Association analysis of the dopamine D2receptor gene in Tourette's syndrome using the haplotype relative risk method
Abstract
Comings et al. [1991: JAMA 266: 1793–1800] have recently reported a highly significant association between Tourette's syndrome (TS) and a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the dopamine D 2 receptor gene (DRD2) locus. The A1 allele of the DRD2 Taq I RFLP was present in 45% of the Tourette patients compared with 25% of controls. We tried to replicate this finding by using the haplotype relative risk (HRR) method for association analysis. This method overcomes a major problem of conventional case‐control studies, where undetected ethnic differences between patients and controls may result in a false‐positive finding, by using parental alleles not inherited to the proband as control alleles. Sixtyone nuclear families encompassing an affected child and parents were typed for the DRD2 Taq I polymorphism. No significant differences in DRD2 A1 allele frequency were observed between TS probands, subpopulations of probands classified according to tic severity, or parental control alleles. Our data do not support the hypothesis that the DRD2 locus may act as a modifying gene in the expression of the disorder in TS probands. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Variants in the DA receptor gene DRD2 have been associated with genetic risk for TS, but this finding is not consistent.
“Variants in the DA receptor gene DRD2 have also been associated with genetic risk for TS [626-628], but this finding is not consistent [629-633].”
From Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings (2012) · cites this paper as [633]
Cites
A simple salting out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells
Miller, S. A., Dykes, D. D., & Polesky, H. F. (1988) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/16.3.1215 · Cited by 20,341 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
&NA; (1988) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/00002093-198802020-00022 · Cited by 12,603 · see citing works
Allelic Association of Human Dopamine D2 Receptor Gene in Alcoholism
Blum, K. (1990) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03440150063027 · Cited by 1,055 · see citing works
Fundamentals of Genetic Epidemiology
Khoury, M. J., Beaty, T. H., & Cohen, B. H. (1993) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195052886.001.0001 · Cited by 699 · see citing works
Falk, C. T., & Rubinstein, P. G. (1987) · Annals of Human Genetics · doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.1987.tb00875.x · Cited by 618 · see citing works
The Dopamine D2 Receptor Locus as a Modifying Gene in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Comings, D. E. (1991) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03470130073032 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
The Inheritance of Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome and Associated Behaviors
Pauls, D. L., & Leckman, J. F. (1986) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198610163151604 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
A Haplotype-Based Haplotype Relative Risk’ Approach to Detecting Allelic Associations
Terwilliger, J. D., & Ott, J. (1992) · Human Heredity · doi:10.1159/000154096 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Grandy, D. K., Litt, M. J., Allen, L., Bunzow, J. R., Marchionni, M. A., Makam, H., Reed, L., Magenis, R. E., & Civelli, O. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Shapiro, E. (1989) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810080052006 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) may be linked to the BF and HLA loci on human chromosome 6
Greenberg, D. A., Delgado‐Escueta, A. V., Widelitz, H., Sparkes, R. S., Treiman, L. J., Maldonado, H. M., Park, M. S., Terasaki, P. I., Opitz, J. M., & Reynolds, J. F. (1988) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320310125 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Linkage analysis of "necessary" disease loci versus "susceptibility" loci.
Greenberg, D. A. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Evidence for Autosomal Dominant Transmission in Tourette's Syndrome
Eapen, V., Pauls, D. L., & Robertson, M. M. (1993) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.162.5.593 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Biogenic amine metabolism in tourette syndrome
Butler, I. J., Koslow, S. H., Seifert, W. E., Caprioli, R. M., & Singer, H. S. (1979) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410060109 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
A comparison of pimozide and haloperidol in the treatment of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome
Ross, M. S., & Moldofsky, H. (1978) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.135.5.585 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome following Methylphenidate Administration
Golden, G. S. (1974) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1974.tb02715.x · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Cohen, D. J., Shaywitz, B. A., Young, J. G., Carbonari, C. M., Nathanson, J. A., Lieberman, D., Bowers, M. B., & Maas, J. W. (1979) · Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0002-7138(09)61046-3 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Chronic, Multiple Tics of Gilles de la Tourette's Disease
Cohen, D. J. (1978) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1978.01770260123015 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Substance abuse vulnerability and D2 receptor genes
Uhl, G. R., Blum, K., Noble, E. P., & Smith, S. S. (1993) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(93)90128-9 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Segregation and Linkage Analyses of Tourette's Syndrome and Related Disorders
Pauls, D. L., PAKSTIS, A. J., Kurlan, R., Kídd, K. K., Leckman, J. F., Cohen, D. J., Kidd, J. R., Como, P. G., & Sparkes, R. S. (1990) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199003000-00007 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
O’Hara, B. F., Smith, S. S., Bird, G. W. G., Persico, A. M., Suarez, B. K., Cutting, G. R., & Uhl, G. R. (1993) · Human Heredity · doi:10.1159/000154133 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Goldman, D. A., Dean, M. C., Brown, G. L., Bolos, A. M., Tokola, R. A., Virkkunen, M. E., & Linnoila, M. (1992) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1992.tb03279.x · Cited by 103 · see citing works
The haplotype-relative-risk (HRR) method for analysis of association in nuclear families.
Knapp, M., Seuchter, S. A., & Baur, M. P. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationFamilial Tourette's Syndrome in a Large British Pedigree
Robertson, M. M., & Gourdie, A. L. (1990) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.156.4.515 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Genetic analysis of Tourette syndrome suggesting major gene effect.
Baron, M., Shapiro, E., Shapiro, A., & Rainer, J. D. (1981) · PubMed · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Aj, P., Heutink, P., Dl, P., Kurlan, R., van de Wetering, B. J., Leckman, J. F., Sandkuyl, L. A., Kídd, K. K., Breedveld, G. J., & Castiglione, C. M. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Devor, E. J. (1984) · PubMed · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome Is Not Linked to D2-Dopamine Receptor
Gelernter, J. (1990) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810230089014 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Lack of association between dopamine D1 and D2 receptor genes and bipolar affective disorder
Nöthen, M. M., Erdmann, J., Körner, J., Lanczik, M., Fritze, J., Fimmers, R., Grandy, D. K., O’Dowd, B. F., & Propping, P. (1992) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.149.2.199 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociation between Tourette's syndrome and homozygosity at the dopamine D3 receptor gene
Comings, D., Muhleman, D. R., Dietz, G., Dino, M., Legro, R. S., & Gade, R. (1993) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)93123-i · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Comparisons of Confidence Intervals for Attributable Risk
Leung, H. M., & Kupper, L. L. (1981) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2530418 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Association versus linkage studies in psychosis genetics.
Nöthen, M. M., Propping, P., & Fimmers, R. (1993) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmg.30.8.634 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationNöthen, M. M., Körner, J., Lannfelt, L., Sokoloff, P., Schwartz, J., Lanczik, M., Rietschel, M., Cichon, S., Kramer, R., Fimmers, R., et al. (1993) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/00041444-199322000-00004 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationFamily data support a dominant major gene for Tourette syndrome
Price, R. A., Pauls, D. L., Kruger, S. D., & Caine, E. D. (1988) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(88)90107-2 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Devor, E. J., Grandy, D. K., Civelli, O., Litt, M. J., Burgess, A. K., Isenberg, K. E., van de Wetering, & Oostra, B. A. (1990) · Human Heredity · doi:10.1159/000153914 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Stimulant Medication and Tics
Golden, G. S. (1988) · Pediatric Annals · doi:10.3928/0090-4481-19880601-08 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Tourette's syndrome and homozygosity for the dopamine D3 receptor gene
Hebebrand, J., Nöthen, M. M., Lehmkuhl, G., Poustka, F., Schmidt, M. H., Propping, P., Remschmidt, H., Comings, D., Muhleman, D. R., Dietz, G., et al. (1993) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)90931-6 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic study on Tourette syndrome in The Netherlands.
Heutink, P., van de Wetering, B. J. M., Breedveld, G. J., & Oostra, B. A. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Presidential address: the genetics of human behavior--lessons for two societies.
Comings, D. E. (1989) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The A1 Allele at the D2 Dopamine Receptor Gene and Alcoholism: A Reappraisal
Gelernter, J. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1993.03500130087038 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 41 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Blum, K., Braverman, E. R., Holder, J. M., Lubar, J. F., Monastra, V. J., Miller, D., Lubar, J. O., Chen, T. J. H., & Comings, D. E. (2000) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2000.10736099 · Cited by 977 · see citing works
Dichter, G. S., Damiano, C. A., & Allen, J. A. (2012) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/1866-1955-4-19 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Comings, D., Wu, S., Chiu, C., Ring, R., Gade, R., Ahn, C., MacMurray, J. P., Dietz, G., & Muhleman, D. (1996) · American journal of medical genetics · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19960531)67:3 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
The genetics of Tourette syndrome: A review
O'Rourke, J. A., Scharf, J. M., Yu, D., & Pauls, D. L. (2009) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.06.006 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
A Complete Genome Screen in Sib Pairs Affected by Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome
* (1999) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/302613 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
NEUROBIOLOGY OF TOURETTE SYNDROME
Singer, H. S. (1997) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/s0733-8619(05)70318-2 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
The genetic basis of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome
Paschou, P. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.01.016 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
An update on the genetics of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome
Pauls, D. L. (2003) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00586-x · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Hebebrand, J., Klug, B., Fimmers, R., Seuchter, S. A., Wettke‐Schäfer, R., Deget, F., Camps, A., Lisch, S., Hebebrand, K., von Gontard, A., et al. (1997) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3956(97)00028-9 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationFurlong, R. A., Ho, L. W., Rubinsztein, J. S., Walsh, C., Paykel, E. S., & Rubinsztein, D. C. (1999) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19990820)88:4 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
The ANKK1 Kinase Gene and Psychiatric Disorders
Ponce, G., Pérez‐González, R., Aragüés, M., Palomo, T., Rodríguez–Jiménez, R., Jiménez‐Arriero, M. Á., & Hoenicka, J. (2009) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-009-9046-9 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Simonic, I., Gericke, G. S., Ott, J., & Weber, J. L. (1998) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/302002 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Intermediate inheritance of Tourette syndrome, assuming assortative mating.
Hasstedt, S. J., Leppert, M., Filloux, F. M., van de Wetering, B. J., & McMahon, W. M. (1995) · PubMed Central · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Psychopathological aspects of dopaminergic gene polymorphisms in adolescence and young adulthood
Nemoda, Z., Szekely, A., & Sasvari-Szekely, M. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.04.002 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Why Different Rules Are Required for Polygenic Inheritance
Comings, D. E. (1998) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/s0741-8329(97)00178-x · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Systematic screening for mutations in the promoter and the coding region of the 5‐HT1A gene
Erdmann, J., Shimron‐Abarbanell, D., Cichon, S., Albus, M., Maier, W., Lichtermann, D., Minges, J., Reuner, U., Franzek, E., Ertl, M. A., et al. (1995) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320600509 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationTHE GENETICS OF TOURETTE SYNDROME
Alsobrook, J. P., & Pauls, D. L. (1997) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/s0733-8619(05)70319-4 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Dopamine Receptor D2 Gene Polymorphisms Are Associated in Taiwanese Children With Tourette Syndrome
Lee, C.-C., Chou, I.-C., Tsai, C.-H., Wang, T.-R., Li, T.-C., & Tsai, F.-J. (2005) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2005.05.005 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Genetic Susceptibility and Neurotransmitters in Tourette Syndrome
Paschou, P., Fernandez, T., Sharp, F., Heiman, G., & Hoekstra, P. (2013) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-411546-0.00006-8 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
An association study between 5-HTTLPR polymorphism, COMT polymorphism, and Tourette's syndrome
Cavallini, M. C., Bella, D. D., Catalano, M., & Bellodi, L. (2000) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(00)00220-1 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Current understanding of the genetics of Tourette syndrome
Lin, W., Tsai, F., & Chou, I. (2022) · Biomedical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bj.2022.01.008 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Psychosocial competence of unselected young adults with sex chromosome abnormalities
Bender, B. G., Harmon, R. J., Linden, M. G., Bucher‐Bartelson, B., & Robinson, A. (1999) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19990416)88:2 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationHebebrand, J., Nöthen, M. M., Ziegler, A., Klug, B., Neidt, H., Eggermann, K., Lehmkuhl, G., Poustka, F., Schmidt, M. H., Propping, P., et al. (1997) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/s0002-9297(07)64298-0 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationProgress in Genetic Studies of Tourette’s Syndrome
Qi, Y., Zheng, Y., Li, Z., & Xiong, L. (2017) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci7100134 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Herzberg, I., Valencia-Duarte, A. V., Kay, V. A., White, D. J., Müller, H., Rivas, I. C., Mesa, S. C., Cuartas, M., García, J., Bedoya, G., et al. (2010) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/ypg.0b013e32833a215a · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Current Status of Genetic Studies of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome
Barr, C. L., & Sandor, P. (1998) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674379804300402 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Laurin, N., Wigg, K. G., Feng, Y., Sandor, P., & Barr, C. L. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30779 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Update and recent progress in the neurobiology of Tourette syndrome
Szejko, N. (2022) · International review of movement disorders · doi:10.1016/bs.irmvd.2021.11.003 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Shimron‐Abarbanell, D., Nöthen, M. M., Erdmann, J., & Propping, P. (1995) · Molecular Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0169-328x(95)00003-b · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationIssues and Strategies in the Genetic Analysis of Alcoholism and Related Addictive Behaviors
Schork, N. J., & Schork, C. M. (1998) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/s0741-8329(97)00179-1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Molecular approaches to child psychopathology.
Alsobrook, J. P., & Pauls, D. L. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Yuan, A., Su, L., Yu, S., Li, C., Yu, T., & Sun, J. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131060 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The genetics of tourette syndrome
Pauls, D. L. (2001) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-001-0013-2 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Díaz‐Anzaldúa, A., Rivière, J., Dubé, M., Joober, R., Saint‐Onge, J., Dion, Y., Lespérance, P., Richer, F., Chouinard, S., Rouleau, G. A., et al. (2005) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.30928 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Tourette Syndrome: Bridging the Gap between Genetics and Biology
Richer, P., & Fernandez, T. V. (2015) · Complex Psychiatry · doi:10.1159/000439085 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Understanding the Genetic Basis of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Nicolini, H., Cruz, C., Camarena, B., Páez, F., & Fuente, J. R. D. L. (1999) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900011706 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Singer, H. S., Mink, J. W., Gilbert, D. L., & Jankovic, J. J. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820552-5.00017-6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Genes and Specific (Related) Proteins in Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Nisar, S., Haris, M., & Fakhro, K. A. (2022) · Nutritional neurosciences · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-9781-7_2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Tourette's Syndrome: A Multifactorial, Developmental Psychopathology
Spessot, A. L., & Peterson, B. S. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470939406.ch11 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Role of CBGTC Synaptic Neurotransmission in the Pathophysiology of Tics
Singer, H. S., & Pellicciotti, J. (2024) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2024.09.004 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Tourette Syndrome: Circuits and Neurotransmitters
Singer, H. S., & Augustine, F. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780197543214.003.0015 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Pathophysiology of Tics; An Evolving Story
Singer, H., & Augustine, F. (2020) · Current Drug Therapy · doi:10.2174/1574885514666191121143930 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The biochemistry of Tourette's Syndrome
Chokka, P. R., Baker, G. B., Bornstein, R. A., & de Groot, C. M. (1995) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/bf01991859 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Hebebrand, J., Nöthen, M. M., Klug, B., Wettke‐Schäfer, R., Camps, A., Lisch, S., Hemmer, S., von Gontard, A., Poustka, F., Lehmkuhl, G., et al. (1995) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(94)00214-n · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationRobertson, M. M. (1996) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1096-1076 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Rosario-Campos, M., & Pauls, D. L. (2004) · Neurological disease and therapy · doi:10.1201/b14236-18 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Brömel, T., Hinney, A., Schulz, E., Theisen, F., Remschmidt, H., Krieg, H.-C., & Hebebrand, J. (1999) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-08362-8_7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationPaschou, P., Hoekstra, P. J., & Heiman, G. A. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00045-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Monoamin rendszerek érintettsége gyermekkori neuropszichiátriai zavarokban
Nemoda, Z., & Tárnok, Z. (2009) · Pszichológia · doi:10.1556/pszicho.29.2009.1.4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chromosomen-Screening bei Tourette-Syndrom
Möller, H. (2008)
Developmental brain disease and child neuropsychiatry
Warner-Rogers, J. E., & Taylor, E. A. (1996) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00001504-199601000-00016
Genetics of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome
Pauls, D. L., Pulst, S.-M., & State, M. W. (2003) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012566652-7/50044-7
- Authors
- Nöthen, M. M., Hebebrand, J., Knapp, M., Hebebrand, K., Camps, A., von Gontard, A., Wettke‐Schäfer, R., Lisch, S., Cichon, S., Poustka, F., Schmidt, M., Lehmkuhl, G., Remschmidt, H., & Propping, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Bonn (DE)
- Philipps University of Marburg (DE)
- University of Cologne (DE)
- Central Institute of Mental Health (DE)
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Nöthen, Markus M.
- Venue
- American Journal of Medical Genetics
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1994-09-15
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 249-252
- ISSN
- 0148-7299 (ISSN-L)
- 1096-8628
- OpenAlex
- W1978881126
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2024: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 6.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Medical Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- Tourette syndrome, dopamine D2 receptor gene, DRD2, haplotype relative risk, genetic association, ethnic differences in allele frequency, tic severity, modifying genes
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Alleles, Genotype, Tourette Syndrome, Haplotypes, Humans, Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length, Risk Factors, Receptors, Dopamine D2
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
