A Smart Visualized Phototherapy Switch: From NIR‐I Imaging‐Guided Photodynamic Therapy to NIR‐II‐Guided Photothermal Therapy for Enhanced Cascade Tumor Photoablation
Open accessAbstract
Imaging‐guided phototherapy holds promise for precision cancer treatment. However, most photosensitizers have only a singular modality of photodynamic therapy (PDT) or photothermal therapy (PTT), which make their therapeutic efficacy severely limited by the hypoxic and complex tumor microenvironment (TME). In this article, we provide a smart platform design (BOD‐D) based on a visualized light‐triggered phototherapeutic switch for transforming cancer therapy from near‐infrared (NIR)‐I imaging‐guided PDT to activatable NIR‐II‐guided PTT while releasing nitric oxide (NO) for gas therapy (GT). BOD‐D releases native NIR one‐region fluorescence signals in tumors, which is used to direct robust PDT for tumor killing. As PDT is administered, the decreasing oxygen content in TME becomes progressively insufficient to maintain its excellent cell‐killing effect. Subsequently, light triggers the dissociation of NO in BOD‐D, activating a photothermal agent BOD‐T that emits NIR‐II fluorescence, for subsequent PTT. Notably, not only the light‐mediated therapeutic mechanism can be switched from NIR‐I‐guided PDT to NIR‐II‐guided PTT, but also the NO released during this process will be used for GT to sensitize the above PDT and PTT. Our study contributes to the design of intelligent photosensitizers for cascade tumor photoablation.
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The aniline radical underwent oxidation followed by in situ reduction, forming the aniline derivative BOD-T.
“The radical underwent oxidation followed by in situ reduction, forming the aniline derivative BOD-T.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [168]
Section 2.2 (page not provided) says photolysis produces an anilino radical that is oxidative and could be reduced in situ to form BOD-T. It does not describe a separate oxidation step that the radical underwent before reduction. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTransformation from an electron-withdrawing nitrosamine to the electron-donating aniline derivative BOD-T induced strong ICT, leading to red-shifted absorption, efficient photothermal conversion, and bright NIR-II emission.
“The transformation from an electron-withdrawing nitrosamine to an electron-donating aniline derivative (BOD-T) induced strong ICT, leading to red-shifted absorption, efficient photothermal conversion, and bright NIR-II emission.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [168]
Section 2.2 reports that conversion of the electron-withdrawing nitrosamine group to the electron-donating aniline derivative BOD-T accompanies red-shifted absorption and NIR-II emission; it also measures BOD-T’s photothermal conversion efficiency at 15.75%. The paper does not establish the claim’s more specific mechanism that strong intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) caused those properties. No page numbers were available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPhotolysis of the electron-withdrawing nitrosamine caused homolytic cleavage, releasing NO and generating an aniline radical.
“Photolysis of the electron-withdrawing nitrosamine caused homolytic cleavage, releasing NO and generating an aniline radical.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [168]
UV irradiation triggered NO release from BOD-D via N-N bond photolysis.
“whereas ultraviolet (UV) irradiation triggered NO release via N-N bond photolysis.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [168]
Under 630 nm irradiation, BOD-D exhibited bright NIR-I fluorescence and efficient singlet oxygen generation.
“Under 630 nm irradiation, BOD-D exhibited bright NIR-I fluorescence and efficient singlet oxygen (1O2) generation”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [168]
Qu et al. designed a photo-triggered platform BOD-D by integrating an aryl N-nitrosamine NO donor into an iodine-functionalized BODIPY scaffold.
“Qu et al. designed a photo-triggered platform (BOD-D) by integrating an aryl N-nitrosamine (NO donor) into an iodine-functionalized BODIPY scaffold168.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [168]
Qu et al. pioneered an intelligent and controllable photosensitizer (BOD-D) capable of light-triggered switching among PDT, gas therapy, and PTT modalities.
“Qu et al. pioneered an intelligent and controllable photosensitizer (BOD-D) capable of light-triggered switching among PDT, gas therapy, and PTT modalities (Fig. 21c)168.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [168]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Sun, L., Wu, H., Zhang, Z., Wu, K., Sun, J., Dong, X., Dong, C., Zhao, C., Gu, X., & Qu, D.
- Affiliations
- East China University of Science and Technology (CN)
- Fudan University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Gu, Xianfeng
- Qu, Da‐Hui
- ORCID
- Venue
- Aggregate
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2025-02-11
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 5
- ISSN
- 2692-4560 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4407365073
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 13
- FWCI
- 9.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Aggregate (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (82173657, 22077030, 22271092)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Photodynamic Therapy Research Studies
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Luminescence and Fluorescent Materials
- Keywords
- photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, NIR-II imaging, photosensitizers, nitric oxide release, gas therapy, tumor hypoxia, tumor microenvironment, photosensitizer design
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