial infarction/stroke, congestive heart failure Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) measures of blood glucose control Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) hypoglycaemia Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) time to progression to T2DM”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > DPS 2001 (Continued)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several trials were published in more than one publication, which for some trials made it difficult to separate the primary publication from companion papers.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Potential biases in the review process
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) non-serious adverse events High risk Comment: investigator-assessed and selfreported outcome measurement.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Da Qing 1997
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) incidence of T2DM Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Allocation concealment (selection bias) Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Number of study centres: 27
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) all-cause/cardiovascular mortality Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) incidence of T2DM Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) non-fatal myocardial infarction/stroke, congestive heart failure Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) Health related quality of life High risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) hypoglycaemia Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the other hand, the interventions in the included trials would be challenging and costly to implement in daily life.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Overall completeness and applicability of evidence
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) incidence of T2DM Unclear risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Da Qing 1997
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) measures of blood glucose control Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) all-cause/cardiovascular mortality”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) serious adverse events Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) time to progression to T2DM Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) incidence of T2DM Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Da Qing 1997
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the comparison 'diet plus physical activity' more data were available.However, again most outcome measures were associated with low-or very low-quality evidence.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Quality of the evidence
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) non-fatal myocardial infarction/stroke, congestive heart failure Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) all-cause/cardiovascular mortality Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Da Qing 1997
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) all-cause mortality/cardiovascular mortality Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Random sequence generation (selection bias) Unclear risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Da Qing 1997
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) amputation, blindness/severe vision loss, end-stage renal disease Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other bias High risk Comment: trial terminated early for benefit”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Allocation concealment (selection bias) Unclear risk Comment: no information.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Da Qing 1997
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) measures of blood glucose control Unclear risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) incidence of T2DM Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Da Qing 1997
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) incidence of T2DM Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) incidence of T2DM Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Da Qing 1997
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) serious adverse events Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To reduce the risk of random errors, we conducted TSA on all predefined outcomes and calculated prediction intervals, whenever possible.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Potential biases in the review process
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) all-cause mortality/cardiovascular mortality Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: investigator-assessed outcome measure.The outcome was not likely to be influenced by lack of blinding”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Selective reporting (reporting bias) Low risk Comment: trial protocol provided by the investigator.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other bias Low risk Comment: no other sources of bias identified”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Unclear risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) serious adverse events Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) incidence of T2DM Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) all-cause/cardiovascular mortality Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) socioeconomic effects Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) serious adverse events Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) amputation, blindness/severe vision loss, end-stage renal disease Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: 7 participants in the DPPA group and 2 participants in the control group were lost to follow-up; 5 participants in the DPPA group were mentioned as not willing.The proportion of missing outcomes compared with observed event risk was not enough to have a clinically relevant impact on the intervention effect estimate”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plainn = 7- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Was a comprehensive search conducted?Yes”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Unclear risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) hypoglycaemia Unclear risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: investigator-assessed outcome measure.No blinding described.The outcome was not likely to be influenced by lack of blinding”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Unclear risk
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A relatively large number of participants did not complete the trial.However, the number and reasons for missingness were balanced between the intervention groups”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Unclear risk
plainn = 83- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) measures of blood glucose control Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The outcome could have been influenced by lack of blinding”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Unclear risk
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: insufficient information about the sequence generation process”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: investigator-assessed outcome measure.No blinding of participants.The outcome was not likely to be influenced by lack of blinding”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Unclear risk
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Selective reporting (reporting bias) High risk Comment: no trial protocol available.Glycaemic measures analysed but no data reported”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Unclear risk
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) all-cause mortality/cardiovascular mortality Unclear risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other bias Unclear risk Comment: some of the publications were supported by Novo Nordisk.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) incidence of T2DM Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) measures of blood glucose control Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Was grey literature searched?Yes”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Unclear risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Allocation concealment (selection bias) Unclear risk Comment: no information”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other bias Low risk Comment: no other sources of bias identified”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Unclear risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no industry influence on studies included in the review?Yes”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Unclear risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) Health related quality of life High risk Comment: self-reported outcome measure.No blinding.The outcome was likely to be influenced by lack of blinding”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other bias Low risk Comment: no other sources of bias identified”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) all-cause/cardiovascular mortality Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other bias Low risk Comment: no other sources of bias identified”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: 7 participants in the DPPA group and 2 participants in the control group were lost to follow-up; 5 participants in the DPPA group were mentioned as not willing.The proportion of missing outcomes compared with observed event risk was not enough to have had a clinically relevant impact on the intervention effect estimate”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plainn = 7- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: investigator-assessed outcome measure.No blinding of outcome assessors described.The outcome was not likely to be influenced by lack of blinding”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Unclear risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: investigator-assessed outcome measure.No blinding of participants described.The outcome was not likely to be influenced by lack of blinding”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Unclear risk
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: investigator-assessed outcome measure.No blinding of participants or investigators.The outcome was not likely to be influenced by lack of blinding”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Unclear risk
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: adequate generation of random sequence ensured”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Random sequence generation (selection bias)
plaindirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Selective reporting (reporting bias) High risk Comment: it is clear from publication that adverse events were collected and HbA1c analysed, but data could not be entered in the meta-analysis”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Unclear risk
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) time to progression to T2DM Unclear risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) measures of blood glucose control Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: investigator-assessed outcome measure.No blinding described.The outcome was not likely to be influenced by lack of blinding”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Unclear risk
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) socioeconomic effects Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) incidence of T2DM Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: investigator-assessed outcome measure.No blinding described.The outcome was not likely to be influenced by lack of blinding”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Unclear risk
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) serious adverse events Unclear risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: insufficient information about the sequence generation process”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Allocation concealment (selection bias) Unclear risk Comment: no information”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) all-cause/cardiovascular mortality Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) non-fatal myocardial infarction/stroke, congestive heart failure Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) non-fatal myocardial infarction/stroke, congestive heart failure Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) measures of blood glucose control Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: adequate allocation concealment ensured”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Random sequence generation (selection bias)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) non-fatal myocardial infarction/stroke, congestive heart failure Unclear risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The outcome was not likely to be influenced by lack of blinding”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Unclear risk
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Selective reporting (reporting bias) Unclear risk Comment: no study protocol available”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Unclear risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) hypoglycaemia Unclear risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) Health related quality of life High risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) incidence of T2DM Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) measures of blood glucose control Unclear risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) amputation, blindness/severe vision loss, end-stage renal disease Low risk”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: investigator-assessed outcome measure.No blinding of participants described.The outcome was not likely to be influenced by lack of blinding”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Unclear risk
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: adequate generation of random sequence ensured”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Random sequence generation (selection bias)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Were no restrictions applied to study selection on the basis of language?Yes”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Unclear risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: investigator-assessed outcome measure.No blinding of participants described.The outcome was not likely to be influenced by lack of blinding”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Unclear risk
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) Health related quality of life High risk Comment: self-reported outcome measure.No blinding.The outcome was likely to be influenced by lack of blinding”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Low risk
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comment: investigator-assessed outcome measure.No blinding of participants or investigators.The outcome was not likely to be influenced by lack of blinding”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Unclear risk
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Three trials were terminated early due to beneficial effects in the intervention group (DPP 2002; DPS 2001; IDPP 2006).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DPP 2002
- Not checked yetcites DPS 2001
- Not checked yetcites IDPP 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One trial based the sample size calculation on an anticipated incidence of T2DM during six years of follow-up.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All trials except one had a balanced distribution of women and men in the intervention and comparator groups, this trial included 54% women in the intervention group compared with 31% in the comparator group (Oldroyd 2005).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ten trials provided information about sample size and power calculations (Da Qing 1997; DPP 2002; DPS 2001; EDIPS 2009; HELP PD 2011; IDPP 2006; JDPP 2013; Oldroyd 2005; PODOSA 2014; SLIM 2003).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“several publications defined the increased risk of T2DM development to be associated with additional covariates, with intermediate hyperglycaemia being only one risk factor”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A recent meta-analysis of 22 studies with behaviour-changing interventions in people at high risk of T2DM concluded that the effect of lifestyle interventions on longer-term diabetes prevention had not been clarified (Dunkley 2014).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dunkley 2014
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The proportion of participants finishing the trial varied from 48% (SLIM 2003) to 98% (PODOSA 2014).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites SLIM 2003
- Not checked yetcites PODOSA 2014
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“All trials except one had a balanced distribution of women and men in the intervention and comparator groups, this trial included 54% women in the intervention group compared with 31% in the comparator group (Oldroyd 2005).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Oldroyd 2005
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“None of the trials reported blinding of the participants and investigators.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“d Trial authors state that ITT analysis was performed but data are presented as a per-protocol analysis.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Trial authors said that they had planned six years' follow-up, but only reported three years of follow-up (JDPP 2013).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites JDPP 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
The projected rise in the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus could develop into a substantial health problem worldwide.
“The projected rise in the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) could develop into a substantial health problem worldwide.”
The paper relies on this without support.
People with moderately elevated blood glucose (often referred to as 'prediabetes') are at an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
“People with moderately elevated blood glucose (often referred to as 'prediabetes') are said to be at an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
It is currently recommended that all people with increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes should adjust their eating habits and physical activity levels.
“It is currently recommended that all people with increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes should adjust their eating habits and physical activity levels.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The most commonly used criteria to define people with a high risk of developing T2DM were established by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the World Health Organization (WHO).
“The most commonly used criteria to define people with a high risk of developing T2DM were established by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the World Health Organization (WHO).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The risk of progression from 'prediabetes' to T2DM depends on the diagnostic criteria used to identify 'prediabetes'.
“The risk of progression from 'prediabetes' to T2DM depends on the diagnostic criteria used to identify 'prediabetes'.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Some people diagnosed with 'prediabetes' will never develop T2DM, and some will return to normoglycaemia.
“Some people diagnosed with 'prediabetes' will never develop T2DM, and some will return to normoglycaemia.”
The paper relies on this without support.
IGT is often accepted as the best glycaemic variable for 'prediabetes' to predict progression to T2DM.
“IGT is often accepted as the best glycaemic variable for 'prediabetes' to predict progression to T2DM.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Less than half of the people defined as prediabetic by means of IGT will develop T2DM in the following 10 years.
“However, studies indicate that less than half of the people defined as prediabetic by means of IGT will develop T2DM in the following 10 years.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Nutritional advice usually consists of caloric restriction in overweight people, low total fat content (especially saturated fat) and high (predominantly unrefined) carbohydrate content.
“Nutritional advice usually consists of caloric restriction in overweight people, low total fat content (especially saturated fat) and high (predominantly unrefined) carbohydrate content.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Physical activity or diet interventions are not generally considered to be associated with any serious adverse event.
“Physical activity or diet interventions are not generally considered to be associated with any serious adverse event.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Physical activity may cause traumatic injuries of variable severity depending on the type and intensity of physical activity.
“However, physical activity may cause traumatic injuries of variable severity depending on the type and intensity of physical activity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Exercising may produce adverse effects on the cardiovascular system in those people with insufficient training or unfavourable cardiovascular fitness (even cardiovascular events and death may potentially occur while exercising).
“Additionally, exercising may produce adverse effects on the cardiovascular system in those people with insufficient training or unfavourable cardiovascular fitness (even cardiovascular events and death may potentially occur while exercising).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The implementation of dietary measures may produce several deficiencies in nutritional status if restrictive low-calorie diets are used.
“Also, the implementation of dietary measures may produce several deficiencies in nutritional status if restrictive low-calorie diets are used.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Dieting may reduce quality of life of people under this treatment.
“Further, dieting may reduce quality of life of people under this treatment.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Differences of glycaemic measurements used to define 'prediabetes' may introduce substantial heterogeneity.
“Differences of glycaemic measurements used to define 'prediabetes' may introduce substantial heterogeneity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Heterogeneity is likely to increase when future trials are included.
“as heterogeneity is likely to increase when future trials are included”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The independent end-points committee that confirmed newly diagnosed cases of diabetes in DPS 2001 was blinded.
“Not described whether this committee was blinded.We assume that the outcome committee was blinded”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“Physical activity has been shown to be effective in reducing mortality, comorbidities, and clinical parameters such as glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA 1c ) (6)(7)(8).”
From Optimal Dose and Type of Physical Activity to Improve Glycemic Control in People Diagnosed With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [6]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Despite the increasing prevalence of T2D in the UK, it is preventable and can be delayed with lifestyle or medical interventions [2,3].”
From Economic evaluation of wearable fitness trackers versus metformin for preventing type 2 diabetes in the UK population (2025) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In people with an impaired glucose tolerance, interventions that include both diet and physical activity were reported to delay, or even reduce, the incidence of T2D (Hemmingsen 2017).”
From Mindfulness-based interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2021) · cites this paper as Hemmingsen 2017
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Indeed, these foods and macronutrients coincide with favorable scores on the Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010), the Alternative HEI-2010 (AHEI-2010), the Alternative Mediterranean Diet Score, and the DASH scores, which are associated epidemiologically with lower prevalence of DM.723,840”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [840]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“of the 21 with IFG at baseline, two (7.8%) developed T2DM”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
Reported 7.8 · recomputed 9.52381
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
“Fifty-eight out of 141 participants in the physical activity only group compared with 90 participants out of 133 in the standard treatment group developed T2DM during the intervention period (when adjusting for cluster design: 33/84 versus 51/76)”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of T2DM
“Fifty-seven out of 130 participants in the diet-only group compared with 58 participants out of 141 in the physical activity only group developed T2DM during the intervention period (when adjusting for cluster-RCTdesign: 33/74 versus 33/81).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F A U T H O R S
“None of the 11 included trials in our review was classified as having low risk of bias in all 'Risk of bias' domains.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > D I S C U S S I O N Summary of main results
“We included 12 trials with a total of 5238 participants.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“Of the 15 participants with IGT at baseline in the standard treatment group five (33%) developed T2DM; of the 21 with IFG at baseline, two (7.8%) developed T2DM; of the six with combined IFG and IGT, four (66.7%) developed T2DM (Hellgren 2016).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
Reported 7 · recomputed 11
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“Of the 32 participants with IGT at baseline in the physical activity group, seven (22%) developed T2DM; of the 38 with IFG at baseline, three (7.8%)developed T2DM; of the 11 with combined IFG and IGT, two (18.2%)developed T2DM.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
Reported 10 · recomputed 12
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diet plus physical activity versus standard treatment
“Da Qing 1997 included people with IGT according to the WHO 1985 criteria (two-hour plasma glucose ≥ 6.7 mmol/L and < 11.0 mmol/L after an OGTT).”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diagnosis of intermediate hyperglycaemia
“Three trials applied the World Health Organization (WHO) 1985 diagnostic criteria for the definition of IGT (fasting plasma glucose (FPG) < 7.8 mmol/L and two-hour plasma glucose after oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) between ≥ 7.8 mmol/L and < 11.1 mmol/L) (Da Qing 1997; DPS 2001; Oldroyd 2005).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Main results
“Three trials evaluated costs of the interventions in 2755 participants.”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Quality of the evidence
“The m ean direct m edical costs in the intervention groups ranged across diet plus physical activity group f rom USD 225 to USD 3625 -2775 (4)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“The number of the participants included in the subgroups of different glycaemic definitions of intermediate hyperglycaemia did not add up to the total number of participants developing T2DM provided by the investigators of the trial (physical activity 81 versus 84 and standard treatment 32 versus 39)”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Incidence of type 2 diabetes
Reported 32 · recomputed 42
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diet plus physical activity versus standard treatment
“Mortality in the former diet plus physical activity group was 2.2/1000 person years”
§ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) > Diet plus physical activity versus standard treatment
“(95% CI 1.0 to 0.35)”
Citations
Cites
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139
Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis
Higgins, J. P. T., & Thompson, S. G. (2002) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1186 · Cited by 36,763
Toprak, Ö., Kurt, H., Sarı, Y., Şarkış, C., Us, H., & Kırık, A. (2017) · Kidney & Blood Pressure Research · doi:10.1159/000468530 · Cited by 29,772
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100 · Cited by 28,164
Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin
(2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa012512 · Cited by 19,011
Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
American Diabetes Association (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-s062 · Cited by 14,094
Tuomilehto, J., Lindström, J., Eriksson, J. G., Valle, T. T., Hämäläinen, H., Ilanne-Parikka, P., Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S., Laakso, M., Louheranta, A., Rastas, M., et al. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200105033441801 · Cited by 10,873
Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus* (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.2007.s5 · Cited by 10,325
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes
Power, D. V. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.29.02.06.dc05-1593 · Cited by 8,676
Sterne, J. A. C., Sutton, A. J., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Terrin, N., Jones, D. R., Lau, J., Carpenter, J., Rucker, G., Harbord, R. M., Schmid, C. H., et al. (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d4002 · Cited by 7,709
Research works printed but not linked: 18
- Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) Research Group, 2009, 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study, Lancet, 374, 2054
- Ma, 2014, Physical function decline in the diabetes prevention program outcome study, Diabetes, 63, A344
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hemmingsen, B., Gimenez-Perez, G., Mauricio, D., Roqué i Figuls, M., Metzendorf, M.-I., & Richter, B.
- Affiliations
- Herlev Hospital (DK)
- Hospital General de Granollers and School of Medicine and Health Sciences. Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC); Medicine Department; Francesc Ribas s/n Granollers Spain 08402
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol - CIBERDEM; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition; Carretera Canyet S/N Badalona Spain 08916
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP); Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau); Sant Antoni Maria Claret 171 Edifici Casa de Convalescència Barcelona Catalunya Spain 08041
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE)
- Venue
- Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-12-04
- Volume
- 2017
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- CD003054-CD003054
- ISSN
- 1361-6137 (ISSN-L)
- 1465-1858
- PMC
- PMC6486271
- OpenAlex
- W2771834975
- Semantic Scholar
- 67baf9f281193cf6605ad1a11229ad1484b74c8a
- Cited by
- 316
- References
- 231
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 21
- FWCI
- 3.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, diabetes prevention, diabetes prevention programmes, diet, physical activity, impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose, diabetes complications, cardiovascular events, mortality, lifestyle intervention, prediabetes
- MeSH terms
- Cause of Death, Combined Modality Therapy, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet, Diabetic, Diet, Fasting, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Risk, Exercise, Incidence, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Diabetes Complications
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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